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OF LONDON.
FOR THE YEAR
Gee ‘PAPERS READ IN
MAY anp JUNE. ~
‘PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, ; AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE.
5 LONDON:
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART III.—1878.
May 7, 1878.
Page The Ra i, Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in April 1878......++ 441 1. Note on the Stridulating Organ of Palinwrus vulgaris. By T. Jerrery PARKER, Assoc. ! R.S.M.° (Plate XXX.) 0... cece eee cece ee ee rete eee ce eeees o as ingeratetelaptetb in thas ss 442 2. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Hemipterous Fauna of St. Helena, and Specula- tions on its Origin. By F. Bucaanan Wuirte, M.D., F.L.S. (Plate ea De reear 4449) 3. Further Remarks on Fuligula nationi. By P.L. Scuater. (Plate XXXII.)...-....+. A174 | 4, On a small pelea. of Lepidoptera from Jamaica. By Arrnur G. Bed E. L.S., an FDS SC. ins vais che cclge stm oine ones omen sb visvete 2a cg resb ioe cule olole’ ely’ «ate eam eas 5, ee. 7 new Land-Shells from Japan and Borneo, By aoe A. Surru, F.Z.S. 495 — 6. On the Fruit-Pigeons of the Genus Ptilopus. By D. G. Exuior, F.R.S.H, &e. (Plates OK MTT itis RON IV ci)” cel oinielancte: agri e-o'o, e/siejeie'ereteue oma eigtavs) 6\<l sToneiet ee femme eis ainie-# ate 500 May 21, 1878. 1. Description of a new Genus of Snakes of the Family Calamaride, from Southern India. By Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. Beppome, O.M.Z.S. «10... cece cece ee ee eet ee tees 576 |
2. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the Voyage of H.M.S. * Challenger.’ — No. X. On the Birds of the Atlantic Islands and Kerguelen’s Land, and on the Miscellaneous Collections. By P. L. Scuarur, M.A., F.R.S......... Fee tetcoie ¢ s0ke
3. On new and little-known Mantide. By J. Woop-Mason. (Plates XXXV, & XXXVI.) 580 4. On new Genera and Species of Geodephagous Coleoptera from Central America. By
HE W. Bares; WLS Ge; «005 las de Oak Gin ps te 2 ee 587 5. Description of a new Species of Tudicula. By Grorcz Frencu ae sj sea ‘ NS palate Soars coe ec ootian SARA NO Mies iricrgLcenpex e's ies sembaraisiaie is: LUM 6. Rosen to the Ornithology of the Philippines.—No. IX. On the Collection made | Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Palawan. By Arrnur, Marquis of TwEEp- 4 ; ee FR. S., President of the Society. (Plates XXXVII. & XXXVIIL.) ........ 611 7. On the Trachea of Tantalus loculator and of Vanellus cayennensis. By A. H. Garrop, . ETA, PROBES. 2S 5 Sa cece aire eaknce a aeoray stata rela tenay cian inary ees oh Sta Se 625° 8. On the Anatomy of the Maleo (Megacephalon mateo). By A. H. Ginned, M.A. B. RS. 6 | June 4, 1878. # The Secretary. Report on the additions to the Society's Menagerie in May 1878, and re- BI marks on Tapirus roulint, (Plate KXXIX.) .c...c cect ees cess ce ereteenscons 631 | Mr. F. Holmwood. Remarks upon a young specimen of Temminck’s Manis (Manis tem- ‘ miMD Ki) a'ee Bese a agiesv vgheletes rarsake dae hes Lome eRe ete eee ee . 632 Mr. Sclater. Remarks upon the living examples of Ciconia maguari and Ciconia episcopus __ now in the Society’s Gardens ..... ila ota batees ae wee res dijeazs relate. 0s Sveimls SMR TRENT share 633 Mr. Edward R. Alston. Exhibition, on behalf of Dr. Elliott Coues, C.M.Z.S., of two spe- — ~: cimens of Synaptomys cooper?, BO. .%. ries «jon wicie ole iti vis e's\ele wv aisle one oisieieisisivin 633 Prof. Ray Lankester, M.A., F.R.S. Notice of a memoir on the hearts of Ceratodus, Proto- _ pterus, and Citi 6S is cece 034 sh ow te ded cia eee SNolsle vie 634 1. On the Skull of a ners (R. lasiotis, Scl.?) from India. By WinitAm Henry _ ° PTOWEER, ED, Sav Vicks Zishos oe sieeve wile, als\ons ise aie, stabaxatelofehe e¥etmcatel stare py 51s 10 canietete Maieetannvos . 634) 2. Catalogue of Lepidoptera collected by Mr. 8. N. Walter ; in the Island of Billiton. Rhopalocera by F, D. Gopman aa Ossert Satyrn. Heterocera by H. Druce. x ea Plate Kai toss ous ay asvds wae dia aah d Sis's, pies So eles Face bale Sea .» 63%
Contents continued on page 3 a bide a. |
Part.
1878.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 441
May 7, 1878. F. Du Cane Godman, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of April 1878 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of April was 76, of which 33 were by presentation, 26 by purchase, 3 by exchange, 8 by birth, and 6 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 90.
The most noticeable additions during the month of April were as follows :—
1. A Squirrel, from Ecuador (Seiwrus stramineus), of a species new to the Society’s collection.
Mr. Alston, who has been paying special attention to the American Sciuride, has kindly furnished me with the subjoined note on this species.
“The Squirrel from Ecuador is certainly the same as Gray’s Macroxus fraseri* ; but I am convinced that this is a synonym of Sciurus stramineus, Eydoux et Souleyet®. S. nebouxii of Is. Geoffroy * will doubtless prove the same; but I hope very shortly to be able to examine the types of both species. Mr. J. A. Allen* has lately referred three specimens from Ecuador to S. hypopyrrhus, Wagl., principally on the strength of their harsh sparse fur and long narrow tails. The last, however, seems to me to be a very variable character; and one of these specimens, which Mr. Allen kindly lent me, agrees very well with our bushy-tailed individual, as well as with Gray’s types. The irregular white spots and markings seem characteristic of this species, but are not constant, and, when present, vary in every example. S. stramineus was described from Omatope, and S. nebouwi from Payta, Peru, while M. frasert and Mr. Allen’s specimens were from Ecuador.”
2. A male Beisa Antelope (Orya beisa), presented by H.M. the Sultan of Zanzibar, and kindly brought home for the Society by Capt. Pasley of H.M.S. ‘Simoom,’ April 27th.
Our excellent correspondent Dr. Kirk, H.B.M. Consul at Zanzibar, to whose kind offices we owe this valuable animal, tells me that it was obtained in the southern part of the Somali country. Along with it the Sultan sent a specimen of a ‘‘ Dwarf Koodoo, quite different from the common species.’’ This would probably be Strepsiceros imberbis, Blyth, of which we have never yet received an example.
It is much to be regretted that this animal died on the passage home.
The following papers were read :— 1 Ann. & Mag. N. H., 3rd ser. vol. xx. p. 480 (1867). 2 Zool. Voy. la Bonite, vol. i. p. 37, atlas, Mamm. pl. ix. (1841). 3 Zool. Voy. la Vénus, p. 163, atlas, Mamm. pl. x1. (1855). “ Mon. N. Am. Rodent. p. 746.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXIX. 29
442 MR. T. J. PARKER ON PALINURUS VULGARIS. [May 7,
1. Note on the Stridulating Organ of Palinurus vulgaris. By T. Jurrery Parxer, Assoc. R.S.M.
[Received March 27, 1878.] (Plate XXX.)
On the 5th of March I exhibited to the Society a structure, evidently of the nature of a stridulating organ, which I had found in the common Palinurus, and which I then believed had hitherto escaped notice. On the following day, however, Professor Huxley showed me a reference, which he bad that morning chanced to meet with, to a paper by Dr. Karl Mobius, in the ‘ Archiv fiir Naturge- schichte’ for 1867, the title of which, “‘ Ueber die Entstehung der Tone welche Palinurus vulgaris mit den iusseren Fihlern hervor- bringt,”’ showed at once that I had been anticipated. I hasten, therefore, to render to Dr. Mébius such credit as belongs to the discovery, and take the opportunity, at the same time, of making some criticisms on his paper, as well as a few additional remarks upon the organ in question’.
The main anatomical features of the stridulating organ are described by Mobius, as they could hardly fail to be, with perfect correctness. He fails, however, to notice either the guiding tubercle (Plate XXX. figs. 3 and 4, ¢), situated just below the ridged pad (p) on the antenna, or the groove for its reception on the antennulary sternum (fig. 1, g): the forme, indeed, is shown in his figure; but no reference is made to it. As I mentioned in my former communication, these structures are of great importance, as by their means the apparatus is brought into gear: when the tubercle does not fit into the groove the pad is no longer in close apposition with the smooth surface of the anten- nulary sternum, and the antenna moves noiselessly.
As to the functions .of the various parts of the apparatus, the account given by Mobius is altogether at variance with my own. He makes the observation that the lower surface of the flap (figs. 1-4, f) which plays over the lateral ridge (figs. 1 and 2,7") of the anten- nulary sternum is beset with innumerable close-set minute hairs, inclined with their points upwards, and that, corresponding to these, fine scratches are to be seen on the surface of the ridge itself. ~All this is perfectly correct: there is no doubt about the presence or the direction of the hairs; and the scratches are quite visible with a hand lens. But Mobius goes on to say that the scratches are pro- duced by the hairs, and that it is the friction of the flap against the smooth edge of the antennulary sternum which produces the sound, by the upwardly directed hairs catching against the surface, when the antenna is moved in the same direction. Of course when the antenna moves downwards the hairs will lie flat and present no ob-
17 find that Leach, in his ‘Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britannix’ (1815), mentions the stridulating of Palinwrus, and correctly ascribes the sound
to the friction of the antenna against the ‘“‘clypeus” (antennulary sternum). He gives, however, no description or figure of the apparatus.
Mintern Bros imp.
\J.P del. ©. Berjeau lith. it | STRIDULATING ORGAN OF PALINURUS.
1878. | MR. T. J. PARKER ON PALINURUS VULGARIS. 443
struction ; and in this way Mobius attempts to account for the fact that no sound accompanies a downward movement.
As to the first of these statements, one finds it rather hard to believe that hairs so fine’ that the surface they cover has a texture like that of satin, can produce visible scratches; their effect, one would rather think, would be to impart a fine polish. I should be inclined to suspect that the scratches must be due to fine particles of sand getting in between the flap and the ridge.
With regard to the second statement, that it is the friction of the flap, and not that of the pad, which produces the sound, I can only say that I have removed the flap entirely without any sensible dimi- nution of the noise. The mere observation of the parts while in action is enough to show the true state of things: when looked at from the front it is very evident that the flap exerts hardly any pressure upon the ridge, as, indeed, from the fact that it is a soft structure supported only along one edge, it could scarcely be expected to; while the pad, on the other hand, is completely flattened out against the smooth surface, and in the most perfect contact with it.
It is not easy to see how such a mistake can have arisen; but Dr. Mobius’s language is sufficiently explicit to leave no doubt of his meaning. He says:—‘‘ Das gefurchte Feld [the ridged pad] bringt keinen Ton hervor, wenn es iiber die Fliche des Keiles [the antennulary sternum] gleitet. Es leistet aber Widerstand gegen die riickwarts gedringten Haare, da es dicker und steifer als das behaarte Feld [the flap] ist. Ausserdem geben seine Riefen dem Gange der ganzen Platte grissere Sicherheit, da sie diejenige Rich- tung haben, in welcher die Bewegungen ausgefiihrt werden.”
The fact that a downward movement of the antenna gives rise to no sound seems to me to be explained by the mode of attachment of the pad. It is connected by its inferior edge (figs. 4 and 5, #2) with the lower boundary (fig. 5, 4’) of the slit or uncalcified portion of the basicerite, while at its superior edge it passes insensibly into the inner wall of the soft flap. ‘The outer wall of the flap, again, is connected with the upper edge (fig. 5, 6) of the slit in the basicerite. Thus, while the pad is immovably fixed at its inferior edge, it is capable of a considerable amount of displacement in the rest of its extent ; and when pressed upon, by the downward movement of the antenna, in the direction from y to a (fig. 4), it is foreed inwards upon the yielding tissue which underlies it, and never comes into sufficiently close contact with the opposing surface to produce a sound (fig. 5, A). But when it is pressed upon, in consequence of the upward movement of the antenna, in the direction from z to y, the only effect of the pressure is to cause it to bulge out over the line of attachment i, and so come into closer contact with the opposing surface the stronger the force applied (fig. 5, B).
In the matter of histological structure, the pad does not differ from other chitinous membranes, being formed of fine superposed horizontal laminee, marked by a vertical striation (fig. 5). It is, how- ever, of unusual thickness ; and its horizontal lamin have, for some
1 They are not more than one seven-hundredth of an inch in length.
29"
444 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7
distance down, a wavy appearance, corresponding with the ridges into which the surface is raised.
The stridulation is almost equally audible in water and air. As to its production by the living animal, Dr. Mobius states that it was heard by himself and Mr. Lloyd in the Hamburg Aquarium, and that it was made especially when the Palinuri were handled; he compares it to the sound produced by pressing the upper leather of a boot against a table-leg. I also heard the sound, and observed the movement of the antenna producing it, in a specimen brought alive to the Biological Laboratory of the School of Mines shortly after making my last communication.
As Dr. Mabius observes, the sound cannot be produced in spirit specimens. These can, however, be again rendered vocal by soaking them for a longer or shorter time in water.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.
Fig. 1. The parts concerned in the formation of the stridulating organ, seen from the right side (nat. size): 0s, ophthalmic sternum; @s, anten- nulary sternum; 7, one of the projecting ridges which bound it anteriorly ; g, the groove on its lateral surface ; s, the smooth surface between the groove and the ridge, against which the pad on the antenna rubs; @7’, articular cavity for the right antennule ; a7, arti- cular cavity for the right antenna ; 4, basicerite, and 7, ischiocerite of the left antenna; /, the flap.
Fig. 2. The same, seen from above (nat. size). Letters as before.
Fig. 3. The basicerite and ischiocerite of the left antenna, seen from the inner side (nat. size); the dotted line shows the extent of the uncalcified portion of the basicerite: p, the ridged pad ; ¢, the guiding tubercle. Other letters as before.
Fig. 4. The pad, with the guiding tubercle and part of the flap (x 4); the arrow shows the direction taken by the hairs on the inner surface of the flap: i7, inferior or attached edge of pad; xy, line showing direction of movement. Other letters as before.
Fig. 5. Diagramatic cross section of the stridulating apparatus, showing the condition of the ‘parts, (A) when the antenna is moving downwards, (B) when it is moving upwards, The arrows show the direction of movement. 4 upper and 4! lower lip of the uncalcified slit in the antenna. Other letters as before.
Fig. 6. Microscopical section of the pad, taken across the ridges. Drawn under a z-inch objective.
2. Contributions to a Knowledge of the Hemipterous Fauna of St. Helena, and Speculations on its Origin. By F. Bucnanan Waitt, M.D., F.L.S.
[Received April 8, 1878.] (Plate XXXI.
Part I. SPECULATIVE.
«The extreme isolation of St. Helena—which is nearly 1200 miles from the nearest point of the African continent, 1800 from that of South America, and about 700 from even the small and barren island
XXXII
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HEMIPTERA OF ST.HELENA.
1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 445
of Ascension—gives it a degree of importance which it would not otherwise possess ; for about the faunas of remote islands cluster, in an especial manner, a variety of problems which, although they may never be absolutely solved, may yet be brought, by a series of care- fully conducted observations, within the sphere of discussion, and be made to throw some additional light, however faint, on the general questions of geographical zoology. From whatever point of view we look at them,—and there are many which at once suggest themselves along the distinct, but ultimately converging, lines of thought,—the statistics of an oceanic rock, far removed from the ordinary effects of immigration and change, and bearing more or less of the impress which was stamped upon it by its aboriginal forms of life, have an interest about them which it is scarcely possible to overrate. Tow the organisms, as we now see them, came to occupy their present areas of distribution,—to what extent they are, or seem to be, ‘re- lated’ to those of the nearest mainland,—whether there is evidence for believing that they have changed to any considerable extent, in their outward configuration, from the types of which they may be presumed by some naturalists to be the remote descendants,—or whether there is reason to suspect that the Hand, which originally placed them where they are, adapted each separate species to the con- ditions which it was destined to fulfil, subjecting one and all of them to a law of permanence under which they can never very materially alter,—are but a tithe of the questions which, if not capable of being answered positively, we may at least ventilate and probe, not altogether without profit, in even a small treatise like the present one ; for it cannot be too carefully borne in mind that, within the limited sphere where mere speculation (as such) seems likely to have any permanent value, it is to facts, and not to theories, that we must ultimately appeal’’’.
The sentences which I have quoted form, I think it will be admitted, an appropriate introduction to a paper descriptive of one of the last collections of insects ever made by their eminent and much regretted writer; but, before proceeding to the special subject of this memoir, I wish to devote a few words to a consideration of the problems sug- gested by Mr. Wollaston, not, however, with much hope that I shall be able to throw any fresh light on a matter that has puzzled many abler naturalists.
Of what is actually and satisfactorily known regarding the indi- genous animals and plants of St. Helena, the following is a brief epitome :—
There are no terrestrial Mammalia, nor any land or freshwater Amphibia, Reptilia, or Fishes.
Of birds there are at least eight indigenous sea species and one land bird (the Aygialites sancte-helene, Harting, very closely allied to the African 4. varius, Vieill.), which is peculiar to the island.
As regards the sea-fishes, Dr. Giinther has, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society?, given an account of the collections made by Mr. Melliss
1 T. V. Wollaston, Coleoptera Sanctz-Helenzx, pp. vil & viii, 2 March 1868 and April 1869.
446 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
These included 65 species, of which 17 are peculiar to St. Helena, 31 others, being inhabitants of shallow water, are probably indigenous (their exotic distribution being for the most part on the American and African coasts), and nearly 20 are deep-water species and common in the tropical seas. Much, however, still remains to be done, not only amongst the fishes of St. Helena, but in the other groups of marine animals.
The land mollusks seem to have been more looked after than the marine species. Of the former, 4 (or, including 2 unnamed slugs’, 6) living, and 20 dead and subfossil native species have been recorded.
Amongst the Insecta, the order Coleoptera has received most attention ; and, owing to Mr. Wollaston’s researches, the indigenous species of that order are at least fairly, though, perhaps, not entirely, known. Of the 203 species that have been found in the island, 57 have without any doubt been accidentally introduced ; 17 others may have been introduced; and the remaining 129 Mr. Wollaston con- sidered to be the descendants of the ‘‘ autochthones of the soil,”’ and, with one exception, absolutely peculiar to St. Helena.
Of the Hemiptera a small, but probably fairly representative col- lection was made by Mr. Wollaston. In it I find 30 determinable species; and 2 or 3 more have been recorded from the island. Of the total number 5 have certainly, and 1 has, probably, been intro- duced, leaving 26, which, with one exception, seem to be peculiar.
The only other group of animals of which there is (as far as I am aware) any satisfactory record is that of the Spiders, Mr. Melliss’s collections’ of which have been reported on by the Rev. O. P. Cam- bridge. Out of a total of 40, 18 species seem to be indigenous, and 22 probably introduced.
We will now glance at the flora. The great mass of the present flora consists of introduced species; but of the original flora, as far as it can now be traced*, 40 flowering plants are absolutely peculiar, and the 5 other probable natives are species of wide-spread tropical distribution. Of the 26 ferns, 16 are peculiar. Adding to . these the other cryptogamic plants, so far as they are known, we have a total of 77 plants* supposed to be absolutely peculiar to the island.
‘* Whence and by what means came this very peculiar fauna and flora?’’ is a question that has given rise to more than one suggestion or theory.
To begin with the flora, Sir J. D. Hooker®, after alluding to the causes that have assisted in destroying the ancient flora, and indi- cating the means by which it is possible to distinguish the aboriginal from the introduced plants, proceeds to say :—‘‘ From such frag- mentary data it is difficult to form any exact conclusions as to the affinities of this flora; but I think it may be safely regarded as an
1 J. C. Melliss, ‘St. Helena, p. 118.
2 Proce. Zool. Soc. Nov. 1869 and March 1873.
3 Sir J. D. Hooker, “‘ Lecture upon Insular Floras,” Brit. Assoc. Ady. of Sci. i866.
4 Melliss, /. c. p. 224.
* «Lecture on Insular Floras,’ quoted in Melliss, /. ec. p. 225, &e
1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 447
African one, and characteristic of Southern extra-tropical Africa. The genera Phylica, Pelargonium, Mesembryanthemum, Osteosper- mum, and Wahlenbergia are eminently characteristic of Southern extra-tropical Africa ; and I find amongst the others scarcely any indication of an American parentage, except a plant referred to Phy- salis'. The Ferns tell the same tale: of 26 species, 10 are abso- lutely peculiar ; all the rest are African, though some are also Indian and American. The botany of St. Helena is thus most interesting ; it resembles none other in the peculiarity of its indigenous vegetation, in the great rarity of the plants of other countries, or in the number of species that have actually disappeared within the memory of living man .... Probably 100 St.-Helena plants have thus disappeared from the Systema Nature since the first introduction of goats on the island. Every one of these was a link in the chain of created beings, which contained within itself evidence of the affinities of other species, both living and extinct, but which evidence is now irrecoverably lost. If such be the fate of organisms that lived in our day, what folly it is to found theories on the assumed perfection of a geological record which has witnessed revolutions in the vegetation of the globe to which that of the flora of St. Helena is as nothing!”
Mr. Melliss, whose interesting work on St. Helena I have had fre- quent occasion to refer to, says": —‘“‘ Other theories may be appealed to in order to account for the presence and position of this wonderfully curious little flora. Continental land at one time spreading over the South Atlantic Ocean, with its own peculiar flora and fauna, has been started as a plausible theory; but the geological investigation of St. Helena forbids us to look upon it as a remaining portion of some dis- appearing continent to which the last vestige of a flora, still struggling for existence, may be clinging; and the great depth of ocean® around it also seems to deny the possibility of its connexion at any time with cither African or American land. Still we cannot tell what geological changes, hundreds or even thousands of centuries may have witnessed in that portion of the globe, leaving, perhaps, this unique little floral remnant, now fast disappearing, as almost the only record of what once was. So far, therefore, the manner in which this once incandescent mass first received its flora, whether by the agency of birds or atmospheric and oceanic currents, or direct from that Hand by which all things were created, still remains un- fathomed.”
Of the class Arachnida, Mr. Melliss‘ states: —‘‘ Mr. Cambridge says, in reference to the character of this portion of the island fauna, after his final examination of the several collections, that ‘the European stamp observed upon in regard to the spiders of the former collection is thus equally marked in those now recorded and described.’ It is worthy of note that the native Spiders are, almost as a rule, least
1 Subsequently referred to a new genus, Mellissia, Hk. f.
2 Pp, 225.
3 « St, Helena is said to be separated from the continents of Africa and America by a depth nowhere less than 12,000 feet.”
4 Dc. p. 206.
448 DR. F, B. WHITE ON THE [May 7;
abundant now in the island ; in each case where I met with only one specimen, it turned out to be a new species. It is therefore not at all improbable that, like the native plants and the Snails, which we know are fast disappearing, some having gone entirely, the Spiders, for some cause or other, are also yielding up their native land to foreign invaders.”
Mr. Wollaston, whose painstaking investigations of the faunas of the North Atlantic islands, and careful study of the Coleoptera of St. Helena especially qualified him to give an opinion on this subject, thus writes regarding the Beetles! :—‘ The whole of the 129 species to which I have just alluded are, with a single exception (the Chilo- menes lunata, Fab.), absolutely peculiar to St. Helena; so that the question of geographical distribution would seem to be well-nigh ‘nipped in the bud.’ Moreover, from all that I know of the South- African Coleoptera . . . . . it has almost nothing in common with these 129 aboriginal St.-Helenians, which stand out singly, as it were, and alone, related more or less inter se, but unrelated for the most part, to any recognized continental forms. It is true that two of the most significant of the Rhynchophorous types—namely, Nesiotes (of the Tanyrhynchide) and Acarodes (of the Anthribiide) —are allied conspicuously to Echinosoma and Xenorchestes of the Madeiran archipelago; but if any more successful generalizer than myself can develop much from these points of quasi-contact, he is quite welcome to the result. So far as I can understand the evidence before me, any unprejudiced inquiry into the ‘origin’ (as usually understood by that term) of these St.-Helenian Coleoptera, does not elicit, in reply, so much as even an echo; for not only are they en- demic (in the strictest sense of the word), but an overwhelming majority of them are attached (or were so originally) to trees and shrubs which would seem to exist nowhere in the world except on this remote rock, 1200 miles from the nearest point of the African coast, surrounded by an all but unfathomable ocean, and which has every appearance of having been piled up by successive erruptions into a basaltic mass at no period very considerably larger than that which we now see. ‘Whence then, came its fauna and flora,’ are enigmas which I cannot presume to answer on any known principles of deriva- tion and descent. To a mind which, like my own, can accept the doctrine of creative acts as not necessarily ‘unphilosophical,’ the mysteries, however great, become at least conceivable; but those which are not able to do this may perhaps succeed in elaborating some special theory of their own, which, even if it does not satisfy all the requirements of the problem, may at least prove convincing to themselves. The St.-Helena fauna cannot, I think, be said to have had much light yet thrown upon it as regards its actual ‘ origin’ (except, perhaps, in so far as my individual opinions on the subject may be accepted by others who are predisposed to receive them) ; but its primitive (or at all events remote) stage is another matter, and appears to be capable of some real elucidation from the facts to which we have access.”
* Coleoptera Sancte-Helene, p. xix.
1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST, HELENA. 449
Regarding the Mollusca, the late Edward Forbes thought that both the terrestrial and marine species dimly indicated a closer geo- graphical relationship between the African and American continents than now maintains. ‘The marine mollusks would seem to point to the submergence of a tract of land probably linking Africa and South America before the elevation of St. Helena. Along the sea-coast of such a tract of land, the creatures common to the West Indies and Senegal might have been diffused.”” Commenting on this sugges- tion, Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys’ writes, “I am not quite satisfied with this hypothesis, and I believe that more information is needed to support batt Thy) seo A few of the marine shells are Mediterranean, while the greater number are well-known inhabitants of the Indian Ocean and the West Indies; all these may have originated anywhere. But it must be borne in mind that St. Helena is separated from Africa and South America in every direction and by very deep water, which is nowhere less than 2000 fathoms or 12,000 feet. It therefore seems scarcely probable that such an abyssal and extensive tract of the sea-bed could have been dry land or ‘sea-coast’ in a geologically recent period, so as thus to account for the diffusion of littoral species such as Mytilus edulis, M. crenatus, and Littorina striata. 1 should be rather inclined to attribute the present distribution of the marine fauna of St. Helena (not to a supposed continuity of land be- tween Africa and South America in that or any other direction, but) to the action and influence of the great Agulhas current, which issues from the Indian Ocean and flows round the Cape of Good Hope northwards towards St. Helena, and thence past Ascension to the West Indies.”
Mr. Andrew Murray, whose loss to science we have had so recently to deplore, has given? a considerable amount of attention to the origin of the fauna of St. Helena. After stating his conviction that there at one time existed a land communication, now at the bottom of the Atlantic, between the northern and southern hemispheres, and arguing that there are only three great Coleopterous faunz or stirpes (the Indo-African, the Brazilian, and what he calls, for want of a better name, ‘‘the microtypal stirps’’), he proceeds to say :— “St. Helena, that great puzzle of naturalists, is a crucial test to my hypothesis of a communication between the northern and southern hemispheres by an Atlantic continent; if that link snaps, the whole chain will fall to the ground... . . . I say that its fauna is cer- tainly microtypal, and, if so, almost necessarily a branch of the Atlantic type of that stirps; there is nothing else microtypal for it to be attached to. Some three years ago Dr. Hooker gave an admi- rable Lecture on Oceanic Islands, in which he discussed the origin of the flora of St. Helena, and on the whole seemed inclined to refer it to Africa. More in the spirit of ‘audi alteram partem’ than from any settled conviction of my own, I wrote a reply, in which I gave some reasons for thinking that it might more probably have been
1 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April 1872; Melliss, 7. c. p. 114.
2 ‘On the Geographical Relations of the Chief Coleopterous Faun,” Journ. Linn. Soc. x1. no, 49.
450 DR. F. B, WHITE ON THE [May 7,
originally connected with and peopled from Europe, although, also, possibly connected at some period with Africa. More mature con-. sideration and subsequent researches have confirmed my opinion.” Mr. Murray then goes on to point out how the fauna (as then known) supported his conclusions as to its European origin. Of the flora he writes :—‘* The general result which I draw from the whole flora is, that we have here a compound flora, certainly two deep, possibly three deep. We have, in the first place, I believe, a genuine natural Atlantic (that is, European) flora; for in the face of the decided testimony given by the fauna, I cannot accept Dr. Roxburgh’s con- clusions as to the supposed introduction and naturalization of every species having a European habitat. If they can be proved to have been introduced, good and well; but I object to take the thing to be proved as part of the proof. And in the next place, I believe, we have the traces of an older African flora (why I call it older I will explain when I come to speak of an ancient connexion between Patagonia and South Africa); and I believe that both are due to actual continuity, however circuitous or interrupted, with the respective countries the impress of whose floras they bear.. . . . . | .
“Before leaving St. Helena, I have just one other argument to adduce in support of its former connexion with the other Atlantic Islands; and that is, the fact (which has only recently been ascertained, or, at any rate, only recently laid down in our maps) that there is a long band of elevated submarine bottom running north from St. Helena to the Cape-Verd Islands, and embracing in its course Ascension Island and the shoal-ground on the equator.”
Subsequently Mr. Murray explains how, in his opinion, there might have been a land connexion between Patagonia and the Cape of Good Hope, “ sending out perhaps arms to Tristan d’Acunha and St. Helena, which, however, have the option of what, I think, is a still more ancient union in another direction,” namely from Brazil, rounding, but not touching, the Cape of Good Hope to Madagascar. To one or other of these connexions (presumably the first) are owing ‘“‘the score or so of plants left on St. Helena and Tristan d’Acunha, and a slight sprinkling of microtypal forms which still subsist at the Cape.”
T have now given the gist of what I have been able to find sug- gested as to the origin of the flora and fauna of St. Helena, and, be- fore explaining my own views, will briefly recapitulate.
The facts may be thus stated :—
1, A volcanic island of very ancient origin, very remote from con- tinental land or other islands, and surrounded by an ocean 12,000 feet in depth on almost every side.
2. A terrestrial fauna and flora, the very great majority of the in- digenous species comprising which are peculiar, and a marine fauna with a large proportion of peculiar species.
The various theories suggested for the peopling of this island arrange themselves as follows :—
1. Special creation and no special affinities.
2. Land connexion with both Africa and America.
1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 451
3. As regards the fauna and part of the flora—land connexion from the north, and European affinities.
As regards the peculiar part of the flora—land connexion from the south uniting Africa and America.
4. As regards the marine Mollusca, diffusion by means of the Agulhas current from the south.
5. Affinities of the flora somewhat suggestive of extratropical Southern Africa.
Against the first of these theories (special creation) it may be argued that such a method is contrary to, as far as we can judge, the whole scheme of creation, and that, while many things can be urged against it, there is nothing to support such a belief.
Against the theories which necessitate the existence in time past of a land communication with Africa or America, or both, all the known facts militate. The non-existence in St. Helena of Amphibia and terrestrial mammals’, the large number of peculiar species, as well as the great depth of the surrounding sea, afford reasons for thinking that it is extremely improbable that the island was ever connected with either of these continents.
The other theories will be alluded to in giving my own.
A careful consideration of all the known facts leads me to believe that two, if not three, epochs in the colonization of the island may be distinguished, and that the great bulk of the inhabitants came from the north, but not by means of a continuity of land.
The first of these epochs, or that in which the earliest inhabitants of St. Helena reached the island, occurred possibly early in the last glacial period, but perhaps and (even probably) in Miocene times ; and the reasons for thinking so, as well as for believing that the colonists came from the north, I will now try to prove.
In the first place, all the peculiar species belong either to peculiar genera, or to genera which, if they have not yet been found in Miocene formations, are (like the genera which have been found) so widely distributed that it seems more than probable that they were Miocene genera. The nearest relations of the peculiar genera are also of this character.
To begin with the terrestial fauna, viz. the Mollusca, the Coleo- ptera, the Hemiptera, and the Arachnida.
The molluscan genera are Succinea (with a peculiar subgenus), Helix, Bulimus, and Achatina—genera which all date from the Eocene, and which are all very widely distributed.
The Coleoptera, being more numerous, are not so easily disposed of. Taking Mr. Wollaston’s estimate of what are aboriginal species, we have 40 genera, of which 25 are peculiar. The remaining 15 genera include 10 actually known as Miocene, 4 of wide distribution and therefore probably Miocene, and 1 which is only known from Madeira in addition to St. Helena. Of the 25 peculiar genera, 21 at least belong to families or subfamilies which are Miocene, and 3 are allied to very widely-spread genera.
The Hemiptera are not many in number, nor is our information
1 ©. Darwin, ‘ Origin of Species,’ 6th edition, p. 350.
452 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
about their geographical distribution so complete as it is for the Coleoptera. The total number of genera is 21, of which 8 are pecu- liar. Of the 13 genera not peculiar, 4 have Miocene affinities, 3 are very widely spread, and 6 are more or less widely distributed, but there is a want of information regarding them. Of the 8 peculiar genera, 4 have Miocene affinities, and 3 have relations of very wide distribution, the remaining genus having African affinities.
As the Hemiptera are specially treated of in the second part of this paper, I need not discuss them at length just now.
The supposed indigenous Arachnida belong to 13 genera, none of which are peculiar. All the genera are widely distributed—many very widely, reaching Australia and New Zealand. One genus is Miocene, and 5 belong to families known as Miocene.
As already mentioned, there are no freshwater fishes; and even if the sea-fishes were more extensively known than they are, the conti- nuity of the medium in which they live affords so many facilities for the distribution of the species, that it is not very easy to learn much from them. Still we find that both the geological age and the pre- sent distribution of the 7 families to which the 17 peculiar fishes be- long are very great, and that, on the whole, they seem to indicate the same Palearctic origin as the other classes.
The flora alone remains to be considered. The extratropical South-African affinities of the flowering plants have been pointed out by Sir J.D. Hooker. As to the cryptogams, many have a very wide distribution, either as species or genera; and while many, from their geological age, have had ample time for diffusion, it would seem that even at the present day cryptogams have greater facilities for dis- persion than phanerogamic plants. In addition, more information as to their geographical distribution is necessary before they can be considered to throw very much light on the subject we are con- sidering.
The facts connected with the aboriginal fauna to which I have just called attention seem to indicate that its probable origin was somewhat after this manner :-—
1. That the first settlers arrived at a very early date, and that no very great additions, from outside the island, were made to them from that period up to the time when man’s agency came into force.
2. That they did not arrive in a body, but that the colonization of the island was spread over a considerable period.
3. That the road by which they came was not on a continuous land-surface.
4, That the colonists came from the Palearctic region.
I shall now endeavour to prove these statements seriatim.
1. The first settlers arrived at a very early date.
As, thanks to Mr. Wollaston, the Coleoptera form the best-known group of the animals of the island, we will see how they support my argument. If the colonization did not take place at a very early
1878.] ; HEMIPTERA OF ST, HELENA. 453
period, there ought to be some genera represented (amongst those which are not absolutely peculiar) which are of comparatively recent origin ; but the facts are that out of 15 genera not peculiar, 10 are actually Miocene’, and 4 others are of such wide distribution that, though they have not yet been detected in Miocene formations, they must be of Miocene age. The remaining genus may have either been a later importation, or, what is as likely, originated en route. The 25 peculiar genera are all, as I have stated, allied to Miocene, or probably Miocene, families ; and their great number is an addi- tional argument in favour of the long isolation and consequent early settlement of St. Helena.
The Hemiptera (so far as our defective knowledge of their geolo- gical and geographical distribution goes) tell the same tale. Of the 13 genera not peculiar, 4 have at least actual, and 3 probable, Miocene affinities; of the remaining 6 we know less. Of the 8 peculiar genera, 4 have actual and 3 probable Miocene affinities.
Again, we learn the same thing from the Arachnida. The 13 genera are all probably Miocene, 1 being and 5 belonging to families known as Miocene.
The 4 genera of terrestrial Mollusca are all Eocene ; and one has a peculiar subgenus. These quite support the evidence learnt from the insects. ;
2. The aboriginal fauna did not arrive all at once, but the coloni- zation was spread over a lengthened period.
This is a question into which I need not enter at length, but merely refer to Mr. Darwin’s remarks on the inhabitants of oceanic islands?, and point out how the great number of peculiar species in St. Helena bears out his arguments. If all the inhabitants had arrived simultaneously, their mutual relationships would have been undisturbed, and the liability to modification consequently less- ened by the absence of new forms of competition. Spread over a lengthened period, the colonization of a new land must inevitably upset the preexisting relationships of the colonists, and result in, as we see in St. Helena, many modifications of form.
3. The road by which the colonists travelled was not on a continuous land-surface.
This, too, is a question not requiring lengthy consideration here.
The absence of Batrachians and terrestrial mammals is quite in accordance with what Mr. Darwin has shown is the rule in oceanic islands; and, moreover, the argument in favour of gradual coloniza- tion also supports that of want of continuity of land-surface.
4. The colonists came from the Palearctic Region.
This is capable of consideration under two headings :—1, the Pala-
1 There seems reason to believe that many genera of insects known as Miocene are also of Hocene age. > L.e, p. 348.
454 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
arctic character of the fauna; and, 2, the road by which it came ; but these will be most conveniently treated of together.
St. Helena is, as has been already said, a small island of ancient voleanic origin, very distant from any continent, and surrounded by very deep sea. The nearest land is Ascension Island, 698 miles north-west of St. Helena; and nearly double that distance north of Ascension lie the Cape-Verd Islands. Improbable as it may seem to many, this is the route by which, I think, the aboriginal fauna reached St. Helena.
But it is not necessary to believe that the colonists crossed such wide stretches of ocean. ‘“‘Stepping-stones,’”’ in the shape of other islands, doubtless existed ; and, in fact, we can trace the remains of some of them. For, deep as is the ocean round St. Helena, a some- what shallower sea (still, however, very deep) extends between it and Ascension, and is continued north to the equator, where a yet shallower place is to be found, not more than 700 or 800 miles from the Cape-Verd Islands. It seems not only possible but extremely probable that in this equatorial shoal we have the wreck of an island ; and as the line indicated coincides with an area of depression as well as of voleanic action (extending more or less from Iceland to Trinidad and Tristan d’Acunha), there is no reason why other islands should not have existed, of which (as Mr. Darwin says) “ not a wreck now remains.”
It may be argued against this theory that, if it were probable, then Ascension should have a larger native fauna than it at present pos- sesses; but, as far as I can learn, the present Ascension is of com- paratively recent origin, and supplies an argument in favour of my view that volcanic action has made great alterations in the sup- posed line of route. If (as seems probable) the present Ascension Is comparatively recent, it by no means follows that an older island did not once occupy its place and possess a larger fauna than its suc- cessor, which has been possibly colonized from St. Helena. (I may here call attention to Mr. Melliss’s remarks’, that Sterna fuliginosa does not remain all the year at St. Helena, but probably migrates to Ascension, returning to St. Helena at the end of the year. If there is any thing in Mr. Wallace’s theory that the lines of migration of birds often coincide with ancient land-connexion’?—which, however, Colonel Drummond Hay has shown* to be by no means invariably the case— then this would seem to point at some closer connexion in former times between St. Helena and Ascension.)
But even assuming that the supposed requisite intermediate islands existed, it is necessary to find some means by which the tide of emi- gration was induced to flow towards St. Helena.
At the present time both the ocean-currents and the prevailing winds would tend to lessen, if not, as seems more probable, to entirely prevent, emigration in that direction, even if the “ stepping- stone ” islands still existed. The S.E. trade is the prevailing wind ; and the great Agulhas current sweeps past St. Helena from the
LE ep Oe: ° Geographical Distribution of Animals, i. p. 22. * Scottish Naturalist. 1877-78.
1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 455
Cape of Good Hope towards the West Indies, and, while effectually stopping any emigration from the north, does, in fact, occasionally (as we shall presently see) bring new inhabitants to the island from the south. Given, therefore, any cause by which the present direc- tion of the winds and currents could be reversed, the probability of colonization from the north would be immensely increased. But when we find, as in reality we do, that one and the same cause not only reversed the winds and currents, but induced an immense tide of migration to flow from the north to the south, then it seems pretty evident whence St. Helena derived its fauna, if that fauna be, as I shall presently show it is, of a Palearctic character.
The cause I have alluded to is one or other of the northern glacial periods, either the last or one in Miocene times. That during such a period the equatorial currents were reversed, Dr. Croll! has shown there are very good reasons for believing; and as regards the flow of migration southwards at the same time, we know that that must necessarily have taken place’.
But perhaps it may be argued that similar reasons to those which I have advanced to show that the colonization was from the north may be brought forward to prove, with as great probability, that the colonization was from the south. We have seen, however, that the present configuration of the sea-bottom is much more in favour of the northern than of the southern theory; we, know, moreover, that emigration from the north has always been more powerful than from the south ; and I will try to show that the character of the fauna is in favour of the northern view.
It is now generally admitted that the Cape-Verd Islands belong to the Palzearctic region, and have derived their fauna through the Canaries and Madeira. If, then, St. Helena got its fauna by that route from the north, the affinities should be Palearctic, and the imprint of the fauna of the route should be more or less discernible. That this imprint is not more manifest is explained, I think, by reason that the route was interrupted at the St.-Helena end, and that island cut off, at a very remote date; the other islands being less inaccessible, have had their faunas altered very consider- ably by later importations, and their original settlers less modified by the fact that the colonization was more en masse and that fresh blood has tended to preserve the old types.
Mr. Wollaston, whose opinion must be received with the greatest respect, arrived at the conclusion, as I have already mentioned, that St. Helena had little in common with the faunas of the Atlantic archipelagos to the north ; but even he admits that “‘ two of the most significant of the Rhynchophorous types—namely Nesiotes (of the Tanyrhynchide) and Acarodes (of the Anthribiide)—are allied con- spicuously to Echinosoma and Xenorchestes of the Madeiran archi- pelago.”
Most of the coleopterous genera not peculiar to St. Helena have already been cited in evidence of the very ancient peopling of the
1 Quoted in Dr. J. Geikie’s ‘ Great Ice Age,’ p. 107, &e. * Darwin, I. c. p. 339, &e.
456 DR, F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
island. Most of these genera, in addition to being Miocene and of very wide distribution, are characteristic Paleearctic genera at the present time. Amongst the peculiar genera many have their affinities (and, hence, probable ancestry) with Palearctic genera ; while in the North-Atlantic islands there seems to me to be more evidence of alliance with St. Helena than Mr. Wollaston was inclined to admit. Mr. Murray (whose line of migration, in part, at least, coincides, as will have been noticed, with mine—he arguing, however, for continuity of land) was decidedly in favour of affinity with the North-Atlantic islands; and his knowledge of Coleoptera was, it must be allowed, so extensive as to require his opinion to be received with attention. It is true that since he wrote on the subject our knowledge of the St.-Helenian Coleoptera has been immensely increased ; but so far as I can see, nothing has been found to invali- date (but rather to increase) the argument in favour of such alliance. Taking Mr. Murray’s abstract’ of the Coleoptera of the North- Atlantic islands, we have in Madeira 266 endemic species against 120 aboriginal European species, the endemic species being all akin to European forms. Then in the Canaries we find that, out of a total of 930, 224 species are identical with Madeiran, the peculiar characters of the Madeiran fauna being there in force. Next come the Cape-Verd Islands, of which Mr. Wollaston says, ‘‘ Our recent explorations in the Cape-Verdes have shown their coleopterous population to be so far more than I had anticipated on the Canarian and Madeiran type, that I am any thing but certain that it would not be more natural to regard the whole of these Atlantic islands as characterized by a single fauna unmistakably the same, even whilst necessarily differing as to many of its exact details (and through the fact of mere distance) in the more widely separated groups.”
In fact we find in the three archipelagos just what might have been expected. As we move southwards the same general character of the fauna is found to be present, but the particulars. gradually alter. And this, it seems to me, is apparent even when St. Helena is reached. Making due allowance for its remoteness and different latitude, the character of the fauna is the same, though the details are very considerably altered. For example, in Madeira we have the Heteromerous genera Hadrus and Hegeter, with 3 and | species respectively ; in the Canaries Hadrus has vanished, but Hegeter has no less than 19 species; in the Cape-Verds Hegeter has almost disappeared, having but a single species, but its place has been taken by a new genus, Oxycara, with 10 species ; in St. Helena all these genera have vanished, but are represented by two new and allied genera—Hadrodes and Tarphiophasis, regarding the first of which Mr. Wollaston remarks that it has a good deal in common with the Madeiran Hadrus. Tarphiophasis too seems evidently a develop- ment of Hadrodes, just as the latter is of Hadrus. Then, again, Mr. Wollaston remarks of the St.-Helenian Opatrum hadroides that it is closely allied to species from the Cape-Verd, Canarian, and Madeiran archipelagos, and is even more akin to one, and probably
1 Lc. p. 12 &e,
1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 457
identical with another, Cape-of-Good-Hope species—the significance of which latter facts will be alluded to in connexion with the flora. Again, the genus Huwestus was known from Madeira only, till Mr. Wollaston discovered another species in St. Helena.
But as the most remarkable fact in the coleopterous fauna of St. Helena is the enormous preponderance of Cossontde—more than a quarter of the endemic species belonging to that family—which seem to find there their metropolis, we ought, if the line of migra- tion is by Madeira &c., to find in the latter a significant development of this family. And so wedo. ‘In the Madeiran and Canarian groups,” writes Mr. Wollaston’, ‘‘there is scarcely any fact [the insular-loving nature of the Cossonide] more distinctly observable— where every detached rock is tenanted by some one representative, or more, of this particular department. Nor are trees and shrubs (which seldom flourish in localities thus weather-beaten and exposed) by any means essential for their support, the pithy stems of the ordinary plants being amply sufficient to sustain them; and I have frequently found the stalks of dead thistles and Umbelliferce to be perforated through and through by their ravages.” Mr. Wollaston found 19 species in Madeira and 14 in the Canaries. The Anthri- btide (which include the next largest number of endemic species in St. Helena) indicate a like derivation ; but enough has, I think, been brought forward to show both the Palzearctic origin and probable route of migration of the Coleoptera of St. Helena.
The Hemiptera are not fitted (from the reasons already given) to teach us so much as the Coleoptera; but 12 at least, if not all, of the 13 non-peculiar genera are Paleearctic, and many of them Madeiran. The peculiar genera have also nearly all strong affinities with Pale- arctic genera. Just as the whole facies of the Madeiran Hemiptera is European, so that of the St.-Helenian is Madeiran and European.
The characteristics of the Arachnida and of the terrestrial Mol- lusca have already been pointed out.
But let us now see if there be any thing in the manner of life of the aboriginal animals of St. Helena which would make their passage across the sea not only a possible but a probable occurrence. If we can find that a majority of them are connected with plants, it is not difficult to imagine how they might have been drifted by sea- currents to the island; but if, in addition, it turned out that many inhabited the interior parts of plants, their carriage across the sea would pass from the region of possibility into that of probability. Mr. Wollaston has carefully recorded the modus vivendi of the St.- Helenian Coleoptera; so we will try and prove our case from his evidence.
At least half of the 12 endemic species of the genus Bembidium have the very abnormal habit, for that genus, of living within the dead and rotting stems of the tree ferns. (I may note here that in the Madeiran group 10, in the Canaries 14 (7 peculiar), and in the Cape-Verds 5 species of the genus have been found.) The following St.-Helenian genera are also, amongst others, especially
1 Trans. Entom. Soc, London, 1873, iv. p. 433.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXX. 30
458 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
wood-frequenting—Anchastus, Anobium, the 17 genera of Cos- sonide, Nesiotes, &c.
Thus 16 out of the 25 peculiar genera, and nearly 80, at. least, out of the 129 peculiar species, live zx wood at some period of their existence. The Anthribide, of which 26 species occur in St. Helena, are not wood-borers, although probably lignivorous as larve, but cling rather tenaciously to foliage, dead wood, &c. ; and they, as well as most of the remaining Coleoptera as well as the species of the other groups which are also attached to plants, must be specially liable to transportation in or about drift-wood, &c. In the case of winged species the winds, of course, would assist in the work.
But it is unnecessary to pursue this subject any further, save to mention that though most of the plant-frequenting beetles are attached to some one or other of the peculiar plants, it by no means follows that their ancestors were so restricted ; for, as observed by Mr. Wollaston, some at the present day devour with apparently equal relish, the native arborescent Composite and the introduced Coniferee. . Nor is it necessary to suppose that they were introduced with the tree Compositze, because it is probable that the progenitors of the latter were not arborescent when they arrived in the island, but that that condition was gradually evolved’. Some of the Cossonide are quite content with the pithy stems of thistles &c., though the family is essentially wood-loving.
It is also worth while noting the extreme paucity of that section of the Coleoptera known as the Phytophaga, which seems to show not only that the lignivorous beetles had more facilities of transport than those that merely fed upon the leaves of plants, but that, as Mr. Wollaston remarks, the early flora of St. Helena was essen- tially a woody one. Now that the forest has vanished, and though the greater part of the island is suited for the Phytophaga, yet the number of species remains the same—showing, I think, that coloni- zation (apart from that brought about by man’s unintentional agency) is not now going on.
A word now as to the flora. The aboriginal plants have, as has been already said, most affinity with the flora of Southern extra- tropical Africa. This affinity can surely only arise from a common origin ; and if, as I have attempted to prove, the origin of the fauna is Palzearctic, it seems reasonable to suppose that the origin of the flora is the same, and that the same agencies which brought its fauna to St. Helena brought its flora also. Without going into details of the South-African flora (for which, indeed, I have not the materials), I may mention that there are one or two genera of plants common to it and to St. Helena which are strongly suggestive of a Palzearctic origin and dispersion by the influence of a glacial epoch :— for example, Stwm, which has an endemic representative in St. Helena; the very characteristic Cape genus Pelargonium, which has a straggler in Syria (where, be it noted, the endemic St.-Helenian coleopterous genus Haplothorax has, according to Lacordaire, its nearest allies) ; and others.
* Darwin, 7. c. p, 350.
1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 459
Here [ may be permitted to quote a remark by Mr. Darwin on this point ':—* In Africa, several forms characteristic of Europe and some few representatives of the flora of the Cape of Good Hope occur on the mountains of Abyssinia. At the Cape of Good Hope a very few European species, believed not to have been introduced by man, and on the mountains several representative European forms are found which have not been discovered in the intertropical parts of Africa. Dr. Hooker has also lately shown that several of the plants living on the upper parts of the lofty island of Fernando Po and on the neighbouring Cameroon Mountains, in the Gulf of Guinea, are closely related to those on the mountains of Abyssinia, and likewise to those of Temperate Europe. It now also appears, as I hear from Dr. Hooker, that some of these same temperate plants have been discovered by the Rev. R. T. Lowe on the mountains of the Cape-Verde Islands. This extension of the same temperate forms, almost under the equator, across the whole continent of Africa and to the mountains of the Cape-Verde archipelago, is one of the most astonishing facts ever recorded in the distribution of plants”*. Mr. Darwin then proceeds to show how in a glacial epoch the temperate flora might have invaded the whole of Africa, and at the return of warmer conditions been driven up the mountains, or in some cases become gradually acclimatized.
In connexion with this possible, and, as it seems to me, probable, community of origin of the floras of the Cape (in part) and of St. Helena, the significance of the occurrence at the former place of several Coleoptera and Hemiptera closely allied to, if not identical with, St.-Helenian species, is not to be overlooked’.
Itis not to be wondered at, then, that we do not find, in the parts of Africa nearest St. Helena, much, if any, relationship to the island fauna and flora. That such relationship, so far as community of origin is concerned, once existed, I have little doubt ; but the return to tropical conditions and the reestablishment of the tropical fauna and flora have obliterated, except on the mountain-summits, all traces. And St. Helena by its isolated position and temperate climate (the mean temperature of the year being only about 61°) is to all purposes a mountain.
The affinity of the Hemipterous genus Megarhaphis to the African Macrorhaphis (of which one species is from the Cape, and the other—rather doubtful as to the genus—is from the Congo) seems to be an exception; but as we do not know the exact nature of the locality whence the Congo species was derived, and as it is as likely as not to be a mountain and not a tropical insect, it may after all prove our case by being a descendant of one and the same Palearctic ancestor as the Cape and St.-Helenian species.
There still remain some elements in the fauna and flora of St. Helena to be accounted for.
1 Origin of Species, p. 337.
2 See also Professor Oliver's ‘Flora of Tropical Africa,’ in which the occurrence of several species, not only Huropean but even Arctic, is recorded.
3 Oertain European Hemiptera are also natives of the Cape. 30*
“
460 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
For example, there is the one peculiar land-bird, Ayialites sancte-helene, which is so closely allied to African species that it is, in all probability, a comparatively recent introduction. It seems rather remarkable that there are not more peculiar land-birds ; and the absence of Bats (none of which are recorded by Mr. Melliss) is another curious feature in the fauna of the island.
There are also the species of West-Indian fish and marine Mol- lusca as well as the Indian-Ocean species of the same groups. Not very much can be made out of our present knowledge of these; but it seems to me that no great obstacle exists to their introduction by means of the ocean currents. The present currents might have brought the southern and eastern species, while the reversal of the currents during a glacial period would bring the West-Indian and Brazilian animals. Though I have already invoked the agency of a reversed current for the purpose of bringing the Palearctic fauna to the island, I think it is improbable that the arrival of the West- Indian fish at St. Helena was contemporaneous with that of the ancestors of the endemic fauna, though, in the case of some of them, it is quite possible. I would rather suppose that, since they are species of presumably later origin (or, should their origin be as remote as that of the endemic species, yet it was elsewhere than at St. Helena), they were brought to the island during a later (or a later part of the last) glacial period than the ancestors of the endemic species.
There are also certain elements in the flora, viz. the five tropical weeds or sea-side plants of very wide distribution, which Sir. J. Hooker refers to. These are almost certainly of later introduction than the endemic and peculiar flora. Mr. Melliss remarks’ of Entada scandens, L., that the large seeds ‘‘ are cast ashore on the windward side of the island, having been brought from the Mau- ritius, or elsewhere, by sea-currents. They have been known to germinate ; but it is doubtful if one now exists there.” ‘This fact is suggestive of the origin of the five plants alluded to, as well as of some others thought by Mr. Melliss to be indigenous.
Part II. Drescriprive.
In his recent work upon St. Helena, Mr. Melliss was able to record the occurrence of only 8 species of Hemiptera. The names of only five species had apparently been determined ; and of these 4 were evident introductions.
It was therefore left to Mr. Wollaston to add considerably to our knowledge of the St.-Helenian species of this order. The list which I now submit to the Society embraces the results of his six months’ exploration of the island; and though it probably does not include all the native species, yet there is reason to suppose that the collection is a very representative one.
A few months before his lamented death, Mr. Wollaston placed the collection in my hands for determination, with directions that a
1E.¢. ip, 266;
- 1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 461
‘set of types” should be placed in the British Museum, and that the new species should be described in a single paper and not piece- meal. The first of these requests I have already carried out ; and the second I now proceed to fulfil. The type specimens of ald the new species, as well as a larger number of specimens in cases where the species was represented by more than two individuals, will be found in the British Museum. The following is a list of the species in the collection :—-
Order HEMIPTERA. Suborder Herrrorrera.
Fam. Cimicina, Stil. Subfam. Asoprna, Stal. 1. Megarhaphis wollastonit, Buchanan White.
Subfam. Penratomina, Stil, , Nezara viridula, L.
bo
Fam. LyGz1p, Stal. Subfam. Berytrna, Stal. 3. Metacanthus concolor, Buchanan White.
Subfam. Lycarna, Stil. Div. Orsituartia, Stal.
4. Nysius sancte-helene, Buchanan White. 5. Nysius thymi, Wolff, var.
Fam. Cimicip, Stal. Subfam. ANTHOcoRINA, Reut. Div. ANrHocorARIA, Reut.
. Hapa contorta, Buchanan White. . Cardiastethus bicolor, Buchanan White. . Lyctocoris campestris, ¥.
9 Sis or)
Div. Micropuysartia, Reut. 9. Myrmedobia fuliginea, Buchanan White.
Subfam. Capsina, Reut. Div. Puyrocoraria, Reut. 10. Calocoris (Megacelum) lustratus, Buchanan White.
Div. Cyitocorarta, Reut. 11. Orthotylus mutabilis, Buchanan White.
Div. Capsarra, Rent. 12. Lygus apicalis, Meyer.
462 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [ May 7,
Diy. PuacioGnaTHaRiA, Reut.
13. Agrametra ethiops, Buchanan White. 14. Psallus flavosparsus, Buchanan White. 15. Psallus lutosus, Buchanan White.
16. Psallus vinaceus, Buchanan White.
Fam. Nasip4, Stal. Subfam. Napina (=Corisc1na, Stai).
17. Nabis capsiformis, Germ. 18. Vernonia wollastoniana, Buchanan White.
Fam. SaLprp&. 19. Salda aberrans, Buchanan White.
Suborder Homorprera. Fam. FuueGorina.
Subfam. Issinz. 20. Issus coleoptratus, F.
Subfam. DeLpuacint. 21. Liburnia (Ilburnia) ignobilis, Buchanan White.
Fam. JASSINA.
Subfam. ByrHoscoprnt. 22. Stonasla undulata, Buchanan White. 23. Stonasla consors, Buchanan White. 24, Nehela vulturina, Buchanan White.
Subfam. ACocEPHALINI.
25. Argaterma alticola, Buchanan White. 26. Argaterma multisignata, Buchanan White.
Subfam. JAssrn1.
27. Grypotes (2) insularis, Buchanau White. 28. Thamnotetti« sancta-helene, Buchanan White. 29. Jassus wollastoni, Buchanan White.
Subfam. TyPHLocysint. 30. Chlorita edithe, Buchanan White.
There were besides in the collection several species in immature condition and hence undeterminable. One of these species, which is a native of the high central ridge, appears to belong to the Coreini ; and any future explorer of the island would do well to search for it. To the list must also be added Acanthia lectularia, L., a doubtless introduced species recorded by Mr. Melliss, and Cirius sanctea- helene, Stil (Eugenies Resa, Entomol. Bidr. 272. 148), a probably endemic species. Mr. Melliss also mentions the occurrence of several
1878. } HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 463
Aphides and Cocci. Of the 30 determinable species in Mr. Wol- laston’s collection 5 species—
Nezara viridula, L., Nabis capsiformis, Germ., Lyctocoris campestris, F., and Lygus apicalis, Meyer, Issus coleoptratus, F.,
have been probably introduced since the island was discovered. The species which I have referred to Nysius thymi, Wolff, may also be an introduction ; but I am more inclined to consider it a native.
The remaining 24 species seem to be all peculiar to the island ; and for the reception of 10 of them I have been obliged to create 7 new genera and 1 new subgenus. Mr. Wollaston has not, unfortunately, recorded for the Hemiptera, as he has done for the Coleoptera, the special modus vivendi of each species; but as the particular part of the island inhabited by each was briefly noted by him, I have been careful to give all the information [ can.
i MEGARHAPHIS, gen. nov.
Genus Macrorhaphidi valde affine. Caput apice subtruncatum, lobis equilongis. Rostrum articulo 2° 4°que subequilongis, sin- gulatim 3° longioribus. Thorax marginibus lateralibus subcal- losis, vix tranversim rugosus. Scutellum parte apicali retrorsum angustata, frenis ultra medium scutelli_ continuatis. Carina mesosternalis mediocris, nec lata nec sulcata. Venter spina basali longa compressa armatus, apud marem maculis sericeis haud instructus. Femora antica subtus apicem versus spina
- parva armata. Tibie antice vie dilatate. Membrana costis 8 instructa.
There is no doubt that Megarhaphis is closely allied to Dallas’s genus Macrorhaphis ; but it seems to me that the characters pointed out above are of importance sufficient to necessitate the creation of a new genus for the species described below. The difference in the comparative proportions of the joints of the rostrum, the narrow and unfurrowed keel of the mesosternum, the absence of the two silky spots on the venter of the male, and other points will at once dis- tinguish Megarhaphis from Macrorhaphis.
1. MEGARHAPHIS WOLLASTONI, Sp. 0.
M. elongata, rufo-brunnea, rude et dense nigro-punctata ; thoracis angulis lateralibus prominulis obtusiusculis ; pedibus corpore concoloribus ; antennis paullo pallidioribus ; capitis lineis 2 lon- gitudinalibus ocellos includentibus, marginibus tyli, vitta centrali capitis subtus sternique, maculis marginalibus dorsi abdominis, nebulisque ventris nigris ; spina basali ventrali ad apicem testacea ; membrana brunneo-fusca. Capitis lineis 2 longitudinalibus inter ocellos ad apicem currentibus, margine interiore orbite, tyloque, pronoti callis irregularibus prope marginem anticum, necnon carina longitudinali angusta, scutelli linea apicali longitudinali subelevata, corii spatiis irregularibus (una ad medium, altera prope apicem), haud vel vir punctatis ; sterno ventreque minus dense
464 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
punctatis, carina ventrali levigata; scutello fovea parva sed profunda utrinque ad basin prope pronoti angulos posticos sat productos instructo.
3. Long. 13, lat. 6 m. m.
Hab. “West Lodge’”’ (exemplar unicum).
M. wollastoni agrees in many points of sculpture &e. with the description of Macrorhaphis (?) acuta, Dall. (List, i. 88. 2), from Congo, which species may perhaps pertain to the genus Mega- rhaphis.
2. NEZARA VIRIDULA, L.
Two examples without note of locality. This almost worldwide species is probably an introduction.
3. METACANTHUS CONCOLOR, §p. 0.
M. ochraceus ; antennarum articulo 1° annulis, uno prope basin, altero sat lato ad apicem, articulo ultimo (apice excepto), rostro ad apicem, oculis, scutello (basi spinaque exceptis), femorum tibiarumque apicibus tarsisque necnon corti marginibus angus- lissime exteriore et interiore apicali plus minus piceis aut piceo- nigris; capitis vertice linea elevata longitudinali instructo ; pronoti lobo antico rude punctato, sulco sat profundo inter lobos callis 3 irregularibus instructo, lobo posteriore postice valde elevato et longitudinaliter carinato; mesosterni spina lateralé longissima, primum recta, deinde retro curvata.
3. Long. 5 m. m.
Hab. ad “The Barn,” ubi Aster glutinosus (Roxb.) (anglice
““ Scrubwood”’) oceurrit. I have seen only one specimen.
4, Nysrus SANCTH-HELENA, Sp. 0.
N. oblongus, ochraceus, setulis brevibus concoloribus vestitus ; an- tennis, rostro, capite, pronoti impressione lineari transversa anteriore, scutelli basi sternoque plus minus rufo-brunneis ; an- tennis articulo 4° basi excepto, rostro ad apicem, capite vitta utringue inter oculos, punctis pronoti maculisque utringue ante marginem posticum, scutelli punctis, costis et maculis clavo disco- quecorii, hujus margine apicali plus minus interrupte, membrana maculis irregularibus, femoribus maculis, apice tarsorum, sterno ad medium, necnon maculis ventris nigris vel fusco-nigris. Bucculis basin capitis vie attingentibus, pone medium retrorsum sensim humilioribus ; articulo 1° rostri pone bucculas extenso et basin capitis atlingente ; capite cum oculis quam apex pronoti latiore; antennarum articulo 2° quam 3° longiore ; pronoto et scutello (illius basi excavata excepta) carina levissima instructis ; mesosterno distincte sulcato ; margine costali corii antice recto, dein rotundato-ampliato.
3 9. Long. 53-63, lat. 2-23 m. m.
Hab. in intermediis editioribusque insulee—“ Plantation,’’ “ West
Lodge,” “ Luffkins,”’ et ad “ Diana’s Peak.”
1878. ] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 465
Nysius sancte-helene varies considerably both in the number and intensity of the darker markings. Sometimes the whole of the clavus and disk of the corium are fuscous with pale spots, and the apical margin entirely infuscated ; but the widened anterior margin of the corium is almost always immaculate, except that sometimes there is a dark streak near the apical margin.
This species belongs to the section aa of the genus Nysius in Stil’s ‘ Enumeratio ;’ but it does not appear to be very closely allied to any of the species therein placed.
5. Nysrus Toymi, Wolff.
Hab. in intermediis editioribusque insulee—“ Plantation,”’ “ West Lodge,” et ad ‘‘ Diana’s Peak.”
I cannot find any points of distinction between British and St.- Helena specimens of this common and variable European species, except that the latter seem to be rather smaller and to have more slender antenne and legs.
It does not appear to have been previously found out of Europe.
Hapa, gen. nov.
Corpus oblongo-ovatum, parce hirsutum. Caput sulca transversa cur- vata inter oculos anterius preditum, inter oculos latum, modice pro- ductum, collari mediocri instructum, pone oculos leve nitidumque. Antenne pilose, articulo 1° apicem capitis superante, 2° sursum leviter incrassato, 3° 4°que filiformibus. Rostrum medium mesosterni attingens, articulo 1° oculos attingente. Pronotum haud vel obsoletissimo collari instructum, transversum, apice truncato, basi levissime concava, angulis anticis rotundatis et maxime depressis, lateribus acutis ; discus anterius convexo trans- verse rugosus, posterius depressus et leviter concavus ante angulos posticos, ad medium sulco longitudinali plus minus obsoleto instructus. Scutellum anguste transversum, ad basin convexum concavum ad marginem utrinque pone basin, apice leviter acumi- nato, disco leviter concavo et leviter longitudinaliter rugosc. Elytra macropterorum apicem abdominis paullo superantia et membrana obsolete 3-venosa. Elytra sepius tantum dimidio ab- dominis equilonga, membrana haud instructa. Femora antica maris reliquis crassiora; tibie antice apicem versus distincte incrassate, margine inferiore serie brevissimarum spinularum instructo ; tibie postice spinis nonnullis setiformibus instructe. Pedes femine graciliores, tibiis anticis haud incrassatis nec ut in 3 formatis. Quartum et sequentia segmenta abdominis maris sinistrorsum asymmetrica, supra 4°, 5° 6°que abdominalibus et 1° genitali segmentis sinistrorsum maxime abbreviatis; segmento 1° genitali fere contecto ad marginem sinistrum ; segmento genitali ultimo (ut videtur) triangulari, levitur sinistrorsum contorto, latere sinistro foramine calloso-marginato (quod fere @quilon- gum est ac segmentum), instructo. Quarti segmenti abdominis subtus margo posticus ad latus sinistrum profunde sinuatum. Abdomen femine symmetricum. Apex abdominis 3 et 2 pilis nonnullis longis apicem versus instructus.
466 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
Genus Piezostetho affine.
Nomen a Maori “ hapa” (contortus).
Obs. In Piezostethus, to which the genus is allied, the males have also unsymmetrical hind bodies—a fact, by the way, that I do not see noticed in any of my books.
6. Hapa contorTa, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 1.)
H. piceo-nigra, pilis brunneis vestita ; capitis apice, antennis, pronoti margine postico, elytris, pedibus abdomineque plus minus piceo-brunneis ; rostro, antennarum articulis duobus ultimis, cuneo ad basin, trochanteribus, femoribus ad basin, tibiis ad basin apicemque et tarsis plus minus dilutioribus; abdomine obscuriore variegato. Macropterorum clavi disco, corti margine antico basin versus, et macula ad medium basale membrane paullo dilutioribus ; membrana fusco-luteo-brunnea, venis obscurioribus.
3 Q. Long. 3-33, lat. 15 m. m.
Hab. in excelsioribus insule, ad “ Diana’s Peak.’’
I have seen but a single macropterous specimen, and that rather
mutilated.
7. CARDIASTETHUS BICOLOR, Sp. 0.
C. niger, capillis pallidissime brunneis vestitus; antennis, rostri apice, elytris pedibusque luteo-brunneis; capite nitido rufo- brunneo, clypeo dilutiore; rostro (apice excepto), antennarum articulis 2 ultimis, elytrorum suturis, margine interiore lato embolii, margine interiore discoque cunei plus minus fusoo- brunneis ; membrana luteo-fusca. Capite levi; clypeo sat angusto; pronoto (callo excepto), scutello elytrisque subtiliter punctatis.
Long. circa 23 m. m.
Hab. in intermediis insulee—“ Plantation.”
Rather closely allied to C. testaceus; but, besides differing in
colour, C. bicolor is a narrower and more slender insect.
9. MyrMEDOBIA FULIGINEA, Sp. n.
M. atra; antennis piceis, articulo 1° dilutiore ad basin, articulo 2° ad basin medium apicemque albido, articulo ultimo ad apicem rufo-piceo ; pedibus piceo-nigris, femoribus posticis ad apicem, annulis 2 ad medium tibiarum anticarum intermediarumque, et dimidio basali tarsorum omnium albidis ; capite convexo ; antennis subtiliter pubescentibus, articulis 2° 3°que subeaquilongis ; pro- noto maxime convexo, annulo male definito, sulco transverso, nullo ; elytris margine antico anguste reflexo.
Q. Long. 1 m. m.
Hab. locos editiores supra ‘‘ West Lodge.”
10. Catocorts (MrGacuLuM) LUSTRATUS, Sp. n.
C. sordide stramineo-testaceus, maculis parvis fuscis rufisque remote et obscure notatus, capillis tenuibus adpressis pallido-aureis vestitus ; pronoto obsoletissime punctulato ; oculis, maculis parvis
1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 467
in disco et ante marginem posticum pronoti, macula geminata ad basin scutelli, dimidioque apicali femorum posticorum plus minus brunneo- vel rufo-fuscis ; apicibus rostri scutellique fusco-nigris ; antennarum articulo 3° ad apicem et articulo 4° toto, apice imo tibiarum anticarum, apicibusque tarsorum omnium pallide Susco-brunneis ; capite, antennarum articulo 1°, dimidio apicali Semorum anticorum intermediorumque, tibiis omnibus ad basin, et interdum elytris et lateribus abdominis supra subtusque, sat conferte rufo-sparsis.
3 2. Long. 6, lat. 2 m. m.
Hab. in intermediis insule—* Plantation.”
Sometimes the apical half of the antenne is vinous-red in colour
and the fuscous markings generally more suffused with red.
11. OxTHOTYLUS MUTABILIS, sp. n.
O. pallide fusco-brunneus, capillis pallidis vestitus ; pronoti margine postico elytrorumque margine exteriore anguste fusco-nigris ; elytris lutescenti- vel viridescenti-fuscis ; antennis pedibusque rufo-fuscis, illarum articulis 1° ad basin, 2° ad apicem, 3° 4°que, necnon tarsorum articulo ultimo et interdum tibiis ad basin, obscurioribus ; rostro ochraceo, apice fusco-nigro; membrana pallide fusca venis dilutioribus. Sat angustus, elongatus ; an- tennis + corporis equilongis, articulo 3° plus dimidio 2' longiore, 4° = 3' subequilongo ; rostro coxas posticas haud superante ; pronoti lateribus vix sinuatis, callis parvis; scutello convexo, ante medium transverse depresso.
3 Q. Long. 4m. m.
Hab. editioribus insulae—“ West Lodge’’ et ‘‘ Diana’s Peak.”
Very variable in the intensity of the coloration. It is allied,
but not very closely, to O. nassatus, and belongs to the same group of the genus.
12. Lyeus apicauis, Mey., Fieb.
Hab. in intermediis insule—* Plantation.” A South-European species, probably introduced into St. Helena.
AGRAMETRA, gen. nov.
Corpus oblongo-ovatum, sat rude punctatum, nudum. Caput nutans, latum, convexum; clypeo modice producto, compresso, a fronte parum discreto ; vertice immarginato ; gula brevi. Oculi oblongi, leviter granulati, pronoto contigui. Antenne sat crasse, ad oculorum medium internum inserte, corporis dimidio subequi- longe, articulo 1° crasso apicem clypei longe superante. Rostrum coxas posticas vix attingens, articulo 1° capitis basin vir superante. Pronotum trapeziforme, convexum, latitudine apicali vir longius, basi quam apice 4 latius, apice, lateribus et basi ante scutellum leviter sinuatis. Scutellum ad basin detectum. Hemelytra com- pleta, corii margine exteriore ad basin subito dilatato-explanato ; clavo, corio cuneoque coriaceis ; membrana biareolata. Ale hamo instructe. Pedes sat breves ; femoribus sat incrassatis ; tibiis
468 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
modice fusco-spinulosis sed haud punctatis; tarsis posticis longioribus, articulo ultimo duobus primis simul sumptis paullo breviore.
Generibus Plagiognatho et Sthenaro subaffinis.
13. AGRAMETRA £THIOPS, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 2.)
A. piceo-nigra nitida; rostro (apice excepto), coxis, femoribus, tarsorumque articulo ultimo piceo-brunneis ; antennis, tibiis, tar- sorumque articulis duobus primis sordide ochraceis ; antennarum articulo 1° ima basi, articulo 2° ad apicem, 3° 4°que piceo-nigris, imis apicibus 2' 4'gue dilutioribus; membrana fusca, venis parve cellule exterioris rufis; antennis, pedibus abdomineque capillis tenuibus pallide fuscis vestitis ; antennarum articulo 1° paullo supra basin subito incrassato, valido, cylindrico ; 2° sursum sensim incrassato, quam pronoti basis breviore, 3° 4°que fusi- formibus, 3° 4 2" paullo longiore, 4° 2 3' subequilongo.
é @. Long. 35 m. m.
Hab. in regione Commidendri robusti DC. (anglice “ Gumwood’’)
—‘ Luffkins”’ et “ Thompson’s Wood.”
14. PsALLUS FLAVOSPARSUS, Sp. 0.
P. testaceus, capillis pallidissime aureis vestitus, capite thoraceque preterea pilis nigris validioribus instructis ; capite, pronoto scutelloque ad basin fusco-atris indistincte nigro-guitulosis et maculis flavidis (una ad marginem interiorem oculi, una utrinque pone marginem anticam et altera in disco pronoti, necnon una distinctiore in angulis anticis scutelli) ornatis ; angulis imis posti- cis pronoti lestaceis ; scutello ad apicem clavoque flavo-guttulosis, corio cuneoque flavo- et fusco-sparsis, macula orbiculart prope apicem clavi et macula irregulari oblonga ante mediam basin cunei fusco-nigris ; membrana dilute fusca, iridescente, basi et fascia angusta transversa pone albidas venas dilutioribus ; an- tennis testaceis, annulo prope basin et macula ad interiorem articuli 1‘, annulis basali apicalique 2', 3° 4°que fusco-nigris ; femoribus anticis et intermediis ad apicem, margine apicali antico femorum posticorum, necnon tibiis omnibus e punctis nigris nigro- spinulosis ; articulo ultimo tarsorum fusco ; antennis mutilatis, sed, ut videtur, articulis 3° 4°que simul sumptis saltem 2° equilongis.
2. Long. 3 m. m. .
Hab. in regione Commidendri robusti DC. (anglice ‘“‘ Gumwood ’’)
-—‘* Thompson’s Wood.”
15. PsaLLus LUTOSUS, sp. n.
P. Sat robustus, testaceus, opacus, aureo-pubescens, rufescenti- brunneo dense irroratus ; signaturis obscuris plus minus confluen- tibus, presertim in parte antica pronoti, medio apiceque scutelli, apicibus clavi coriique necnon femoribus ; antennis rufo-brunneis, articulo 1° ad apicem testaceo, articulo 2° ad basin apicemque et articulis duobus ultimis fusco-brunneis ; tibiis testaceis, annulis
1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 469
plurimis angustis rufescenti-brunneis notatis et e punctis nigris nigro-spinulosis ; membrana fusca pallide transverso-fasciata, venis albidis. Antennarum articulis 2 ultimis simul sumptis 2° brevioribus, 4° 3 3' subequilongo.
Long. 4, lat. 2 m. m.
Hab. in regione Commidendri robusti DC., ad ‘‘ Peak Gut.’’
16. PsaLLus VINACEUS, sp. n.
P. gracilis, obscure vinaceus, nitidus, capillis pallidis sublongis vestitus ; antennarum articulo 1° et 2° ad apicem, rostro, scutello ad apicem, clavi disco, guttulis in disco corti, sutura inter corium cuneumque, cuneo ad apicem, femoribus ad apicem, tibiis tarsisque plus minus testaceis vel vinaceo-testaceis ; clavi parte pallida, Semoribus posticis ad apicem et tibiis posticis plus minus vinaceo maculatis ; apicibus rostri tursorumque necnon membrana fuscis, hac basi et fascia transversa pone cellulas dilutioribus, venis albidis, venis cellule exterioris interdum rufis; tibiis e punctis nigris nigro-spinulosis. Antennarum articulis 2 ultimis simul sumptis 2° aquilongis, 4° quam dimidium 3+ breviore.
3 2. Long. 3-33, lat. 12 m. m.
Hab. in editioribus insule, ad ‘‘ Diana’s Peak.’’
Very like a small dark form of Psallus lutosus, but distinguished by its slenderer and more shining form, longer and less golden pubescence, more slender legs and antenne, the more uniform darker markings, and more convex pronotum with less concave hind margin.
17. Napis cAapsirormis, Germ.
Hab. in intermediis insule, ad “ Plantation.’’ An African and American species, possibly (probably?) introduced.
VERNONIA, gen. nov.
Corpus elongatum. Caput ante uculos oblongo-productum, parte anteoculari parti postoculari subequali; clypeo distinctissime convexo-elevato, angusto, jugis depresso-rotundatis, medium versus constrictis, ad apicem leviter incrassatis. Oculi sat magni. Ocelli desunt. Rostrum 4-articulatum, coxas posticas attingens, gracile, articulo 1° brevi, duplo longiore quam latiore, 2° 3°que longis, subequalibus. Antenne setacee, gracillime, corpore 3 longiores, articulo 1° quam caput 1 longiore, 2° quam primus j
longiore, 3° 2° equilongo, 4° brevissimo. Pronoti lobus anticus lobo
postico angustior ; lobus posticus lateribus subparallelis obtuse et callose marginatis instructus, ante marginem posticum truncatum leviter transverse sulcatus. Scutellum latius quam longius, ad basin transverse modice elevatum. lytra abbreviata, scutello tantum duplo longiora, ad apicem rotundata, coriacea, marginata.
Acetabula antica postice aperta, a basi prostethii excisa ; meso-
sternum carina, pone medium distinctissima, instructum ; orificia
subobscura ante coxas posticas sita. Pedes gracillimi et longis- simi ; cove longiuscule; tibie antice seriebus duabus, tibie
470
DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
intermedie serie unica, dentium nigrorum tenuissimorum instructe ; femora antica modice incrassata, deorsum sensim angustata, tibiis paullo longiora ; tibie omnes ad apicem leviter incrassate ; pedes postici longissimi ; femora postica ad apicem modice in- crassata ; tarsi omnes sat longi, articulo 1° brevissimo, duobus ultimis subequilongis. Abdomen elongato-ovale, connexivo dilatato ad segmenta 3°" 4°™que latissimo, illinc apicem basinque versus sensim angustato.
Genus Arbele affine, memorize viri celeberrimi beati Thomas Vernon Wollaston dicatum.
18. VERNONIA WOLLASTONIANA, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 3.)
V
. rufo-brunnea ( 3 ) vel rufo-lutea (2) rufo-sanguineo variegata ; capitis parte anteoculari, antennis pedibusque pilis brevibus pallide brunneis vestitis ; antennarum articulo 1° rufescente annulis latis obscurioribus, ad apicem basinque distinctioribus, ornato ; articulo 2° flavescente annulis 5 vel 6 fuscis, quarum 3 in dimidio basali et ad apicem distinctiores sunt, instructo, 3° 4°que fusco-brunneis obscure annulatis; pedibus plus minus distincte fusco vel rufo fusco-annulatis, ad basin testaceis ; abdomine supra sanguineo-variegata, subtus testacea vitta angusta centrali et vitta latiore laterali utrinque ornata; abdominis segmento 6° ad medium supra subtusque sinuato.
3 Segmento genitali quadrato, ad apicem truncato.
3 2. ‘Long. 10-12, lat. pronoti 13-17; abdominis ¢ 23, ? 4 m.m.
Habitat in excelsioribus centralibus insule, inter Compositas arborescentes.
19. SALDA ABERRANS, sp.n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 4.)
8. obovata, atra, opaca, pilis brevibus erectis nigris, aliis depressis
aureis intermiztis, vestita; antennarum articulo basilari (apice excepto), clypeo nitido, rostro, callo utrinque ad medium interne oculorum, pronoti marginibus lateralibus anguste, marginibus exterioribus interioribusque (illo basin versus latiore dilutioreque) elytrorum, necnon maculis nonnullis irregularibus corti pedumque brunneis vel pallide piceo-brunneis ; clavi maculis triangularibus, una pone medium, duabus prope apicem, linea ante medium suture clavalis, corii maculis 5 propemarginem anticum et nonnullisin disco albidis ; tibiis ad apicem anguste pallidis, apice imo et articulo ultimo tarsorum piceo-nigris ; unguiculis piceo-brunneis. Late obovata, pone medium latior ; capite cum oculis quam pronoti apex latiore ; vertice ante ocellus foveolato, margine antico subobtuse inerassato ; antennis vix« incrassatis ; rostro longo, coxas posticas aitingente ; pronoti margine postico quam margo anticus duplo latiore, marginibus lateralibus anguste reflexis ; callo antico mag- no, sulco profundo longitudinaliter diviso, pone callum sulco angusto profundo fovea obliqua ad angulum posticum currente utrinque conjuncto; scutello convexo, ad medium semicirculariter transverse sulcato ; elytris totis cortaceis convexis, margine antico rotundato.
1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 471
et reflexo precipue ad basin, margine interiore pone apicem scutelli recto, margini elytri alterius haud incumbente ; (membrana aleque desunt ;) pedibus modicis, tibiis ad apicem subincrassatis ; tarso- rum articulo 1° brevi, articulo ultimo longissimo.
3 2. Long 3-5, lat. (pone medium) 2-3 m. m.
Hab. in editioribus insule, juxta “ Diana’s Peak.’’
The absence of the membrane prevents me referring this to any of the sections given by Dr. Stal in his ‘ Enumeratio.’ It may perhaps belong to a new genus; but as it has all the facies of a Salda, I have placed it in that genus.
S. aberrans is very variable in the intensity of the brown mark- ings. Frequently the corium is more or less of a rich fulvous brown with anastomosing black lines; the whitish spots also vary in intensity. There is, moreover, a considerable range of varia- tion in the size of the amimal.
20. Issus cOLEOPTRATUS, F.
Hab. intermedis insulee, ad “‘ Plantation.’’ A common European species, and doubtless introduced into St. Helena.
LisurniA, Stal. Inpurnia, subgen. nov.
Antennarum articulus primus articulo secundo equilongus vel paullo longior. Tibia postica tarso postico parte quarta longior.
21. LipurniA (ILBURNIA) IGNOBILIS, sp. 0.
L. testaceo-brunnea ; fronte distincte, clypeo, pronoto scutelloque obsolete (carinis exceptis), sterni maculis nonnullis abdomineque plus minus brunneis; dorso abdominis utrinque vitta longitu- dinali pallida, in segmentis 1° ad apicem, 2° et 3° ad basin distinc- tiore, et in segmentis 1°, 4° , 5°, 6°que interne magis, externe minus brunneo-marginata ; connexivo brunneo, angulis exterioribus apicalibus pallidis; tarsorum unguiculis piceo-nigris; elytris subhyalinis, concoloribus,vix dimidium abdominis tegentibus; oculis subrufis ; capite desuper viso et pronoto longitudine subequalibus, illo inter oculos breviter prominulo, vertice singulo oculo subequi- lato ; carinis omnibus discretis ; fronte longa, deorsum dilatata, carina centrali ad verticem brevissime furcata; clypei carina centrali obsoleta; pronoto scutelloque distinctissime carinatis, illius carinis lateralibus obliquis rectis marginem posticum attin- gentibus ; alis abbreviatis.
©. Long. 5, lat. 2 m. m.
Habitat in excelsioribus insule, ad “ Diana’s Peak.”
Iiburnia diverges from the characters of Liburnia by the longer first joint of the antennz, and the shorter hind tarsus. In the collection are two other Homoptera belonging to this family: one, which is much broken, is perhaps the ¢ of the above; and the other seems to be an immature Stiroma ?
472 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
STONASLA, gen. nov.
Corpus cylindricum, elongatum. Caput obtusissimum, latum, thoraci aquilatum seu paullo latius, desuper visum brevissimum, suban- gulato-arcuatum, vertice maximam ad partem declivi; facie dilatata, transversa, fere subquadrata ; apice obtusissime angulato ; marginibus lateralibus ante oculos distinctissime sinuatis, dein valde votundato-dilatatis ; plica supraantennali valde obliqua, oculos haud attingente. Ocelli inter oculos in parte antrorsum vergente verticis positi, ab oculis remoti, sed inter se quam ab oculis longius distantes. Pronotum transversum, sat longum, antice subangulato-rotundatum. Scutellum mediocre, latius quam longius. Elytraaleque apicem abdominis longe superantia. Elytra pone clavum angustissime marginata.” Vene elytrorum alarumque fere ut in Bythoscopo formate ; membrane cellule apicales 4. Ale ante apicem emarginate. Tibia postice spinosissime.
Genus Bythoscopo affine, forma faciei &c. divergens. [Typus S.
undulata. |
22. SronasLA UNDULATA, sp.n. (Plate XXXJ. fig. 5.)
St. sordide virescenti-flavescens, subopaca ; capitis macula parva irregulari inter oculos et ocellos (necnon interdum macula inter ocellos, maculaque utrinque in margine postico pone ocellos), fovea utrinque ante antennas, parte antica suture frontalis, et basi (media et lateribus prope basin clypei exceptis), pronoti macula parva utringue ad marginem anticum, scutelli basi centrali anguste, macula triangulari utringue prope angulos basales, maculis parvis rotundis in disco, sulco transversali ad medium angustissime, necnon apice imo, elytrorum venarum punctis irregularibus subconfluentibus et lineis dentato-fractis inter venas (membrane exceptis),alarum venis, sterno (lateribus exceptis), macula ad apicem superiorem femorum omnium, tibiarum posticarum margine exteriore superiore, unguicu- lisque necnon abdomine brunneo-nigris ; oculis, ocellis, frontis serie linearum irregularium transversarum utrinque, femorum maculis irregularibus, et tarsis anticis intermediisque plus minus brunneis ; alis infuscatis. Elytris oblongo-lanceolatis.
3 2. Long. 8-93, lat. 3-33 m. m.
Hab. in editioribus insule, ad ‘‘ Cason’s.”
23. STONASLA CONSORS, sp. n.
St. testaceo-brunnea, opaca, elytra subopaca ; capitis macula rotunda pone ocellos et prope marginem posticum, fovea ante antennas, fron- tis sutura antice, basi (media excepta) et lateribus prope basin clypet, necnon serie utrinque lineolarum transversarum, pronoti linea longitudinali centrali nec apicem nec basin attingente, macula parva utrinque prope marginem anticum et macula majore utringue in disco, scutellim acula parva ad mediam basim et macula triangular prope angulos basales necnon sulco transverso angus- tissime, clavi venis irregulariter, corti venis distincte, femorum intermediorum posticorumque macula superiore apicali, unguiculis
1878. | HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 473
et abdomine subtus brunneo-nigris ; scutelli dimidio apicali tes- taceo-flavido ; oculis ocellisque brunneis. 3 Q. Long. 73-9, lat, 23-3 m. m. Hab. in editoribus insulee, ad “ Diana’s Peak” et ‘‘ Halley’s Mount.” In addition to the differences of coloration, this species may be distinguished from the last by the internal sector of the elytra having three cells exteriorly between the base of the elytron and the apex of the clavus instead of two, as well as by the somewhat smaller stature.
NEHELA, gen. nov.
Corpus cylindricum, elongatum. Caput obtusissimum, latum, thoract e@quilatum, desuper visum brevissimum angulato-arcuatum ; ver- tice magnam ad partem declivi; facie dilatata, subtriangulari, apice producto, lateribus ante oculos late sinuatis, dein leviter rotundatis ; plica supraantennali valde obliqua, oculos fere attin- gente. Ocelli inter oculos in parte antrorsum vergente verticis positi, ab oculis et inter se fere equidistantes. Clypeus distincte productus, sulco inter basin et frontis apicem haud instructus. Pronotum transversum, sat longum, antice subangulato-rotundatum. Scutellum mediocre, latius quam longius. Elytra apicem abdominis superantia, pone clavum anguste marginata. Elytrorum alarumque vene ut in Stonasla formate. Tibie postice spinosissime.
Genus Stonasle valde affine, forma faciei, situ ocellorum, et
elypeo distinctius producto divergens.
24. NEHELA VULTURINA, Sp. 0. (Plate XXXI. fig. 6.)
N. atra, opaca ; capitis vertice (maculis parvis 2 ad ocellos et 4 ad marginem posticum exceptis), oculis, macula triangulari in medio frontis, antennis et lateribus, pronoti marginibus lateralibus interne angulatis, margine postico et maculis 2 parvis in disco (interdum obsoletis), scutelli macula utrinque ad marginem ante apicem, elytrorum (clavo excepto) lineolis longitudinalibus latis inter venas, necnon marginibus antico interioreque corit, pedibus anticis intermediisque (unguiculis exceptis), coxis posticis, femoribus po- sticis ad apicem, tibiarum posticarum basi spinisque et articulis 2 primis tarsorum posticorum testaceo-brunneis.
3 Q@. Long. 7-73, lat. 2-25 m. m.
Hab. in excelsioribus insulz, ad “ Diana’s Peak” et “‘High Peak.”
Frequently the veins of the clavus are more or less brown; and
more rarely the whole of the elytra is entirely black.
ARGATERMA, gen. nov.
Corpus oblongum, paullo depressum. Caput breve, pronoto paullo breviore et latiore, margine antico acuto ; vertice inter oculos quam singulusoculus duplo latiore, horizontali, concavo presertim antice, margine antico arcuato, acuto, inter ocellos angustissime reflexo. Ocelli in margine antico prope oculos positi. Facies convexa, dilatata, subquadrata, apice obtusissime rotundato, lateribus ante oculos sinuatis, dein leviter rotundatis ; sutura frontali ocellos attingente. Pronotum transversum, antice arcuatum, inter oculos
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1878, No. XXXI. 31
474 DR. F. B. WHITE ON THE [May 7,
prominulum, postice truncatum. Scutellum transversum, latius quam longius. Elytra subcoriacea, tectiformia, oblonga, apicem abdominis viv superantia, areis pluribus subquadratis instructa. Ale areis apicalibus 4 instructe, venis in venam periphericam ter- minantibus, marginem haud attingentibus. Pedes mediocres, femoribus posticis paullo compressis, tibiis posticis spinosissimis, tarsis posticis articulo 1° articulis 2° una cum 3° equilongo, articulo 2° quam 3°* breviore. Genus Sive et Selenocephalo affine. [Typus A. alticola. |
25. ARGATERMA ALTICOLA, sp. n. (Plate XXXI. fig. 7.)
3 lete fulvus, nitidus ; verticis limbis, pronoti vitta centrali longi- tudinali et limbo postico, scutelli apice imo, clavi_ marginibus interne erosis, et fascia ante medium, corii marginibus (exteriore ad basin excepto), fascia ante medium et maculis pone medium, necnon areis apicalibus albidis ; verticis marginibus imis antico posticoque, macula utrinque ad oculos posterius, maculis 4 ad marginem anticum (2 intermediis geminatis, 1 lunata utrinque pone ocellos), facie, pronoti maculis parvis 5 ad marginem posti- cum, sterno ad medium, corii marginibus macularum albidarum pone medium et arearum apicalium nigris ; abdominis dorso nigro, segmentis 4°, 5° 6°que et ventre, necnon segmentis genitalibus et pedibus brunneo-testaceis ; oculis, alis, tibiarum posticarum margine postico, maculis marginis antici apiceque, tarsorum posticorum articulorum apicibus, necnon unguiculis omnibus nigro-brunneis.
Q lete fulva, verticis limbo antico, pronoti limbo postico, scutelli apice imo, elytrorum areis apicalibus flavescenti-albidis ; verticis marginibus imis antico posticogue, macula utringue ad oculos po- sterius, maculis 2 in disco, et 4 ad marginem anticum (2 intermediis interdum postice conjunctis, 1 lunata utrinque pone ocellos), pronoti maculis 5 ad marginem posticum, elytrorum arearum plurium parvarum subquadratarum, areolarum elongatarum pone medium, necnon arearum apicalium marginibus nigris ; cetera ut in o.
3 Q. Long. 34-5, lat. 13-2 m. m.
Hab. in excelsioribus insule, ad “ Diana’s Peak.”
I have seen but one ¢ ; and it is possibly a variety. The elytra of the 2 have numerous black-margined cells or cell-like spots more or less variable. On the clavus and corium, to beyond the middle, these are small and vary in size, but are more or less square. Between these and the apical cells there is a transverse row of 4, more elon- gate, cells, of which one or more are sometimes subdivided. Beyond these are 5 marginal cells at the apex of the elytron. The veins of the elytron are scarcely distinguishable.
26. ARGATERMA MULTISIGNATA, Sp. 0.
A. fulva, nitida 5 verticis limbo antico, pronoti margine imo postico, elytrorum areis apicalibus flavescenti-albidis ; verticis marginibus imis antico posticoque, macula utrinque posterius ad oculos, maculis 2 in disco, 3 ad marginem anticum (1 in medio interdum fissa, 1
1878.] HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. 475
utrinque pone ocellos), pronoti margine antico maculis 7, 3 inter- mediis elongatis magnis transversis in fasciam sepe confluentibus, disco fascia transversa abbreviata, limbo postico, necnon macula parva utringue ad angulos laterales, scutelli macula elongata utringue ad basin, elytrorum maculis plurimis subquadratis arei- Formibus, sterno abdomineque nigris ; sterni lateribus, abdominis segmentis 6° et genitalibus (his nigro-signatis) pedibusque brunneo- testaceis ; femoribus anticis et intermediis supra, posticis totis (basi apiceque exceptis), tibiis posticis magnam ad partem, tarsis anticis et intermediis ad apicem, posticorum apicibus articulorum omnium, unguiculis oculisque nigro-brunneis ; alis nigro-fuscis nigro-venosis ; elytris areis apicalibus marginalibus nigro-mar- ginatis 6 instructis.
3 2. Long. 3-43, lat. 13-2 m. m.
Hab. in excelsioribus insule, ad ‘‘ Diana’s Peak.’’
In stature and general colouring rather like the preceding, but dis- tinguished at first sight by the much more numerous markings. Vertex more obtusely rounded in front and less prominent. Elytra with the veins scarcely distinguishable, covered with many somewhat square-shaped cell-like black markings, arranged in longitudinal rows. Apex of the elytron with six marginal cells, of which the first and the last are the largest. Venation of the wing different from what it isin 4. alticola. There are four apical-cells bounded by a peripherical vein as in that species ; but the second cell (counting the apical as the first) is pedunculate, the peduncle joining the first and second sectors; and at the base of the fourth cell is a smaller cell formed by a transverse vein cutting off the base of the fourth cell. The venation is otherwise normal, but rather subject to variation. The elytra have sometimes obscure pale markings on the inner mar- gin of the clavus, and vary also in the intensity of the black mark- ings of the pronotum and scutellum.
27. Grypores (?) INSULARIS, sp. n.
G. aurantio-flavescens, nitidus ; verticis macula subquadrata utringue anterius et macula posterius prope oculos, frontis lineolis trans- versis in medio interruptis, clypei vitta centrali ad apicem dila- tata, lororum marginibus, linea ante et macula pone antennas, maculaque ante oculos brunneis vel pallide brunneis; vertice utrinque linea obliqua brevi, pedibus maculis nonnullis, abdominis dorso, et corpore subtus maculis paucis nigris ; scutello, abdominis dorsi lateribus, et corpore subtus flavescentibus ; elytrorum mar- gine antico late et venis, necnon valvulis genitalibus flavescenti- albidis ; membrana dilutissime fusca.
3 2. Long. 5 m. m.
Hab. in editioribus insule, ad ‘‘ West Lodge.”
Perhaps scarcely correctly placed in Grypotes. Head, seen from above, angularly rounded and prominent between the eyes; as long as the hind margin between the eyes ; broadly concave and witha fine impressed middle line; ocelli near the eyes; face very convex, and clypeus produced but scarcely curved; pronotuma er —- than
1
476 DR. WHITE ON THE HEMIPTERA OF ST. HELENA. [May 7,
the head. There are sometimes additional brown markings on the vertex or face ; and the spots on the legs are also occasionally confluent.
28. THAMNOTETTIX SANCTZ-HELEN&, sp. 0.
T. pallide aurantiacus, nitidus ; capitis maculis 2 parvis obsoletis inter oculos, frontis lineolis obsoletissimis transversis, pronoti margine postico, scutelli angulis basalibus, clavi nebulis 2 male de- finitis (1 ante, 1 pone medium), corii nebulis 3 (1 ante, 1 pone medium) alteraque ad basin membrane indistincte dilutioribus ; corpore subtus abdomineque supra et sublus flavescentibus ; tibiis posticis maculis nonnullis et unguiculis omnibus nigris.
3 9. Long. 5 m. m.
Had. in excelsioribus insule, ad “ Diana’s Peak.”
The always ill-defined pale markings are sometimes scarcely perceptible. The head, seen from above, is prominent and obtusely angularly rounded between the eyes; the face is very convex, and the pronotum broader than the head.
29. JassUS WOLLASTONI, sp. n.
J. flavescenti-albidus ; verticis vitta transversa inter oculos, frontis vittis 2 latis longitudinalibus, elypei dimidio apicali saltem et macula utringue ante oculos, pronoto (marginibus postico et lateralibus exceptis), sterni maculis ad latera, scutelli macula quadrata ad medium basale, clavi vitta ad suturam clavalem et vitta centrali a basi ad medium, corii vitta subundulata a medio ad membranam currente, lineis longitudinalibus 2 minoribus (1 inter vittam centralem et basin elytri, 1 inter vittam centralem et apicem corii), margine antico toto corii, tibiis anticis intermediisque et tarsis omnibus aurantiacis vel pallide aurantiacis ; clavi linea juxta apicem marginis antici, membrane margine basali, sterni maculis nonnullis ad medium, abdomine (marginibus segmentorum exceptis) nigrescentibus ; membrana, alis fere totis, unguiculisque Juscis vel brunneo-fuscis ; venis ad apicem corii membraneque pallide flavidis, venis ceteris obsoletis ; capite pronoto fere equi- longo, rotundato et levissime prominulo inter oculos ; verticis margine postico quam singulus oculus paullo latiore ; vertice leviter dilatato antrorsum, foveola parva utrinque instructo ; fronte haud carinata ; marginibus oculorum desuper visorum divergentibus ; ocellis prope oculos sitis ; elytris oblongis.
3 §. Long 6, lat. 2 m. m.
Hab. in editioribus insule, ad ‘ Cason’s,’”’ ‘ Diana’s Peak,” et
“*Vine-tree Gut.”
Sometimes the clavus and inner margin of corium are infuscated,
and the hind tibie have a row of black dots on the outside.
30. CHLORITA EDITH#, sp. n.
C. pallide flavescenti-albida ; verticis maculis 2 elongatis inter oculos, et pronoti maculis 2 in disco sanguineis ; scutello (macula quadrata ad medium basale excepta), clavi linea ad marginem interiorem ab apice scutelli currente, corii margine interiore fere
TOO Te SB Geil Se
1878.] MR. P, L, SCLATER ON FULIGULA NATIONI. 477
a basi ad apicem clavi, vitta dilutiore centrali inter apicem clavi et margine antico posita, et nebula ad marginem anticum apicem versus elytri lete aurantiacis ; oculis, unguiculis et macula ad basin membrane nigrescentibus; membrana pallide fusca, ad basin obscuriore, venis late pallide flavescenti-albidis, maculas 5 mar- ginales (4 apicales) et 2 centrales cingentibus ; femoribus tibiisque ad apicem flavescentibus ; capite obtuse angulariter rotundato- prominulo inter oculos, longiore supra quam ad marginem posti- cum inter oculos ; pronoto semicirculari, dimidio marginis postici @equilongo.
3 2. Long. 3 m. m.
Hab. ineditioribusinsule, ad “ Cason’s,’’“ High Peak,” et “ Diana’s Peak.”
Species venusta, in honorem Domine Edith Wollaston, quee Lepi- doptera et Coleoptera insulz Sanctz-Helene diligentissime collegit, dicata.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.
Fig. 1. Hapa contorta, p. 466. Fig. 5. Stonasla undulata, p. 472. 2. Agrametra ethiops, p. 468. 6. Nehela vulturina, p. 473. 3. Vernonia wollastoniana, p.470. 7. Argaterma alticola, p. 474.
4. Salda aberrans, p. 470.
3. Further Remarks on Fuligula nation. By P. L. Scrater. [Received April 12, 1878.] (Plate XXXII.)
Professor Nation of Lima, Peru, has now forwarded to me a second specimen of the remarkable new Fuligula which Mr. Salvin and I described in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ last year (1877, p. .§22), and dedicated to its discoverer. This is a male, the former example having been a female ; but, as will be seen on comparison, there is not a great difference in plumage between the sexes. Prof. Nation says that this bird is rare in the neighbourhood of Lima, but that he has lately ascertained that it is common in the north of Peru, and is found in great numbers on the lakes near the coast in certain months of the year.
The species may now be diagnosed more correctly as follows :—
FuLIGuLA NATIONI. (Plate XXXII.)
Fusco-atra fere unicolor, in ventre brunnescentior, hypochondriis et genis in brunneum transeuntibus ; secundariorum parte basali, fasciam distinctam alarem constituente, alba; subalaribus nigris ; remigum pagina inferiore obscure cineracea; rostro et pedibus nigris : long. tota 18-0, ale 8°5, caud@ 2°5, tarsi 1:45, dig. med. cum ungue 2°6, rostri-a rictu lin. dir. 2°2. Femina omnino brunnescentior, supra et in ventre tenuissime nigro vermiculata ; capitis lateribus in brunnescenti-castaneum trahentibus ; et cras- sitie minore.
Hab. Peruvia occidentalis, prope Lima (Nation).
478 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON FULIGULA NATIONI. [May 7,
Trachea of Fuligula nation g.
Fig. 1. Front view. Fig. 2. Dilatation at its lower end, seen from the left side.
1878. ] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON FULIGULA NATIONI. 479
This species appears to be a true Fuliguline duck, the only known representative of the group in South America. In colour it is quite different from any other species of the genus known to me, being immediately recognizable by its black dress and the transverse white bar on the wing.
The characteristic Fuliguline white spot between the rami of the mandible is small in the male but quite distinct, larger in the female. The white colour in the secondaries occupies rather more than the basal two thirds, but does not extend onto the outer elon- gated feathers ; it likewise pervades portions of both webs of some of the inmost primaries. The hinder toe has a well-developed lobe, almost as broad as in F. collaris.
Prof. Nation has also sent to me the dried trachea of the male specimen, for the preparation of a figure and description of which I am indebted to Prof. Garrod.
“In the trachea,” Prof. Garrod remarks, “ of this duck, as in the males of the sea-ducks generally, there is a large dilatation at the lower end, on the left side, composed of an osseous framework supporting membranous walls. The outer one of these is traversed by an inter- vening osseous bar (see fig. 2), which courses backwards and upwards from its anterior inferior angle, and sends two small extra bars to the supero-marginal rim, and so forms a pair of oval fontanelles, before it terminates at the superior and posterior angle of the outer wall.
“The wall of the tracheal box which faces inwards is ossified through nearly its entire extent, a few small membrane-covered fontanelles being found not far from its superior margin. In this respect the species differs from Fuligula rufina, in which the wall under consideration is almost entirely membranous, whilst it is almost identical with F. marila.
“The outer aspect of the terminal tracheal box is represented in fig. 2.
Pa Fig. 1 gives a front view of the trachea, which is seen to be con- siderably and fusiformly dilated in its middle part, in very much the same way as in Fuligula rufina, F. marila, Nyroca leucophthalma, Clangula vulgaris, and Mergus serrator’, except that in the last- named species the enlargement is situated somewhat nearer the mouth,
‘In F. rufina the dilatation of the middle of the trachea is rather more considerable and more localized to the lower portion of the windpipe, whilst in F. marila it is more extended and not quite so considerable in breadth. In fact F’. nationi is almost exactly inter- mediate between the two, tending, if at all, towards the Jatter species.
“In the South-American Metopiana peposaca the mid-tracheal dilatation is much more decided and more limited, forming a nearly globose cavity® like that in Melanitta fusca and Clangula his- trionica.”
1 Vide Eyton, ‘ Monograph of the Anatide,’ 1838, p. 63. 2 See P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146, and 1875, p. 154.
480 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,
4. On a small Collection of Lepidoptera from Jamaica. By Axrtruour G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &e.
[Received April 12, 1878.]
The Lepidoptera enumerated in the present paper were collected at or near Kingstown, Jamaica, by Mr. James John Bowrey, who has kindly permitted a selection to be made from them of all the species required for the national collection.
Among the Butterflies, as might have been expected, there is very little new, a species of Pamphila being the only one to which I have ventured to give a name; but among the more obscure and small Moths there are about two dozen novelties.
RHOPALOCERA. 1. Danats arcuippus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 49 (1793).
The males from Jamaica seem to possess a constant peculiarity in the immaculate black border of the secondaries.
2. Danats JAMAICENSIS, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 33 (1864). 3. Caisto zAncis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 486 (1775).
4, Papuia portiA, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 507 (1775).
5. AGANISTHOS ORION, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 485 (1775).
6. HrTEROCHROA ABYLA, Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol, vi. pl. 9. fig. 7 (1850).
7. Evpacis rGma, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 496 (1775).
8. Lucrnta capMA, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 18. figs. 1, 2 (1773).
9. Marpesta ELEUCHA, Hibner, Samml. exot. Schm. ii. pl. 50 (1816-24).
10. Gynzxcra piece, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 287 (1764). 11. ANARTIA JATROPH#, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 289(1764).
12. JunonrA GENOVEVA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 290. figs. E, F (1782).
13, CysTrnEURA porcas, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 508 (1775). 14. Puycropes rristA, Poey, Cent. Lep. (1833 ?).
15. Eunica tTatiua, Herrich-Schiffer, Ausl. Schm. figs. 69-72 (1852-58).
In the examples from Jamaica the white spots are smaller than in the figure.
1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 481
16. Everoreta wecesia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 209. figs. E, F (1782).
17. Dione vaniLu#, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ul. p- 306 (1764). 18. CoLanis pEeixA, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 510 (1775).
19. Hexicontius CHARITHONIA, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2 p- 757 (1766).
20. LampipEs cerAunvus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 303 (1793).
>
21. TmMoLus coLUMELLA, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p- 282
(1793). 22. Tmoxus pan, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 23. figs 3, 4 (1773). 23. Naruauis roux, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p- 589 (1836).
24, Trrtas GNATHENE, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 680 (1836).
Mr. Bowrey has observed this species flying over low bushes. The flight of Terias is always very low.
25. TertaAs ELATHEA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 99. figs. C, D (1779).
26. TERIAS EUTERPE, Ménétriés, Bull. Mosc. p- 299 (1832). 27. Kricocont TErtssa, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 429 (1852). 28. KricoGonia LysipE, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p- 98 (1819). 29. AMYNTHIA M&ZRULA, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 479 (1775).
30. CaLLIpRYAS SENN#&, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 764 (1766).
Mr. Bowrey has seen vast clouds of this species passing over the town of Kingston, sometimes for a week at a time.
31. Appras poryt, Butler, P. Z. S. p. 49 (1872).
32. SyncuLo# sopra, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. i. p. 495 (1836). 33. Papiiio potypamas, Linneus, Mus. Lud.UIr. p. 192 (1764). 34, Papiiio stnon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 452 (1775).
35. Papixio pexavs, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 444 (1775).
36. Papitio HomeRvs, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 29 (1793).
37. PariLio CRESPHONTES, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 165. fig. A, 166. fig. B (1779).
38. Papiyio THERsITEs, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 453 (1775).
39. Gonrurus proteus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 333 (1764).
482 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,
40. GonruRvs CATILLUS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 260. figs. F, G (1782).
41. Tetxconvus, sp.? (Olive-brown, dull green at the base.)
This species is quite common in collections, and therefore is sure to have been described ; but it would be necessary to work out nearly the whole family in order to identify it, many of the descriptions of Hesperiide being so bad that their determination is simply impossible.
42. Prorerrs aMynTAS, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 533 (1775).
43. PAMPHILA ETHLIUS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 392, figs. A, B (1782).
44, Pampuita nycTe.ius, Latreille, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 746 (1823).
45. Pampnita pHyivs, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pl. 13. figs. 4, 5 (1773).
46. Pameuita uTHA, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 37. n. 32 (1868).
The form from Jamaica being rather different from that of St. Domingo (and probably of Cuba), I append a description.
Wings above bright tawny, reddish at the base ; a broad choco- late brown marginal belt from the end of the cell of each wing round the outer border to the external or anal angle, where the fringe becomes tawny; primaries with a large dark brown spot across the median vein ; head and collar metallic green, bordered and crossed by testaceous lines of upright scales ; remainder of the body above dull tawny, slightly olivaceous in front, yellowish below, with blackish spots down the centre of the venter. Primaries below with the disk of a yellower tint than above; the blackish median spot extended to the base, a blackish spot beyond the cell; outer border broadly brown, becoming ferruginous upon the costa: secondaries ferruginous, with a spot in the cell and a squamose angulated discal belt more or less orange ; anal fringe bright orange. Expanse 2 inches.
I have to thank Mr. Du Cane Godman for the identification of this handsome species. I think it may be the insect intended by the description of Hudamus capucinus, Lefebvre; but the Latin of that description cannot be translated. It runs thus :—“ E. alis paululum subrotundatis, supra piceo-fuscis ad basin ochraceo-rubescentibus ; anticis in mare supra arcu minuto subtus macula fere dubia, in disco luteis (feemine utrinque maculis duabus geminis eodem colore) nervula sectis ; subtus anticis ad basin et disco inferiori nigris ; omnibus alis fuscis atomis rubris griseisque omnino rubescentibus.”
The whole of the descriptions of Lepidoptera in Ramon de la Sagra’s ‘Cuba’ are of this character. LH. trinitad is said to have three front wings on each side, with transparent unequal and yel- lowish spots, “ anticis utringue tribus maculis transluctdis inequali-
1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 483
’
bus et flavescentibus ; and although in this case it is evident what is intended, in other cases it is not so’. Surely where a Latin diagnosis defies all possibility of translation it ought to be ignored.
47. PAMPHILA INSOLATA, N. sp.
3. Primaries bronzy chocolate-brown, with tawny basal area; a large black patch below the cell, its anterior border embossed and greyish: secondaries tawny ochraceous; the costal area, outer border, and veins blackish: body greenish, abdomen dull tawny, palpi below sulphur-yellow ; legs tawny. Wings below sordid ochra- ceous ; primaries with the basal half of a brighter tint, the interno- basal area and a spot below the cell blackish ; internal border dark greyish. Expanse | inch 8 lines.
Quite unlike any other species known to me.
48. Pampnita oTHo, Smith & Abbot, Lep. Ins. Georg. i. pl. 11 (1797).
49, AcHLYODES PorRILLO?, Lefebvre, Ramon de la Sagra’s Cuba, p- 641 (1857).
The single example taken by Mr. Bowrey has only four hyaline apical dots on each of the primaries; but this may be what is intended by “ anticis ad apicem 8 punctis translucentibus albis cir- culatim dispositis,” the only difficulty being the arrangement of four dots so as to produce a circle.
HETEROCERA.
50. Enyo camertus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 225. fig. A (1782).
51. CuzrocaMpa cutRoN, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pl. 26. fig. 3 (1770).
52. DeiLerHiLA LINEATA, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. p. 541 (1775).
53. PHILAMPELUS SATELLITIA, Linnzus, Mantissa, i. p. 539 pl ib):
54. Pacuyxia Ficus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 352 (1764).
55. AMBULYX sTRIGILIS, Linneeus, Mantissa, i. p. 538 (1771).
56. AMPHONYX CLUENTIUS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. p. 124, pl. 78. fig. B (1779).
57. ANCERYX FASCIATA, Swainson, Zool. Ill. 2nd ser. vol. iii. pl. 150 (1823).
58. DitorpHonotra ELLO, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 351 (1764).
1 Examine the description of Hesperia baracoa as an example.
484 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,
59. DiLopHonotTa xNoTRUS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 201. fig. C (1782).
60. DiLopHONOTA OMPHALE#, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 72 (1870).
61. Prororarce rustica, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 540 (1775).
62. Proroparcre JAMAICENSIS, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p- 608 (1876).
63. Protoparce crneuLaTa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 545 (1775).
64. PsEuDOSPHINX TETRIO, Linneus, Mantissa, i. p.538 (1771).
The larva of P. tetrio is well known to Mr. Bowrey, who de- scribes it as “ black with yellow bands, and with the head, feet, anal claspers, and horn scarlet.”
65. CosMosSOMA TYRRHENE, Hiibuer, Samml. ex. Schm. Zutr. figs. 483, 484.
66. CosmMosoMA AUGE, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 807. n. 46 (1766).
67. EmpyrEUMA PUGIONE, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. il. p. 807. n. 45 (1766).
68. ARE marorinata, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. pl. 22. fig. 2 (1773).
69. ComposiA syBARIs, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 71. fig. E (1779).
70. Evcua#res rnsuuata, Walker, Lep. Het. iii. p. 734. n. 5 (1855).
71. Deropera speciosa, Walker, Lep. Het. ii. p. 568 (1854).
Common in grass. The larva much resembles that of our Euro- pean Callimorpha jacobee: it is orange, banded with warty-black bands, and with rather long black bristles projecting from the warts ; head and legs reddish.
72. CINCIA PALLIDA, 0. sp.
Primaries white, with cream-coloured veins, a black dot at the base; four oblique parallel equidistant angular series of black dots, also a marginal series; secondaries pearly grey; head and collar white; thorax white dotted with black; abdomen pearly grey. Under surface pale greyish, the spots obsolete; costal margin of primaries white, with three pale brown spots beyond the middle ; body whitish. Expanse ] inch | line.
73. Mutona LApiIpARIA, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. v. p. 1896 (1866).
1878.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 485
74. Guissa VARIEGATA, Walker, Lep. Het. ii. p. 380 (1854).
This beautiful little species seems to be not uncommon. Mr. Bowrey found it settled on the under surface of the leaves of coffee.
75. LAURONA ERGOLIS, Walker, Lep. Het. ii. p. 335 (1854). This common species is said to have a hairy caterpillar.
76. EvrHisaNoTia Trmais, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 275. fig. B (1782).
77. EUGLYPHIA HIEROGLYPHICA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 147. fig. D (1779). The larva of this species, which is slightly hairy, feeds on lilies.
78. OcHRIA NIVEOPICTA, N. Sp.
Primaries above deep coppery red; the orbicular and reniform spots represented by circles of white dots enclosing white spots ; costal margin white-dotted; a few scattered white dots on basal area, a discal series and a marginal series; a submarginal series of white spots: secondaries shining brown, slightly darker at outer border: body corresponding in colour with the wings. Under sur- face pinky brown; internal areas of the wings more or less broadly white ; primaries with pale discocellular spot and outer border. Expanse | inch 4 lines.
79. PRODENIA IGNOBILIS, 0. sp.
Primaries above shining whity brown; costal margin whitish, crossed by oblique brown spots ; two black dots and a small brown spot at the end of the cell; a double discal series of black dots on the veins; an ill-defined series of internervular bronzy streaks; an oblique bronzy streak from the second median interspace to near the base of the inner margin, where it terminates in a black line; a marginal series of black dots; fringe bronzy, crossed by white lines from the ends of the veins, and with a white internal margin: secondaries semitransparent opaline white: body pale brown, the head, collar, and tegule whitish ; a darker brown patch on each side of the collar. Wings below white, most of the markings obso- lete ; primaries sericeous, with bronzy-tinted fringe and costa; a marginal series of black dots ; body below whitish, varied with pale reddish brown. Expanse 1 inch 3 lines.
This species and the next have the general aspect of Leucania.
80. PRopENIA PAUPER, 0. sp.
Primaries above shining whity brown, with five or six black costal dots and three (indicating the reniform spot) at the end of the cell ; an arched discal series of minute black dots on the veins ; outer border rather dusky ; a marginal series of minute black dots: secondaries semitransparent opaline white ; the apex with a brown marginal line ; costal area pale brown: body whity brown ; front of the collar brown, with a black posterior edge. Under surface shining, the markings obsolete. Expanse 1 inch 3 lines.
486 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,
81. ConpicA PALPALIS, Walker, Lep. Het. ix. p. 240 (1856).
82. APAMEA INTERMITTENS, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1686. (1858). 83. Periteea Mositis, Walker, Lep. Het. x. p. 277 (1856).
84. Hapena asrpa, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iv. pl. 109. fig. 7 (2).
The example from Jamaica has the apices of the primaries rather more rounded and the pattern less strongly indicated than in Felder’s figure ; still it is so like it that it would be unsafe to regard it as a distinct species.
85. Exousa aLercans, Walker, Lep. Het. xiii. p. 1118 (1857).
This genus is nearly allied to Hrastria; the same species is described subsequently by Walker under the name of Lrastria includens.
86. GoNODONTA NuTRIX, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 312. fig. B (1782).
87. Hypuaa purerA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 103. figs, D, E (1779).
88. CosmMoPpHILA EROSA, Hubner, Samml. ex. Schm. Zutr. figs. 287, 288.
89. DrEcELEA BOWREYI, 0. Sp.
Primaries pale brown mottled with black; a broad central band (the internal third of which is black and the remainder of the ground-colour), limited internally by a black line, and externally by an angulated and slightly irregular white line; a black line across the base, terminating on interno-median area in a triangular black patch ; several black costal dashes and an oblique black line from the costa across the central band; a subcostal greyish lunule partly bordered by pearly scales beyond the central band; a very irregular dentate-sinuate whity-brown discal stripe with dark borders ; a sub- marginal series of black bracket-like markings separated by white dots upon the veins ; fringe spotted with dark brown: secondaries reddish brown, darker towards the outer border; a black sinuated marginal line interrupted on the veins by white dots; fringe pale brown, bordered and intersected by parallel dusky lunules: body pale brown speckled with black; collar with an ill-defined central black line, the border pearly ; a few pearly whitish scales scattered over the thorax ; abdomen with three very prominent dark brown dorsal tufts or masses of scales. Primaries below pale olive-brown slightly sericeous; a black costal spot before the middle, and a second smaller one beyond the middle; the remainder of the costa alternately brown and white; disk darker than the rest of the wing, crossed by a nearly straight dusky line, and limited externally by a very irregular dentate-sinuate line ; a sinuated black marginal line, interrupted by white dots upon the veins; fringe with red-brown
1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 487
external spots: secondaries pinky brown, crossed by two dark lines which form a central semicircular area, in the middle of which is the dark discocellular lunule; a dusky submarginal belt ; margin and fringe as above: body below pinky-brown; tarsi black, banded with testaceous or pinky whitish. Expanse 1 inch 6 lines.
This singular species has somewhat the aspect of a Dasychira ; it seems, however, to be allied to the genus Nenia.
90. Homorrera TERROSA, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 11. n. 1332 (1852).
Whether Walker has rightly identified this species I cannot say, but his H. posterior is the same as his H. terrosa.
91. Boxtrna rascioLaris, Hibner, Samml. ex. Schm. Zutr. figs. 443, 444.
92. Boxtina cunEarts, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 70. n. 1414 (1852).
93. BoLINA PERPENDICULARIS, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 65. n. 1404 (1852).
94. BoLINnA EVELINA, 0. sp.
Markings nearly as in B. ochrodes, but the primaries slaty grey, the large reniform patch of the same colour, the internal two thirds of the central band whity brown mottled with greyish brown; two triangular black subcostal spots resting upon the inner margin of the trisinuate red-brown discal stripe; external area soft silver- grey; marginal line yellowish; fringe brown, white at external angle; secondaries with the basal half and fringe white, the external half black; thorax lilacine, abdomen grey. Wings below with the basal half and fringe white, the external half blackish; primaries with a white spot just beyond the cell; fringes tipped with black ; body white; the palpi and legs fringed with pink. Expanse | inch 9 lines.
Most like B. agrotoides in the pattern and coloration of the primaries.
95. Botina? conrirmans, Walker, Lep. Het. xiii. p. 1157. n. 25 (1857).
This species would, in my opinion, be better placed with Biula. I can find no difference whatever between Syneda limbolaris (a
species much like a Bolina) and Grammodes grandirena of Walker’s Catalogue. ;
96. Prostna NuMERIA, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pl. 23. fig. 5 (1770).
The species from Venezuela is quite distinct, the specimens from St. Domingo identified by Walker as P. mexicana being referable to P.numeria. For Walker’s P. numeria I would propose the name of Hypogramma confusa ; it is nearly allied to Hypogramma sublucida.
488 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,
97. THysANIA ZENOBIA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 115. A, B (1779).
98. Eresus opora, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 811. n. 11 (1766). The chrysalis of this species is enclosed in a slight cocoon, to
which leaves are attached.
It appears to me that at least five species have been confounded under this name; of these three are already figured as follows :—
1. E. odora of Linnzus, in which both sexes are alike in general pattern and both shot with purple; Drury’s figure represents a specimen in which the purple seems to have faded. Jamaica and St. Domingo.
2. E. odorata of Clerk, in which both sexes are again alike, but different from E. odora, a strongly dentate whitish belt intersected by black lines running through both wings. St. Domingo and New Granada.
3. E. agarista of Cramer, in which the male has a pale discal sinuated belt, and the wings from the centre shot with rose-colour ; whilst the female has the belt snow-white, intersected by black lines and a feeble Jilacine tint beyond the centre of the wings. Brazil.
E. agarista is the most richly-coloured species.
We also have a female from Havannah, which is certainly dif- ferent, and examples of a species which seems to be distinct from St. Kitts, Nevis, and New Granada.
99. Puurys GARNOTI, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 307 (1852).
In my opinion this species would be better placed in Trigonodes than in Phurys.
100. ACHHA INDISTINCTA, 0. Sp.
Primaries red-brown, the base and a diffused belt beyond the middle paler ; a nearly triangular subapical costal chocolate- brown patch bounded externally by a white line ; an apical dark-brown spot ; costa greyish : secondaries smoky brown, crossed at the middle by a whitish stripe; fringe white; a submarginal sordid white spot near the anal angle: body whitish. Wings below pale olive-brown, with the basal area whitish ; primaries with an abbreviated sordid white discal baud ; a bifid subapical white spot: secondaries with brown discocellulars, followed by a white central band; a marginal sub- anal white spot ; fringe snow-white: body creamy-white, Expanse 1 inch 9 lines.
Allied to A. eyllota.
101. PoaPHILA CINEREA, 0. sp.
Ashy grey, wings with diffused chocolate-brown external area; a faint indication of an irregular central belt, expressed by zigzag limiting lines; an indistinct grey zigzag discal line across the brown area; primaries with a white spot at the inferior angle of the dis- coidal cell. Under surface paler ; the outer edge of the indistinct
1878.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 489
central belt relieved by a whitish border; primaries without the white spot ; secondaries with an ill-defined dusky discal belt ; fringe white. Expanse | inch 3 lines.
102. Remicia DIssEVERANS, Walker, Lep. Het. xiv. p. 1495 (1857).
This species is identical with R. persubtilis of Walker, and allied to his Ophiusa delinquens.
103. RuxescrPHa ELEGANS, nD. Sp.
Allied to R. servia, but with narrower wings, the palpi much more slender; the primaries with less distinctly sinuated margin; a small white dot on lower median interspace close to the margin ; no yellow spots ; secondaries pale reddish instead of smoky brown, the base and costal area white ; thorax burnt-sienna red like the prima- ries ; abdomen very pale brown, almost white : wings below much whiter than in R. servia; body below snow-white, palpi and tibize of anterior and middle pairs of legs brown. Expanse | inch 7 lines.
I find that the genus Rhescipha is most nearly allied to Tetra- tocera.
104. THERMESIA GEMMATALIS, Guénée, Noct. iii. p. 355. n. 1828 (1852).
105. Azazia MonsrraTuRA, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1564 (1858).
This species is certainly nearer to Azazia than to Thermesia, with which genus Walker placed it.
The following genus has been a puzzle to me; but it appears to be more nearly allied to Zuelidia than to any thing else.
CALLISCOTUS, n. gen.
Form and general structure of Zuclidia, but the body less robust, the palpi shorter, with very short terminal joint, porrect ; abdomen shorter ; primaries comparatively longer; subcostal branches of secondaries emitted from a footstalk; discocellulars concave but very oblique. Type C. bowreyi.
106. Catuiscotus BowReYI, n. sp.
Primaries pale brown, crossed by numerous irregularly dentate- sinuate black lines; a broad dark-brown subbasal belt, beyond which are two large patches a little, paler than the ground-colour, outlined in black ; in the middle of the upper one is a small ocellus, representing the reniform spot, and pale brown edged with black and encircled by a yellowish iris; a few scattered white scales on the external area; subapical area dusky; a dentate-sinuate pale line, white, and followed by triangular black spots between the veins; an interrupted black marginal line: secondaries fuliginous brown, with dusky external border; a dark angulated discal stripe and a blackish anal spot: body whity brown. Wings below whity brown,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXXII. 32
490 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,
with discocellular spots, angulated discal stripes, and external borders black ; the apices, a triangular spot at the centre of each outer margin, the fringes, and some spots at the anal angle of secondaries white; body below whitish. Expanse 1 inch 7 lines.
A pretty species, somewhat calling to mind the Geometrid genus Scotosia.
107. CapnopEs? CALIDA, 0. sp.
Bright clay-colour ; wings with two very irregular central brown- bordered whitish dentate-sinuate lines from costa to inner margin, each dens terminating in a white dot; outer border red-brown, bounded internally by a pale zigzag line ; a nearly marginal series of dots black internally and white externally: primaries with a snow- white spot and one or two dots at the end of the cell ; secondaries with a black-centred whitish spot at the end of the cell. Wings below considerably paler and irrorated with smoky brown ; secondaries whitish towards the base and inner border, the spots at the end of the cell less strongly defined than above, the lines obsolete. Ex- panse 1 inch 2 lines.
This species has rather long palpi for a Capnodes, but in general form, style of coloration, and every thing else agrees with that genus.
108. Uranta stoanus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 85. figs. E, F (1779).
109. NycraLazmon acGistus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 10. n- 93.
110. CH#RODES TRANSTINCTA, var., Walker, Lep. Het. xx. p. 20 (1860).
111. DrepaNopEs PionariA, var., Walker, Lep. Het. xx. p. 71 (1860).
112. BoARMIA DELICATA, 0. sp.
Wings above chalky white ; the basal area and disk of primaries, and the external half of secondaries, crossed by parallel undulated testaceous bands; a well-defined zigzag stripe across the middle of the disk ; two central angulated slender black lines, between which is a black discocellular annulus on each wing; a marginal series of black dots: body white; abdomen banded with testaceous. Under surface white; wings with black discocellular spots, pale greyish- brown discal belt, and black marginal dots ; primaries with the costa black-spotted. Expanse 1 inch 6 lines.
113. AmpHiIDasys ARNOBIA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 383. fig. I (1782). 114. JopIs KINSTONENSIS, n. sp.
_ Wings above emerald-green, crossed by a wavy yellowish discal line; fringes lemon-yellow, tipped with white; discocellular spots
1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 491
black, encircled with orange: frons deep red, with white angles and a central longitudinal green stripe; crest deep red, speckled with white; antenne deep red, annulated with white ; back of head, collar, and tegule emerald-green ; thorax and abdomen pale pinky brown or flesh-colour. Wings below much paler than above, especially at outer margin, sericeous; primaries with a small red apical spot ; palpi above dark red tipped with white, below pearly white; pectus snow-white, legs and venter pearly white. Expanse 1 inch | line.
115. Mecoceras siractariA, Walker, Lep. Het. xxii. p. 607 (1861).
116. Hyria VINACEA, n. sp.
Laky purple, with rather broad ochreous outer border, between which and the general colour is a belt, reddish externally and slaty grey internally; abdomen with ochreous margins: wings below paler than above, the border cream-coloured ; body below cream- coloured. Expanse 7 lines.
A pretty little species.
117. Erosta INCONGRUA, 0. sp.
Sordid white, reticulated and speckled with brown: primaries with the base of costa cinereous; an irregularly elbowed testaceous line across the basal third; an angulated dark brown discal line (blood-red in certain lights), terminating on inner margin in a semi- circular brown spot; four submarginal brown spots on the apical half of outer border: secondaries with a black-edged sagittiform streak through the cell; a white-edged elbowed blackish line across the disk, bounded internally near the abdominal margin by an oblong patch of red-brown; apical area clouded with reddish brown ; border between the caudal processes greyish, black-edged inter- nally ; two submarginal black dots on the median interspaces : body white, with grey head and collar. Under surface sordid white, speckled with black. Expanse 9 lines.
118, AcrpaLia umMBiLiIcaTA, Guénée, Phal.i. p. 504. n. 872 (1857).
119. Acrpauia apparitartiA, Walker, Lep. Het. xxii. p. 733. n. 145 (1861).
120. Macaria acmaLiata?, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 893. n. 33 (1861). 4
There is a broken example of what appears to be a species of Anisodes ; but I hope Mr. Bowrey will send us a good example some day, and thus enable me to identify it with certainty.
121. Yestrperes? ANOMALA, N. sp.
Primaries above with the basal third and costa stramineous, the rest of the wing silvery brown; basal area crossed by sinuated red- 32*
492 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [May 7,
dish ochraceous lines, and the rest of the wing by sepia-brown lines ; a discal series of white-edged spots, black on the discoidal interspaces, otherwise brown ; median vein and bases of the branches black-spotted : secondaries semitransparent sordid white, with opaque outer border and grey submarginal stripe : body stramineous, streaked with reddish ochraceous. Wings below cream-coloured, with greyish- brown submarginal belt ; body white. Expanse 1 inch.
The only example obtained of this singular species is, unfortu- nately, rather rubbed.
122. Scorosia caTocaLaRiA, Walker, Lep. Het. xxxv. p. 1689 (1866).
123. PrerocyPHA STELLATA, Guénée, Phal. ii. p. 443. n. 1627 (1857).
124, HypostpRA OCHREA, 0. sp.
Ochreous ; wings with a silvery gloss, excepting the outer border, a discal belt, and a costal dash upon the primaries, which are of a clearer yellow colour ; primaries with the lower half of the discal belt edged externally with orange and plumbaginous; edge of fringe orange: secondaries with two parallel zigzag purplish-brown streaks across the abdominal half, the upper streak intersected by a plumbaginous line; edge of fringe orange: head brown. Wings below bright ochreous, with an oblique discal purplish streak ; primaries with diffused silvery-whitish external area ; pectus whitish, legs testaceous. Expanse 1 inch 3 lines.
I have to thank Mr. F. Moore for the identification of this genus, the type of which is a Javan species, not in the Museum collec- tion.
125. HyPENA LUNIFERA, 0. sp.
Primaries above lilacine brown, crossed by two slender blackish zigzag lines, between which is an orange lunule, with its inferior extremity white and edged with black, representing the reniform spot; an orange dot at the costal extremity of the second black line, and two subcostal dots of the same colour close to apex; a marginal series of black dots: secondaries pale smoky brown, darker towards the outer margin, crossed at the middle by an arched series of black spots; a marginal series of black dots: body dark brown, back of thorax slightly lilacine.- Primaries below greyish brown; costal area speckled with whity brown; the discocellulars and an arched discal series of spots dusky ; a marginal series of depressed triangular spots: secondaries sordid white, speckled with dark brown ; a black discocellular lunule ; two discal parallel zigzag dark brown lines, the outer one ill-defined ; a marginal series of black spots, as in primaries ; pectus smoky brown. Expanse 1 inch.
126. SyNGAMIA FLORELLA, Cramer, Pap, Exot. iv. pl. 348. fig. L 1782).
1878. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. 493
127. Dresmta orBa.is, Guénée, Delt. p. 192. n. 128 (1854).
128. Desm1a PROGNEALIS, Walker, Lep. Het. xvii. p. 346. n. 22 (1859).
129. SAMEA CHLOROPHASMA, 0. sp.
Wings hyaline, slightly yellowish, with stramineous borders ; outer border spotted with rust-red ; primaries with three mustard- yellow irregular lines across the basal area, followed by a straight golden brown transverse line, then a stramineous belt margined with brown, followed by a quadrate spot of the same character at the end of the cell (its inner edge continued as a single line to internal margin) ; an angulated brown discal line, terminating at inner margin in a rusty reddish spot: secondaries with a black-edged stramineous discocellular spot, from which a brown line runs obliquely to inner margin ; an angulated brown discal line, terminating at anal angle in a quadrate rusty reddish spot: thorax stramineous, streaked with mustard-yellow; abdomen testaceous. Wings below altogether paler than above, the markings less distinct; body below silvery white ; palpi yellow; legs cream-coloured. Expanse 10 lines.
A delicate golden-looking little species.
130. AGATHODES MONSTRALIS, Guénée, Delt. p. 209. n. 165 (1854).
131. Hymenta perspecrattis, Hiibner, Ex. Schm. Zutr. fig. 101.
132. CoNCHYLODES DIPHTHERALIS, Hiibner, Ex. Schm. Zutr. figs. 691, 692.
133. PHAKELLURA HYALINATA, Linn. Syst. Nat. ili. 2, p. 873 (1766).
134, PHAKELLURA NiTIDALIS, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 371. fig. F (1782).
Mr. Bowrey says that he found the species of Phakellura feeding upon the flowers of gourds.
135. MARGARONIA QUADRISTIGMALIS, Guénée, Delt. p. 304. n. 319 (1854).
136. Borys BUTYROSA, 0. sp.
Wings dull lemon-yellow: primaries with the costa sericeous, a feeble opaline tint beyond the middle, an angular pale browu line across the basal third, and a sickle-shaped pale brown line across the disk ; marginal line tawny : secondaries with opaline costal area ; marginal line tawny: head and prothorax yellow; rest of the body shining creamy white ; abdomen with a yellow dorsal line ;_project- ing frontal tuft white; palpi brown above, white below. Body below pearly white; legs pearly white, with the femora and the anterior tibiee brown; wings below opaline. Expanse | inch 7 lines,
494 MR. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM JAMAICA. [May 7,
137. Borys LUCILLA, n. sp.
Bright golden yellow, with a very slight pinky spot; wings with the two usual lines greyish ; primaries with the discoidal spots re- presented by grey dots; secondaries with whitish abdominal area ; head pearly white; abdomen pale yellow. Wings below paler than above, opaline ; body pearly white. Expanse 9 lines.
138. Borys princrpatis, Lederer, Wien. ent. Monatschr. vii. pl. 10. fig. 17 (1873). _
139. Borys eLaucusauis, Walker, Lep. Het. xvii. p. 576. n. 51 (1859).
140. Borys aGaveatts, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 574. n. 47 (1859).
141. Borys evryTauis, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 576. n. 50 (1859).
142. Borys campatis, Guénée, Delt. p. 344. n. 397 (1854). 143. Borys GasTRALIs, Guénée, Delt. p. 346. n. 400 (1854).
144. Borys eratatis, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 578. n. 54 (1859).
145. Borys oxtvi, n. sp.
Pale olive-brown, with bright bronze reflections; the usual lines grey; orbicular and reniform spots outlined in grey; body greyish brown. Wings beiow considerably paler, whitish towards the base, sericeous ; inner line absent ; body white. Expanse 10 lines.
Nearly allied to B. plebeialis.
146. Borys wexcrrauis, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 574. n. 46 (1859).
147. Mecyna rREveRSALIs, Guénée, Delt. p. 409. n. 531 (1854),
148. ANERASTIA IGNOBILIS, 0. sp.
Primaries above pale pinky brownish or flesh-colour, the infero- exterior quarter of the wing slaty grey; the median vein, its two superior branches, the terminal portions of the subcostal branches, the extreme ends of the remaining veins, and the centre of the submedian vein silvery white; an abbreviated longitudinal apical streak and a subcostal streak black; one or two minute black dots on the median and submedian veins: secondaries hyaline, iridescent, with dusky outer border: thorax red-brown, streaked with pinky white; head and palpi white; abdomen grey. Primaries and body below pale shining brown; secondaries as above. Ex- panse 11 lines.
149, ARGYRIA VESTALIS, n. sp. Silvery white: primaries with a small triangular spot at the
1878. | ON LAND-SHELLS FROM JAPAN AND BORNEO. 495
middle of costa, an oblique dash followed: by a triangular spot near apex, and a submarginal stripe, with zigzag inner edge dark choco- late-brown ; outer border and fringe pale brown, traversed by two straight dusky lines; a minute brown spot at middle of inner margin: base and sides of palpi chocolate-brown. Below silvery white; the costal area of primaries pale brownish. Expanse 11 millimetres.
Like A. insons of Felder, but only half as large ; also allied to A. chrysogyrans, Walker (MS. ’).
150. Cypos1A NOBILITELLA, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 264. fig. G (1782).
151. Tinea?, sp.
This insect has lost all the fringes of its wings, so that I cannot recognize its genus. The neuration of the secondaries seems to be exactly that of Zinea ; but the head is too broad, and the palpi are too long and robust ; in coloration and the general form of its wings it is most like Cerostoma vittella.
152. PreROPHORUS ASPILODACTYLUS, Walker, Lep. Het. xxx. p- 941. n. 43 (1864).
5. Descriptions of new Land-Shells from J apan and Borneo. By Enear A. Smiru, F.ZS.
[Received April 15, 1878.]
Hexrx (CAMENA) LEWISII.
Testa dextrorsa, conoideo-globosa, subanguste umbilicata, oblique striata, alba, epidermide tenui luteo-olivacea induta, fascia angusta fusca ad peripheriam picta; anfract. 64, convewxiusculi, sensim crescentes, ultimus rotundatus, antice breviter descendens ; apertura obliqua, intus alba; perist. undique expansum, margine columellari sordido-roseo tincto, superne late expanso et reflexo.
Diam. max. 35 mill., min. 29; alt. 24.
Hab. Japan (George Lewis).
Perhaps the most closely allied Japanese species to this one is H. miranda, A. Adams. From it H. lewisii differs in having a more conical spire, a narrower umbilicus, finer oblique striae, and no spiral sculpture.
The oblique striz# at the suture are rather deeply incised and more crowded than on the other parts of the whorls, many of them extending only about a line from the suture and then gradually fading away. The first four whorls differ from the last two in being obliquely punctato-striate, instead of exhibiting an ordinary striation. The brown band is situated a very little above the middle of the body-whorl, and passing just above its suture, is visible on two
496 MR. E. A. SMITH ON LAND-SHELLS [May 7,
or three of the preceding yolutions. The umbilicus is very deep and penetrable to the apex of the shell, but rather narrow, occupying about one seventh of the smallest diameter.
The peristome rather broadly expanded and white, with the exception of the columellar and basal margins, which are stained with a dirty pinkish colour. Over the umbilicus it is broadly ex- panded, reflexed, and joined to the upper margin by a thin callosity. This species is quite distinct from H. myomphala, Martens, and, al-
Fig. 1.
/)
a ey
Helix (Camena) lewisii.
though agreeing in the style of coloration, differs in form and the umbilicus.
The single example in the British Museum was presented by Mr. George Lewis.
Hexrx (CAMENA) CONGENITA.
Testa suborbicularis; spira breviter conica, subaperte umbilicata, tenuiuscula, pallide straminea, zona lata interrupta irregulari fusca, vel strigis latis fuscis infra medium anfr. ultimi ornata et hic illic supra strigis obliquis paucis indistinctis notata, interdum ad peripheriam zona angusta fusca cincta, et umbilico aliquando fusco tincto ; anfractus 53-6, convewiusculi, lineis incrementi elevatis, filiformibus, obliquis, flecuosis et striis minutissimis spiralibus inter lineas elevatas sculpti, ultimus angustiusculus, antice prope labrum breviter subitoque descendens ; apertura subhorizontalis, intus livida, fusco tincta; peristoma tenue, livido-fusco et albo diverse pictum, undique reflecum et expansum.
Diam. max. 30 mill., min. 25, alt. 19; apert. 163 long., 14 lat.
Hab. Japan.
This species partakes in a great measure of the form of H. congener, recently described by me in these ‘ Proceedings’ (1878, p. 105). The spire, however, is a little more elevated, the last whorl a trifle less robust, and the aperture narrower.
The sculpture of this species is much coarser, the lines of growth being developed into thread-like liree, and the spiral striz invisible to the naked eye, and more conspicuous between than upon the
1878. | FROM JAPAN AND BORNEO. 497
oblique thread-like lines of growth when viewed under a lens. The descent of the body-whorl is very sudden and brief. The whorl, owing to the expansion of the peritreme, has a constricted appear- ance in that part.
The umbilicus is a little more open than in H. congener, and consequently more perspective. The coloration of this species is not easily definable. The ground-colour is pale straw, the oblique raised liree being more opaque and yellower. The body-whorl below the periphery is stained with brown, or looks as if it were scorched. The colouring takes the form of a very broad interrupted transverse band, or, in other words, of wide blotches or stripes. ‘The latter are sometimes continued upon the upper half of the whorl, and are also here and there faintly observable on the upper volutions. One
Helix (Camena) congenita.
specimen has a narrow peripherial brown band. The body-whorl is stained with brown outside the tip; and this, owing to the thinness of the shell, produces a brownish labrum, which in some places, particularly at the extreme edge and in the columellar region, is somewhat whitish. It is rather widely expanded at the base and columella, and is a trifle reflexed everywhere. The aperture is very transverse, in fact almost horizontal; it is of a livid white colour within, exhibiting the brown marking of the exterior.
Subgen. Myxostoma, Troschel.
Testa plus minusve discoidea, late umbilicata ; apertura circularis ; peristoma duplex, margine interiore superne plerumque leviter sinuato, externo supra sinum alatim eapanso. Operculum corneum, crassum, inferne paulo concavum, in medio nucleo prominulo, extus marginibus anfractuum lamellosis.
This section of Cyclophorus agrees with Pterocyclos in the form of the shell and its peristome, but differs in having a thick horny operculum, with the margins of the whorls lamellated exteriorly, that of Pterocyclos being calcareous and spirally laminated.
CycLopHorvus (MyxosToMA) BATHYRHAPHE.
‘Testa discoidea, apertissime umbilicata, spira parum elevata, sub epidermide luteo-olivacea sordide vel ce@ruleo-albida; anfr. 53, rotundati, sutura valde canaliculata sejuncti, ultimus sat magnus
498 MR. E. A. SMITH ON LAND-SHELLS [May 7,
superne ad canalem suturalem carina lamelliformi munitus, lineis incrementi tenuibus leviter obliquis sculptus ; apertura oblique circularis, intus ceruleo-alba; peristoma duplicatum, margine interiort levi vix expanso, superne prope anfractum parum profunde sinuato, externo anguste expanso, superne ala parva leviter fornicata instructo. Operculum corneum, concentricum, multispirale, utringue concavum, extus lamellis brevibus striatis obtectum.
Diam. max. 31 mill., min. 22, alt. 15, apert. diam. intern. 9.
Hab. Borneo (G. B. Sowerby).
Shell discoidal, openly umbilicated, and clothed with a thin uni- form yellowish-olivaceous epidermis. Beneath this it is of a dirty or bluish-white tint. The spire is only slightly raised above the last whorl. The whorls, about five in number, are convex and bordered by a deep and broadish channel at the suture, the outer margin of the canaliculation being produced into a thin lamellar ridge or keel ; and outside this carina the whorls are a trifle depressed or excavated.
Fig. 3.
Cyclophorus (Myxostoma) bathyraphe.
The sculpture consists merely of the lines of growth, which are fine and somewhat oblique. The aperture is slopingly circular, bluish white, and has a double lip. The inner edge is thicker than the outer, and scarcely at all everted. The sinus is distinct, moderately deep, and situated at the termination of the sutural canaliculation. The outer rim is somewhat expanded but not reflexed, narrowest on the left side where it touches the whorl, and thin and sharp at the extreme edge. Above it is expanded in the form of a small wing, which slightly arches over the sinus and has a tendency to a deflection in front.
This species in the nature of its operculum agrees with the genus Myzxostoma, which was founded by Troschel (‘ Zeitschrift fiir Mala-
1878. | FROM JAPAN AND BORNEO. 499
kozoologie,’ 1847, p. 44) for the reception of the curious shell figured by Martyn under the name of Lituus brevis.
It only differs from Myzostoma in having the inner lip of the aperture sinuated above, and in the wing-like expansion of the outer rim not leaning upon the penultimate whorl. The canaliculate suture, I presume, is only a specific character.
In all respects agreeing with this species are two others, Cyclo- stoma planorbulus, Lamarck, and Pterocyclos albersi, Pfr. The former has had several localities quoted as its home, among which are Senegal?, Philippine Islands, Bengal, Java, Borneo, Sumatra (in Mus. Cuming), and Pulo Condore Island. Which of these is the true habitat [ cannot say with certainty, nor am I aware that it has ever been definitely settled; there is, however, some slight evi- dence to show that the last locality is the correct one. We are also in the same state of uncertainty respecting Pt. albersi. Pfeiffer described the species not knowing its locality ; and Benson (‘Annals of Nat. Hist.’ 1857, vol. xix. p. 208) is wrong in attributing a shell found at Teria Ghat, Khasia hills, India, to this species ; for it was, as shown by Hanley (‘Conchologia Indica,’ p. 56), only a variety of Pt. parvus, Pearson.
Here, then, is a small group of four species, all having a Pterocy- cloid expansion of the outer rim of the lip, and an operculum of precisely the same structure. Three of them have channelled sutures to the whorls, are of a depressed orbicular form, and have the inner lip sinuated at the termination of the sutural channel. The fourth (brevis) and the type of Myzostoma lacks the channelled suture, and has only the slightest trace of a sinus in the lip—both of which characters, especially the former, I consider more specific than generic. From Cyclophorus with its simple concentric thin horny operculum and simple lip to the aperture, the different operculum and expansion of the lip of Myzostoma warrant, at all events, a subgenerie separation.
There are two or three Burmese species (Cyclophorus pinnulifer, Benson, C. calyx, Benson, and C. hispidulus, Blanford) which will also conveniently range under this genus. They are depressed sub- discoid shells with a double rim to the aperture, the outer lip with a small superior wing-like expansion, and the operculum thick, horny, with the outer margins of the whorls lamellated. For this group Blanford proposed the name Scadrina (Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1863, p. 322).
The museum is indebted to Mr. J. B. Sowerby for a single speci- men of this interesting species.
500 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,
6. On the Fruit-Pigeons of the Genus Ptilopus. By D. G. Extiot, F.R.S.E. &c.
[Received April 16, 1878.] (Plates XXXIII. & XXXIV.)
My material for the present paper has been most ample, and was derived from the following sources :—the collection of the Paris Mu- seum, rich in the types of the older authors, such as Hombron and Jacquinot, Lesson, Quoy and Gaimard, Bonaparte, Temminck, Knip, &e. ; the collection of the British Museum, containing the types of Gray, Gould, Wallace, &c.; a series of special desiderata from the Museum at Genoa, collected by D’Albertis, Bruijn, &c., and from the Museum of Count Turati at Milan; a large number of various species from different localities brought by Laglaize, and especially by M. Raffray, now in the Paris Museum ; the species of Péilopus procured by the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, also those from Duke-of- York Island sent by Mr. Brown ; specimens in Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s collection obtained by Mr. Layard in the Fiji Islands ; and, lastly, the type specimen of Dr. Finsch’s recently described Pt. ponapensis.
Probably no such complete series, illustrating the species of this group from all localities, has ever before been at the disposal of any one wishing to study these birds; and it is very safe to say that, unless I had had before me the actual specimens described and figured by the earlier writers, especially of those species belonging to the islands of the Polynesian subregion, this paper could never have been written without great danger of adding to the confusion already existing in these perplexing birds. The descriptions in many instances are so meagre and unsatisfactory, and the illustrations, in certain cases, so totally unlike the originals, that it is utterly impossible to recognize the species by them ; but having had the specimens, in the majority of instances, before me, I have been enabled to ascertain without diffi- culty to what species these doubtful birds (made such by their authors) really belonged. Some of my conclusions may be found to be quite at variance from those of other authors; but in all cases (unless otherwise stated), let it be remembered, I have judged from the vast material at my command, and, having brought to my task a mind to- tally unprejudiced by any preconceived opinions, it will not perhaps be deemed too great a request should I ask that, if any of the decisions arrived at in this paper are rejected, they may be condemned only after the examination of material at least approximating somewhat to that which I have consulted, and such as will clearly show my views to be erroneous.
Probably there are but few groups of birds so liable to lead a naturalist astray as those species of Ptilopus inhabiting the Pacific islands ; and, without an ample series before him, no one could accurately diagnose the forms that really are distinct. In this spe- cial division ot the genus the collection of the Paris Museum is rich,
1878. ] MR. D, G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 501
probably beyond all others, through the material brought to France by the scientific expeditions known as the voyages of the ‘Astrolabe,’ * Coquille,’ ‘Vénus,’ ‘Zélé,’ ‘Pole Sud,’ &. Many types are among these specimens ; and it has been by their assistance I have worked out the synonymy of the species of the Polynesian subregion. All the species figured by Bonaparte in his ‘ Iconographie des Pigeons’ are also in the Museum, and have been invaluable in enabling me to arrange the synonymy and determine the species to which they be- long, which has not been always possible from the work itself, some curious and unaccountable errors having been committed by the authors.
Man is fallible, and it is not to be supposed that in an extensive review of some seventy species no errors have been committed ; but, having endeavoured to verify every statement made in this paper (taking nothing for granted), I may venture to hope that inaccuracies have been reduced to a minimum.
The pleasing duty now alone remains for me to express my thanks to those who have assisted me with material during the time I have’ been occupied with this memoir, without whose aid it certainly never could have been properly completed. To my friend Prof. A. Milne- Edwards, to whom I have already so often given my testimony as to his willingness to accord every facility for the study and examination of the unequalled collection of birds and quadrupeds under his charge, I am again under obligations for every assistance rendered to me during the months I have been engaged upon this group. Not only was every specimen the Museum contained continually at my dis- posal, but also many books from his own library were placed at my service as, from time to time, I had need of them. It is only by such enlightened assistance and cooperation from those who are at the heads of great departments in European museums that any satis- factory work can be accomplished by a naturalist who may not be himself attached to such institutions. To Dr. Oustalet, Aide-Natura- liste, I also desire to express my thanks for much assistance continu- ally and freely given. To my friend Count T. Salvadori I would acknowledge my indebtedness for a very valuable series of specimens not otherwise obtainable, procured by the consent of the Marquis G. Doria from the Museum at Genoa, among which were some types of Count Salvadori’s lately described species. To Count H. Turati I am also obliged for specimens from his magnificent museum. To my friend Dr. Sclater I am indebted for opportunities of examining the collection of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, and also those sent to him from different islands in the Pacific, containing various types of the species described by him from time to time; and to Messrs. Sal- vin and Godman for specimens from their collection obtained by Mr. Layard, and which I brought to Paris for comparison with those in the Museum collection. To Mr. Sharpe, who placed at my disposal all the specimens of this genus in the British Museum, among which were various types of much service in determining some doubtful points, I am greatly obliged. And, lastly, to the Directors of the Museum Godeffroy, who sent me the types of Ptilopus pona-
502 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,
pensis described lately in this Journal by Dr. Finsch, I am much
indebted. I commence with a brief review of the literature of the genus :—
1766. Linnzvus, ‘ Systema Nature.’ But one species was known to this author belonging to the pre- sent genus, and was named by him Columba viridis. Species 1.
1788. GMELIN, ‘Systema Nature.’
In this work three species are given, two of which are described the first time—C. viridis, C.jambu, and C. melanocephalus. Another one is mentioned, the C. purpurata, based on Latham’s “ Purple- crowned Pigeon.” This, however, describes no species known, but is taken from portions of two different ones, and therefore cannot be recognized. Species 3.
1813. Temminck, ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Pigeons et des Gal- linacées.’
Two species are here described belonging to the genus Ptilopus, viz. Pt. cinctus and Pt. superbus, placed in the genus Columba. Species 5.
1820-39. Tremminck, ‘ Planches Coloriées.’
Eight species are described in this work belonging to this genus, all under the term Columba, seven of which are given for the first time, viz. Pt. magnificus, Pt. monachus, Pt. pulchellus, Pt: hyogaster, Pt. porphyreus, Pt. perlatus, and Pt. nanus. The Pt. zanthogaster of Wagl. is renamed diademata. Species 12.
1825. Swainson, ‘ Zoological Journal.’ Pt. regina, from Australia, described as Columba purpurata, var. regina. Species 13.
1826. Lesson, ‘ Voyage de la Coquille.’
In the volume devoted to the zoology of this expedition one species is described belonging to this genus, viz. Pt. taitensis as Columba kurukuru, var. taitensis, from Otaheite. Species 14.
1827. Lesson, ‘ Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles.’ The Colombe amarante of the ‘ Voyage of the Coquille’ is here named Columba puella. Species 15.
1827. Waacter, ‘Systema Avium.’ Pt. vanthogaster first described as Columba xanthogaster. Spe- cies 16.
1829. Wacuer, in the‘ Isis.’
In his list of the Columbz several species of this genus are given. Two are described for the first time, viz. P¢. pectoralis and Pt. purpuratus, ex Tonga Tabou. Pt. taitensis, Less., is renamed Columba oopa. Species 18.
1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. ° = BOS
1830. Quoy & Garmarp, in the ‘ Voyage of the Astrolabe.’ Pt. gularis is here described and figured as Columba gularis. Species 19.
1831. Lesson, ‘Traité d’Ornithologie.*
Under the term Ptilonopus eight species are given, one of them for the first time, Pé. roseicapillus. Four of the remainder are valid species, viz. melanocephalus, jambu, porphyreus, and taitensis. Pt. cyanovirens is the female of superbus, Pt. virens is the female of pectoralis, and Pt. purpuratus is Pt. ewingit. Species 20.
1838? Knipe anp Prevost, ‘ Histoire Naturelle Générale des Pigeons.’ Ptilopus rivoli described as Columba rivoli. Species 21.
1840. Nrsoux, in the ‘ Revue Zoologique.’ Pt. dupetit-thouarsi first described as Columba dupetit-thouarsii. Species 22.
1841. HomBron AND JACQuINoT, ‘Annales des Sciences Natu- relles.’ Pt. luteovirens described in the genus Columba. Species 23.
1842. GouLp, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt. ewingii described. Species 24.
1844. Gray anp MircHe t, ‘ Genera of Birds.’
Twenty-five species are here recorded, of which three do not be- long to this genus, viz. Pt. holosericeus, Temm., maculatus, Gmel., and pulcherrimus, Scop. Pt. purpuratus, Lath., is a made-up species, Pt. virens=pectoralis, Wagl.; Pt. eyanovirens =superbus 9 ,Temm.; Pt. purpureo-leucocephalus = dupetit-thouarsi, Neboux; Pt. swain- sont = regina, Swains.; Pt. roseicollis = porphyreus, Temm.; Pt. viridissimus, Temm. = fasciatus, Peale. The remaining species are valid, among which P¢. oceipitalis is given for the first time and a plate published. Species 25.
1848. Praxe, ‘ United-States Exploring Expedition, Ornithology.’
A list of the species belonging to this group, collected by this Expedition, is given, four in all, among which three are described for the first time, viz. Pt. coralensis, Pt. perousii, and Pt. fus- ciatus ; the-fourth, Pt. furcatus, is the Pt. taitensis of Lesson. Species 28.
1850. Gouxp, in ‘ Jardine’s Contributions to Ornithology.’ Pt. strophium described for the first time. Species 29.
1850. Gov xp, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ A race of Pt. magnificus is named Pt. assimilis. Species 30.
1853. Gray, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt. chrysogaster described. Species 31.
504. ° = MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,
1853, JacaurnoT AND PucHERAN, ‘ Voyage au Pole Sud’ (text). Young of Pt. luteovirens described as Pt. felicia.
1854. Bonaparte, in the ‘ Comptes Rendus.’
In a paper contributed to this Journal, Bonaparte divided the then known species of Ptilopus into various genera as follows :— Leucotreron, Cyanotreron, Rhamphiculus, Omeotreron, Kurutreron, Thouarsitreron, Lamprotreron, Iotreron, and Chryscena. These are founded mainly upon the coloration of plumage (a dangerous character (?) always), and in this case not particularly well selected. In the case of Rhamphiculus and Omeotreron, the former is created for the young (!), and the latter for the adult (!), of Ptilopus occipi- talis ; and in Cyanotreron is placed the female (?) of Péilopus su- perbus, while the male (!) of the same species is made the type of the genus Lamprotreron. In Omeotreron, also, is placed the young of Pt. luteovirens, while the adult is the type of the genus Chrysena! It does not appear to me necessary, or even advisable, to adopt any of this author’s genera for this group.
1854. Bonaparte, in the ‘Comptes Rendus.’ The young of Pé. occipitalisis called Pt. batilda, and Pt. apicalis is first described. Species 32.
1855. DesMurs anp Prevost, ‘ Voyage de la Vénus.’ Pt. merciert and Pt. temminckii first described. Species 34.
1855. Bonaparte, in the ‘ Comptes Rendus.’ Pt. leclancheri described as Trerolema leclancheri. Species 35.
1856. Gray, ‘ List Birds British Museum.’ Among the members of this genus here recorded P¢. greyi is named but not described. Species 36.
1856. Gouxn, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt. eugenie from the Solomon Islands described. Species 37.
1857. Bonaparte, ‘Conspectus Generum Avium.’
In this publication this author made a subfamily of this group, and divided it into the genera proposed by him in the ‘ Comptes Rendus’ three years previously. Pt. canthogaster, Wagl., is called diademata, after Temminck; Drepanoptila holosericea is placed in the genus Lamprotreron with superba and porphyreus! In Pti- lopus are purpuratus, Wagl., as porphyraceus, Forst., ex Tonga- Tabou ; regina, Swains., as swainsoni, Gould; Pt. ewingii, Gould, from Timor, is separated as flavicollis, after Gray ; Pt. coralen- sis, Peale, redescribed as viridissimus; the species ex Vanikoro (!) (errore) called purpuratus, Wagl. [this bird comes from Balaou, not Vanikoro, and was afterwards named donapartei by Gray]; Pt. roseicapillus, mercieri, fasciatus, Peale (as clementineg, Hombr. & _ Jacq.); perousit, Peale (as marie, Hombr. & Jacq.); pulchellus and apicalis. Cyanotreron has cyanovirens (= superbus, Temm., 9) and monachus, Temm. JTotreron contains viridis, Linn., melano- cephalus, Gmel., rivoli, Prév. & Knip, iogaster, Temm., and nana,
1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 505
Temm. (Kurutreron possesses oopa, Wagl. (=taitensis, Less.), chrysogaster, Gray, and coralensis, Peale. Omeotreron bas batilda (=oceipitalis, juv.), virens (=pectoralis, Wagl.), and felicia, Hombr. and Jacq. (=/uteovirens, Hombr. & Jacq., juv.). In Ohrysena is placed /uteovirens. Phapitreron is also included in this subfamily, containing the Columba leucotis, Temm., and PA. amethystina, Bon.; but these birds have but little in common with those of the genus Ptilopus.
1858. Gravy, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’
Five species are here described for the first time, viz. Pé. prasi- norrhous, Pt. iozonus, Pt. aurantiifrons, Pt. coronulatus, aud Ft. wallacet. Species 42.
1859. Gray, ‘ List of Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific Ocean.’
Nineteen species of the genus Péiopus are recorded in this catalogue of the species of the Pacific islands contained in the British Museum. One species is described as distinct—P¢. chalcurus. Species 43.
1860. Gray, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt. temminckii, Des Murs & Prév., described as Pt. formosus.
1861. Schlegel, ‘ Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde.’ Pt. insolitus described. Species 44.
1862. Waxxacg, ‘ Proceedings of theZoological Society of London.’ Pt. humeralis first described. Species 45.
1863. Waxxace, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt, albocinctus first named. Species 46.
1863. ScuieGeL, ‘ Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde.’ Pt. bernsteini first described. Species 47.
1868. HarrLtaus anp Frnscu, ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt. pelewensis described. Species 48.
1867. Finsca anp Hartwavs, ‘Fauna Centralpolynesiens.’
This standard work on the Central Polynesian avifauna contains all the species of this genus that were known at the time of its publi- cation. Pt. purpuratus, Wagl., ex Tonga Tabou, is called Pt. por- phyraceus, Forst.; Pt. purpuratus, Temm., is referred to C. forsteri, Desm.; and the genus Chrysena is employed for Pé. luteovirens. Drepanoptila holosericea is also retained in the genus Ptilopus. No new species are described. Many of the species given had not been seen by the authors.
1870. Gray, ‘ Hand-list of Birds.’
A list of the known species is here given, without any especial at- tempt to arrange their synonymy being made. The birds figured by Bonaparte on pl. xix. of his ‘Iconographie des Pigeons’ are named Pt. bonapartii. Species 49.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXXIII. 33
506 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUs PTILOPUS. [May 7,
1871. Harrtaus anv Finscu, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoo- logical Society of London.’ Pt. rarotongensis described. Species 50.
1871. Scuxecet, ‘ Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde.’
Three species are here described, viz. Pt. speciosus, Pt. ornatus, and Pt. geelvinckianus, the last as Pt. viridis geelvinckianus. Spe- cies 53.
1871. Goutp, in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt. vietor described. Species 54.
1873. ScHLeGeEL, ‘Muséum des Pays-Bas.’
A catalogue is here given of the species contained in the Leyden Museum belonging to the genus Ptilopus. Some are included which should be separated into different genera, such as Drepanoptila holo- sericea and the members of Funingus. Three species are described as new—Pt. neglectus, Pt. lettiensis (called Pt. cinctus lettiensis), and Pt. jobiensis (called Pt. humeralis jobiensis). Species 57.
1873. ScxatTer, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt. bellus described. Species 58.
1874. Finscu, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’ Pt. huttoni described. Species 59.
1875. Satvaporzt, ‘ Annali del Museo Civico Naturale di Genova.’
In different lists of birds inhabiting New Guinea, six species of Ptilopus are described, viz. Pt. gestroi, Pt. melanospilus, Pt. chry- sorrhous, Pt. xanthorrhous, Pt. geminus, and Pt. trigeminus. Spe- cies 65.
1875. Layarp, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’
Pt. viridis, as Chrysenas viridis, described. This is the Pé. layardi of the present paper. The name viridis, having been given by Linneeus to another species of Pti/opus, cannot stand. Species 66.
1876. Sarvaport, ‘ Annali del Museo Civico Naturale di Genova.’ Pt. zonurus described. Species 67.
1876. Ramsay, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.’
Pt. corriei described. Species 68.
1876. Briaeemann, ‘ Abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen.’ Pt. fischeri described. Species 69.
1877. ScLaTER, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.’
Pt. johannis described. Species 70.
1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 507 1877. Finscu, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London.’ Pt. fasciatus, Peale, described as Pt. ponapensis.
1878. D. G. Exxiot, ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ Pt. pictiventris described. Species 71.
As the term “ purpuratus” has been applied to so many different species by authors, it occurs to me that it may be useful if I give a list of these, referring each one to the species for which it was in- tended. For the reasons given in the article on Pt. purpuratus of this paper, I accept for this term the species so designated in 1829 by Wagler, considering that the purpuratus of Gmelin should be re- jected from the nomenclature of the group as not representing any known species, but one formed from the characters possessed by two distinct ones.
(1813) Columba purpurata (prem. var.), Temm. Pig. & Gall.
LOM s Ufa: s camacinaecsws cases = Pt. regina, Swains. (1813) s ‘A Temm. Pig. & Gall. tom.i. p. 280 = Pt. ewingiz, Gould. (1821-34) ,, :, Jard. & Selby, Dllustr. Zool.
VOU Tp Oe os dastes seecase soe c= = Pt. regina, Swains. (1824) Bs zt, Temm. Plan. Col. livr. 43 ...... = Pt. xanthogaster, Wag). (1826) Ptilonopus purpuratus, Steph. Cont. Shaw Gen.
Zool. vol. xiv. p. 277......s0000 = Pt. xanthogaster, Wag). (1829) Columba purpurata, Wag). Isis, p. 742 ..-.........008 =Pt. purpuratus, ex Tonga. (1835) Ptilinopus purpuratus, Selby, Nat. Libr. vol. v.
Bleicher taccncessnoseees =Pt. ewingii, Gould.
(1844) Ptilonopus purpuratus, Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus.
Ob et, (Cel Reem ape cene ebrCrice iar = Pt. ewingii, Gould. (1855) Kurukuru purpuratus, Des Murs & Préy. Voy. Vé-
mus; ZOOL, P. 222 ‘sscecassscee- o> = Pt. taitensis, Less. (1857) Pttlopus purpuratus, Bon. Consp. Gen. Ay. vol. ii.
BLO. Sak eee. Jodeci oe ors = Pt. greyi, Gray.
(1857) is, Bon. Iconogr. Pig. pl. xix.adult. =P#. bonapartei, Gray.
(1857) ” ” ” ” ” juy.. (1858) Ptilonopus purpuratus, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped.
(1859)
Ornith. pl. 30. p. 269 ... =
Gray, List Birds of the Uy SEN AREER Seoocod: ae (1867) Pztilinopus purpuratus, Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Cen- tralpolyn. p.122 ......... (1873) Ptilopus purpuratus, Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. p. 15 ...
” ”
GENERA.
Jie =r.
purpuratus, Wagl.
. taitensis, Less,
taitensis, Less.
taitensis, Less. taitensis, Less.
Quite a number of genera have been proposed for these birds ; but
only one is necessary. The term Pti/opus was given to them by Swainson in 1825, its derivation being zr/Aov, rovs. Swainson wrote it Ptilonopus, which was afterwards corrected by Strickland in 1841. Various ways of spelling the name of this genus have been adopted, viz. Ptilonopus, Ptilinopus, Ptinilopus!, all of which are incorrect, and should not be used. P#ilopus is an artificial genus, by which I mean to express that the birds placed together in it do not possess any characters common to them all, either of form, structure, or coloration, which will serve to distinguish them from Getter groups 33
508
= MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTiLoPuS. [May 7,
Fig. 1. 6 A 5 \) 3 AY os V/ \ «(
woe
ijititllllle
Be
Ye WS
SS
1. Pt. purpurutus.
2. Pt. chrysogaster. 3. Pt. mercieri.
4. Pt. dupetithouarsit. 5, Pt. jobiensts.
6. Pt. xanthorrhous. 11. Pé. letliensis. 7. Pc. insolitus. 12. Pt. ornatus. 8, Pé. taitensis, 13. Pt. pectoralis. 9. Pt. aurantiifrons. 14. Pé. bellus.
0. Pt. luteovirens. 15. Pt. victor.
1878. | MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 509
in the family. Some authors have separated them from the rest of the Pigeons on account of the abruptly attenuated first primary. This is utterly worthless, either as a generic or a specific character, as among the species which are included in Péilopus every gradation of the first primary is procurable, from the most abrupt attenuation to the normal shape of feather.
T here give (fig. 1), in proof of this assertion, a series of drawings of first primaries, together with the name of the species to which each belongs, so that any one can verify it for himself; and I may state that it would not have been at all difficult to have arranged a more minute gradation from the species at my disposal if it had been necessary ; but those given will be found, I think, amply sufficient for the purpose.
Another so-called character, which has been adopted by some to distinguish the members of the genus P¢i/opus, and one which is ex- pressed by the term itself, is the tarsus feathered to the foot. This proves to be of no more value, generically or specifically, than the attenuated primary. Species with or without the last-named cha- racter have the tarsus covered or partly bare, as do also those with the graduated or normal shape of this feather. The drawings (pp. 510, 511) of the partly bare and partly covered tarsus, together with the first primary of several species, will show clearly how very unsatis- factory these characters are.
Relative lengths of wing and tail, as given by some writers for the separation of some of these birds into different genera, also are not constant, as the tail can be found shorter than the wing, or nearly equal to it in length. This last is the main character given by Reichen- bach for separating the birds placed by him in his genus Meqgalopre- pia, as all the others are common to different species of Ptilopus. He says:—‘‘ Schwanz fast so lang wie die Fliigel. Vorderschwinge nicht verschmilert.” The species included by him, it is true, have not this last character; but P¢. perlatus has the tail only a little over half the length of the wing, while P¢. cinctus and Pt. gularis, neither of which are included in Megaloprepia, have the tail nearly as long as the wing, with the first primary abruptly attenuated. I do not see that there is a single character remaining among those given by Reichenbach which can distinguish the birds included in his genus from those of the genus Péilopus.
For those who deem colour sufficient to establish a genus, it might be supposed that among these gaily plumaged birds certain patterns might be found which would answer for a generic cha- racter. But this, again, fails; for the variety of the coloration is so great that it would be necessary to divide the group into numerous genera (as has, indeed, been attempted), and many of the species would be left alone to represent a genus. I do not find any thing better to designate the genus than the following formula :— Ptilopus. Size moderate; wings usually reaching two thirds the length of the tail; rectrices fourteen in number, excepting Pt. occi- pitalis, which has apparently sixteen ; tarsi partly or wholly covered with feathers ; colours of plumage usually bright, and often strongly
510 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOpuS. [May 7,
opposed: distinguished from Treron (with which it constitutes the
subfamily T'reronine) by not possessing the scallop on the inner web
of the third primary. Ptilopus is well placed between Teron and Carpophaga, leading
Fig. 3.
SS
Ptilopus fasciatus. Upolu, Samoa. First primary abruptly attenuated ; tarsus partly bare.
up to the latter genus through the different races of Ptilopus magnificus. It is the absence of the scallop on the third primary which is the chief distinction between Péilopus and Treron. To any one who will study this group with ample materials, such as has fortunately been at my disposal, I think the difficulty, nay, impossi- bility, of discovering any trenchant generic characters will be readily acknowledged. Those who have had but a few species before them, represented by two or three individuals of each, might easily imagine that some one character of those which I have mentioned is really
1878. | MR, D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 511
of generic value ; and it is only when a great series has been obtained that it is perceived how these gradually disappear or become evolved into something quite different. It is from the lack of material to show this fact that such a genus (among others) as Chrysena has been accepted for Pt. victor and Pt. luteovirens. First established for the latter species, chiefly on account of the lanceolate form of the feathers, it was quickly perceived, on the discovery of P¢. victor, that the genus could not rest on this character ; for the two species
Ptilopus geelvinckianus. Mafor. First primary normal in shape; tarsus completely feathered.
Ptilopus coronulatus. Aru.
First primary abruptly attenuated ; tarsus completely feathered.
were generically essentially the same, and yet P¢. victor did not possess lanceolate feathers. The partly covered tarsus is not suffi- cient to separate them from Péilopus ; for, as I have shown, many species of that genus have also the tarsus half nude. The normal shape of the first primary also fails, as this is also possessed by other species of Ptilopus ; and therefore no characters remain worthy of separating these birds generically from the other members of the group, those that exist being only of specific value. Bonaparte has proposed most of the generic divisions ; and he founded them mainly upon the colour of plumage, sometimes placing the two sexes, or adult and young, of the same species in different genera (vide Pé. superbus, Pt. luteovirens, &c.). I have not been able to discover
512 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,
any reasons (after a careful examination of the species separated generically by him) for accepting his divisions. The species named by Schlegel P#. insolitus has been made the type of a genus, (Edirhinus, by Cabanis and Reichenow. The same peculiarity ex- hibited by this bird—a bony protuberance upon the base of the culmen—is also found in certain members of the genus Carpophaga ; and I see no more reason for separating P¢. insolitus from the other members of this genus than exists for placing these Carpophage in a new generic division. The term Megaloprepia, instituted by Reichenbach for certain birds of this group, was so oddly selected, at least in one instance (P¢. perlatus) that a doubt arises in my mind if the author had ever had an opportunity of examining specimens. No characters were given by him which were not also to be found in other species of Ptilopus; and although the term has been employed by some authors, it seems to me to be entirely unnecessary ; for it is impossible to designate in a large series of Ptz/opi where the genus (?) should commence, as the species graduate into one another from the smallest to the largest.
Prof. Garrod, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1874, in his paper on the “Anatomy of the Columbe,” states that the members of the genus Ptilopus possess a form of gizzard such as is not found in any other bird, and gives figures exhibiting its peculi- arities as compared with Treron. If this is ascertained to be a con- stant formation in all the species of Péilopus, it may well be deemed of sufficient importance to constitute a generic character ; but, unfor- tunately, as yet, it cannot be said to be proven ; for out of the seventy- one species considered in this memoir as belonging to Péilopus, Prof. Garrod has only been able to dissect three, a number too insignifi- cant for it to be decided that all the members of the genus have the same formation. The Carpophage do not possess a similar gizzard ; yet certain species of Pétilopus, viz. Pt. magnificus with its races assi- milis and puella, and Pé. gularis, in their outward form resemble certain species of Carpophaga ; and it is possible that in some of these at least a modified form of gizzard may be found toexist. It will be interesting to learn if such be the case, or if really the species of Ptilopus are separated from all other Pigeons by an abrupt alteration in the gizzard’s shape, one not approached by that of any other bird. A large number of species must be first examined before this can be definitively ascertained.
The following are the principal generic terms which have been proposed for these birds.
Type. (1825) Ptilonopus, err. Swains. Zool. Journ. yol.i. p.473 Pt. regine.
(1841) Pélopus, corr. Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 386. (1854) Leucotreron, Bon. Compt. Rend. vol. xxxix. p.876 Pt. cinctus.
(1854) Cyanotreron, Bon. tom. cit. p. 878 .........0eeeeeeee Pt. monachus. (1854) Rhamphiculus, Bon. ibid. .........6..620cceeceeeeeeeees Pt. occipitalis. (1854) Omeotreron, Bon. ibid. ..........ccseceeceeseceseeeeeets Pt. occipitalis, (1854) 2Rar-verero PBO0 STNG». siae aniclesacniestaed sainnascosecinne Pt. purpuratus. (1854) Chery sana. Bont a DiGies. s.as; sacuncucpseenscas<arenots Pt. luteovirens. (1854) Thouarsitreron, Bon. tom. cit. p. 876 .............4. Pt.dupetit-thouarsii.
(1854) Lamprotreron, Bon. ibid. ...........cceccceeeeeeen ences Pt, superba.
1878. | MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 513
T (1854) Zotreron, Bon. tom. cit. p. 878 ......csecseseesenee eee Pe ngaaeen (1857) Sylphitreron, Verr. teste Bon. Consp. ii. p. 40 ... Pt. perlatus.
(18 oloprepia, Reich, Tauben ............00.s0seeeeee Pt. magnificus. 6) Gdirhinus, Cab. & Reich. J. f. Orn. p. 326 ...... Pt. insolitus.
The Drepanoptila holosericea, from New Caledonia, has usually been placed in the genus Ptilopus ; but it does not appear to me that this is its proper position. With a colouring, it is true, approaching something the style of these birds, it differs from them in form, and especially in the shape of the wing-feathers. These (sce fig. 6) are very peculiar, and, in my opinion, at once remove this species from
Wing of Drepanoptila holosericea.
among the present group of birds into a separate genus. The drawing will show, better than any description can’ explain, the unusual formation of the feathers in question’.
The members of the genus Funingus, beyond the feathered tarsus,
1 In the Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1862, p. 135, pl. 8, MM. J. Verreaux and O. Des Murs conferred another generic name upon this bird, viz., Calyptomenenas, and gave a drawing of both it and a portion of the wing. Neither of these, how- ever, are correctly done, especially that of the wing, which shows only the ends of the primaries. The illustration here given more faithfully exhibits the peculiar shape of these feathers.
514 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,
have but little in common with the members of Ptilopus, the peculiarly notched first primary and bare face easily distinguishing them.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTrRIBUTION.
Probably no group in ornithology exhibits to a greater degree the effects upon the coloration of plumage arising from the physical causes incidental to an insular life than the one here considered as composing the genus Ptilopus. Some of these birds that have evidently had a common origin exhibit greater or less variations from each other, according to the position of their various habitats, sometimes of sufficient importance to constitute their possessors dis- tinct species, at others only of that trivial kind that would at best but cause them to rank merely as varieties, the lapse of time during which the individuals have dwelt in their separate localities not having been sufficiently great, or the physical causes of climate, food, and soil not powerful enough to modify essentially their appearance from the typical form. It is therefore not surprising that we find some species inhabiting one island only, others dwelling upon several, though perhaps separated by miles of sea, while again in other localities uncertain forms are observed not changed suffi- ciently to authorize the bestowal upon them of a separate distinctive rank, but yet differing enough to show that a departure from the type and towards a distinctive independent form has been com- menced, and will continue (unless the race should become exter- minated) until the variety eventually blooms into a separate species possessing characters not found elsewhere. It is not to be supposed that the continents of which the islands of the Pacific and those of the Eastern Archipelago are the sole remains, were broken up simultaneously or always suddenly throughout their length and breadth ; but more probably the casualty happened at various periods and sometimes gradually. Therefore we may not be surprised at the apparently strange phenomenon that one species should inhabit various islands, between which are others containing totally distiact forms of the same genus. This may have been brought about in two probable ways. A species may have been widely dispersed over the continent; and when portions of this had disappeared beneath the waves, the fragments that remained above water at the outset were all occupied by the same species: but physical effects at intermediate points were of a different character from those at the extremes; and in course of time the birds dwelling on the intervening islands departed entirely from their types, while those most widely separated retained their original characters. Or it may, on the other hand, have been that on the breaking-up of the continent a district inhabited by a strictly local species (but one surrounded by a more widely disseminated and distinct species) had not been entirely submerged ; and this, all other circumstances being equal, would explain the fact that a distinct form should intrude itself on an island lying between others inhabited by a different one, the species with the greater range having been preserved at the extremes
1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 515
of its habitat, which also had become islands. In considering the peculiarities of the geographical distribution of these birds, the great physical changes that have taken place in that portion of the globe over which they are dispersed must always be borne in mind.
The members of the genus Ptilopus are found in only two of the zoogeographical regions of the earth, viz. the Oriental and Aus- tralian. Of these the latter contains by far the great majority of the species ; and, to judge from the material at present available, the Papuan group of the Austro-Malayan Subregion is apparently the head quarters of the genus, The Polynesian Subregion also possesses many species ; but they are altogether of a different style of plumage, and constitute almost a division by themselves.
I commence the review of this portion of my subject with the most easterly group of the Pacific islands (in the Polynesian Sub- region of the Australian Region) in which any members of this genus are found, viz. the Marquesas. But two species are met with among these islands—the Pt. dupetit-thouarsit, on Christine Island, and the Pé. mercieri, from Nuka-hiva. Both of these are very distinct from all others known. I have described Pé. pictiventris as from Nuka-hiva of the Marquesas ; but, for the reasons I give under the head of this species, I believe that locality to be an error, and that the bird in question is a native of the Samoan Islands only. To the south-west of the Marquesas lies the Pomatu archipelago, which is as yet hardly known in an ornithological sense. But one species of Ptilopus has been recorded from there, Pt. coralensis, found on Carlshoff Island. South of the Pomatu group lies the island of Rapa. Here has been procured probably the most important member of this genus, Pt. huttoni. To the west of Pomatu are the Society Islands, upon only two of which have any species of Ptilopus been procured, viz. P. chrysogaster, upon Huahaine, and Pt. taitensis in Otaheite. To the south-west of this last is Cook’s Archipelago, where Pt. chalcurus has been obtained on Harvey Island. It is still doubtful if this bird is specifically distinct from Pt. coralensis of the Pomatu group. If the identity of those two could be established, it would be an interesting and important fact, since the two clusters of islands are not only separated by miles of ocean, but several distinct forms of Ptilopus are found upon the intervening archipelagos, none of which, so far as we know, are particularly related to Pt. chaleurus. Upon Rarotonga island has been procured P#. rarotongensis; and these two species are all that have as yet been found in this group. Savage Island, lying between Cook’s Archipelago and the Friendly group, contains three species—Pt. purpuratus, Pt. pictiventris and Pt. rarotongensis. Passing on to the westward we reach the Tonga Islands, among which five species of Ptilopus dwell, a number exceeded in only one of the Pacific groups, viz. the Fijis. On Tonga-Tabou all the species occur—P¢. chrysogaster, Pt. apicalis, Pt. pictiventris, Pt. purpuratus, and Pt. perousii. Harpai contains P¢. perousii and Pi. purpuratus ; and this last has also been procured at Eua and Ninafou, the last the most northern of them all. North of the
516 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [| May 7,
Friendly Islands lie the Samoan or Navigators’ Islands. These contain also five species, two of which are not met with in the Tonga Group. Opalu has four—Pt. perousii, Pt. luteovirens. Pt. picti- ventris, and Pt. fasciatus, this last being also found on Wallis Island, while Pt. purpuratus is a native of Fulima, lying to the south of Wallis. We now come to the Fijis, which possess among the different islands nine species of Ptilopus. Only one island, however, contains more than two species, viz. Viti- Levu, which has three—P¢?. perousii, Pt. luteovirens, and Pt. pictiventris. Schlegel suggests Viti as the probable locality also of the bird he has called P¢. neglectus ; but this is very uncertain, and there is no evidence to support the supposition. Balaou has two species—P¢#. luteo- virens and Pt. bonapartei. Two species are found upon five islands which possess no others of this genus. These are Pé. perousii and Pt. purpuratus, met with at Waikia, Vanua Levu, Mango, Mokani, and Loma Loma. Bua, Lanthala and Ngamia only have P¢. victor. Taviuni has Pé. victor and Pt. purpuratus; while Kandavu con- tains Pt. perousii and Pt. layardi. The New Hebrides possess- but two species—P¢. greyi on Erromango Island, and Pé. corriet on Malacolo, On Lifu, of the Loyalty group, Pt. greyi is found, as well as on the Isle of Pines and New Caledonia to the west, this last being also recorded by Schlegel as the habitat of Pé. insolitus—which, however, is probably an error, Passing now to the northward, Pt. greyi is again met with on Vanikoro of the Santa-Cruz archipelago; and in the Caroline archipelago, on the island of Ponapé in the Seniavin group, Pt. fasciatus has been procured. To the north-west, the furthest north perhaps that any species of this genus is found, lie the Marianne or Ladrone Islands. Here is met with the very distinct P¢. roseicapillus, the only repre- sentative of these birds in this group. To the west are the Pelew Islands, whence comes Pé. pelewensis; but from which particular island is not stated by its describers.
We now reach the Austro-Malayan Subregion; and the islands which come first in this review (proceeding from the east towards the west) are those contained in the Papuan group, of which New Guinea is the centre and most important. Beginning with the most eastern division of this group, we have first the Solomon Islands, upon one of which, not as yet known, the Pt. eugenie was obtained. To the westward of this, in the Louisiade archipelago, on the Island of Duchateau, the type of Pt. strophium was procured. From New Ireland, to the north-west, come P¢. insolitus and Pt. puella; while between this last-named island and New Britain lies Duke-of- York Island, the home of the rare and little-known Pé. rivolii and also of the Pé. znsolitus mentioned above. From New Hanover Pé. superbus has been received. To the north-west of this section, on Wild and D’Entrecasteaux Islands of the Admiralty group, the beautiful Pt. yohannis was obtained by the naturalists of the ‘ Chal- lenger’ Expedition. Coming now to New Guinea, the islands in the great Bay of Geelvinck claim our attention. Krudu, the most eastern of these, possesses one species, P#. geminus. Next, on the large
1878.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 517
island of Jobie, eight species of this genus dwell, viz. Pt. superbus, Pt. coronulatus, Pt. geminus, Pt. aurantiifrons, Pt. perlatus, Pt. strophium, Pt. puella, and Pt. jobiensis. The small island of Ansus, to the south of Jobie, contains also one species, Pt. geminus, being the only one out of those found upon its great neighbour. Meosnoum or Misnomin, to the west of Jobie, also contains one species found on that island, Pt. strophium. On the island of Korido, or Sook, the most northern of those in this bay, two species have been procured, Pt. pectoralis and Pt. speciosus. Mansinam, the last island in this bay from which any species of Ptilopus is known to come, contains one species, the P¢. humeralis. It will thus be seen that, so far as we are able to determine from our mate- rial, in the Bay of Geelvinck, Jobie is the central or starting- point of the members of this genus. The two small islands lying near are only detached portions of Jobie, each containing one species found on the last, but none peculiar to themselves. On the other hand the islands of Korido and Mafor only have one species in common with Jobie, viz. P¢. superbus, found on Korido, while on Mafor Pt. pectoralis and Pt. geelvinkianus are met with, the last-named being also a native of Meosnoum. The relationship of these islands, so far as regards this genus, are nearer to the western shores of the bay than to Jobie. Turning now to the mainland, at Andai and Dorey five species are found— Pt. pulchellus, Pt. pecto- ralis, Pt. puella, Pt. geminus, and Pt. perlatus ; while on Mount Arfak Pt. superbus, Pt. bellus, Pt. iozonus, Pt. aurantiifrons, and Pt. ornatus have been obtained. At Amberbaki, on the north coast, five species have been procured, viz. Pt. pulchellus, Pt. super- bus, Pt. perlatus, Pt. pectoralis, and Pt. bellus; while at Sorong Pt. trigeminus, Pt. humeralis, Pt. coronulatus, and Pt. prasi- norrhous have been met with. At Triton Bay Pt. nanus has been obtained; and at Mount Epa, in the south of New Guinea, the small race of Pt. magnificus, called puella, is found. These are all that are as yet known to come from the mainland of New Guinea ; but doubtless others of the described species, as well as those not yet discovered, remain to be obtained among the dense forests of this singular country. Passing now to the western islands of the Papuan group, the most northerly is Waigiou, which contains five species—L’t. superbus, Pt. pulchellus, Pt. prasinorrhous, Pt. puella, and Pé. pectoralis, this last being also found upon the near-lying small islands of Gagie and Giebeh, while P¢. puella is also met with on Ghémien. Batanta has four, viz. Pt. aurantiifrons, Pt. superbus, Pt. pectoralis, and Pt. prasinorrhous ; while Salwatty pos- sesses all these (excepting P¢. pectoralis) and also Pt. coronulatus, Pt. trigeminus, Pt. humeralis, Pt. pulchellus, Pt. perlatus, and Pt. puella. Mysol, to the south-west of Salwatty, contains seven species, viz. Pt. prasinorrhous, Pt. superbus, Pt. aurantufrons, Pt. pulchellus, Pt. puella, Pt. pectoralis, and Pt. nanus. All of these save the last two are found upon Salwatty. Far to the south of this last-named island we reach the most southern ones of the group, viz. Aron, with seven species (Pt. coronulatus, Pt. superbus, Pt. iozonus,
518 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,
Pt. wallacei. Pt. aurantiifrons, Pt. zonurus, and Pt. perlatus), and Yule Island, lying to the south-east of the mouth of Fly River, in the Papuan Gulf, and close to the coast, with two (Pt. coronu- latus and Pt. gestroi, the last intermediate between Pf. ornatus and Pt. perlatus). The next group of the Austro-Malayan Islands that claims our attention is the Moluccas ; and, commencing with the furthest north, Sanghir is the first to be considered: here is found a race of Pt. melanocephalus from Java, which has become pos- sessed of sufficient characteristics to separate it from the type, and is known as Pé. xanthorrhous. Gilolo and its small neighbours, Ternate and Batchian, contain four species, found on each, viz. Pé. togaster, Pt. superbus, Pt. bernsteini, and Pt. monachus. Tidore, on the west, has three—P¢. monachus, Pt. iogaster, and Pt. prasinor- rhous; Morty two, Pt. monachus and Pt. iogaster; Obi one, Pé. bernsteini ; Dammor and Kaisa, each one, Pé. monachus; and Weda and Dodingo also one, Pt. cogaster. Ceram contains three species— Pt. chrysorrhous, Pt. superbus, and Pt. viridis, this last being also found upon the small island of Monavolka, which, together with Matabello, also possesses Pt. prasinorrhous. Banda, to the south of Ceram, has Pt. xanthogaster, which is also found upon the islands of Khoor and Ki, these last having in addition Pt. pra- sinorrhous. Goram, lying to the east, has two species, the one last named and P¢. viridis. Bouru has three species—P¢. super- bus, Pt. viridis, and Pt. prasinorrhous; while Amboyna has also three species—P¢. superbus, Pt. viridis, and Pt. prasinorrhous ; and Harouka, east of Amboyna, contains Pt. viridis. Of the Timor group, I commence with Timor, which possesses two species, P. ewingtt and Pé. cinctus, this last being also found upon the small island of Wetta, to the north of Timor; while Lettie, to the north-east, possesses Pt. lettiensis (a modification of Pt. cinctus) and Pt. xanthogaster. Flores has three species—P¢. ewingii, Pt. albocinctus, and Pt. melanocephalus, this last being also found in Sambawa and Lombock. Celebes has four species, three of which are peculiar to it, viz. Pt, melanospilus, Pt. temminckii, Pt. gularis, and Pt. fischeri; while Sula contains Pt. melanospilus and Pt. chrysorrhous. Australia, the last division of this region, has six species—L¢. regina and Pt. magnificus in New South Wales, in the district between the river Hunter and Moreton Bay, Pt. superbus at Cape York and on the Booby Islands, Pt. assimilis and Pt. mag- nificus in North-east Queensland at Rockingham Bay, Pt. assimilis being also found together with P¢. puella at Cape York, and Pt. ewingii on the Coburg Peninsula near the coast—the distribution of the three forms of P¢. magnificus being decidedly against the view that they represent distinct species.
The other zoogeographical region in which these birds are found is the Oriental; and we here find them restricted to the subregion containing the Indo-Malay islands. Of these I commence with the Philippine group, in only one island of which as yet has any species been found, viz. Luzon, containing three (Pt. occipitalis, Pt. gambu, and Pt. leclancheri). The great island of Borneo, and also Sumatra,
1878.]
the birds of this genus.
The following key will show the chief differences existing between I recognize 71 species, and have divided’ them into two great groups, characterized by having the breast- feathers bifurcate or not bifurcate.
MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS.
have but one species, Pt. jambu ; while Java, the last locality in which Péilopus is found, contains two, Pt. melanocephalus and Pt. porphyreus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Breast-feathers bifurcate.
a. Front and top of head purple or deep rose, margined with yellow or pale green. a', Tail with a subterminal grey or ash- coloured band.
a". Abdomen deep rose-colour; under tail-coyerts yellow, tipped with rose ; breast bright green............
6", Abdomen and breast washed with
2. Secondaries and tail copper-colour; sinall dark purple spot on lower part of abdomen.
a. Front and crown purple ......... 8. Front and crown greyish purple OLaAMemhysh.csrcesc-tecccearecetees
3. Middle of abdomen rufous, upper edge dark purple, scapulars tipped NWTUHMLTLAGEZy so Tee eteee ol seNNe
4, Feathers on upper part of breast with transverse violet spots near the tips; no spot on lower part of breast ; abdomen orange; crissum yellow; under tail-coverts white at base, then yellow, with rose- WIGS DS oseeeeysteae oe toe sacceesore
5. Throat white or pale yellow ; breast pale green, feathers tipped with light grey ; abdomen orange, with a lilac-red spot in the centre .....
6. Throat light yellow; breast pale green, feathers tipped with light grey ; abdomen orange, witha pale
1.
2.
10.
Pt. grey?, p. 528. Pt. neglectus, p. 524.
. Pt, bonapartei, p. 524.
. Pt. purpuratus, p. 5265.
. Pt. apicalis, p. 527.
. Pt. coralensis, p. 528.
. Pé. chaleurus, p. 529.
. Pt. pictiventris, p- 530.
. Pt. pelewensis, p. 531.
Pt. regina, p. 581.
lilac band upon the upper part ... 11. P¥, ewingii, p. 533.
519
520 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,
7. Abdomen and under tail-coverts bright yellow; on lower part of breast a large spot of dark purplish nO dbs eae asaanlappocmegonaccencansdacawces 12. Pt. rarotongensis, p. 534. 8. Throat, cheeks, and breast yellowish green; abdomen clear green, with a purplish black spot in the centre 13. P#. fasciatus, p. 535. 6". Conspicuous deep-rose spot at base of mandible. 1. Abdomen bright uniform yellowish green, without spot ............06 14. Pt. mercieri, p. 536. 2. Breast with a deep purple spot on lower part; abdomen orange; under tail-coverts bright yellow, Ups OLATIOO ..0--cataecsagse esac aneee 15. Pt. roseicapillus, 537. 3. Chin pale purplishred; dark purplish violet spot on breast, with the base of the feathers dark olive-green ; under tail-coverts purplish violet- red, basal portion yellow; purplish violet of front and crown sur- rounded by green...........sseeeseee 16. Pt. huttoni, p, 588. 4. Front and top of head greyish or purplish white, margined with yellow. a’. Abdomen deep rose; crissum and under
tail-coverts deep yellow ...............0+5 17. Pt. dupetithouarsi, p. 539. '. Abdomen and under tail-coverts orange-
ry ell OW viteapndoee semen tees eaaascce restate eee 18. Pt. xanthogaster, p. 540. c' Abdomen and under tail-coverts bright
VCO War tawe sia cnc cep oanea bess acacia 19. Pt. chrysogaster, p. 541.
d', Underparts pale ash-green ; centre of ab- domen and crissum pale yellow; under tail-coverts bright yellow ..............- 20. Pt. taitensis, p. 541. c. Top of head and occiput bright purple; sides of head light green; nape and sides of neckrufous-orange; middle of abdomen and crissum white: flanks and thighs green. a, Feathers of breast purple at base, broadly tipped with ashy grey, a broad bluish black band acrossthe lower partof breast 21. Pt. superbus, p. 542. 6’. Lower part of breast light purple, gra- duating into bluish black ........000..4 22. Pt. temmincki, p. 544. d. Front, crown, band across the back, and under tail-coverts dark purplish red ; fea- thers of breast purple at base, white at tip; beneath these an orange band ............ 23. Pt. perousei, p. 545. e. Front pink, with posteriorly a narrow band of purple, followed by a broader one of yellow ; a purple spot on fore part of ab- domen; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts yellow ....c0.es.s.seessssecevsees 24, Pt. coronulatus, p. 546. f. Front pinkish white, surrounded by a purple band succeeded by one of yellow ; purple spot on abdomen, surrounded by
HasTOn=VellOw: \ozssctecsaweenissdgnonseseeastes 25. Pd. geminus, p. 546. g. Bronut greyish: White. ..cccienwenneawonesatennss 26. Pt. trigeminus, p. 547.
B. Breast-feathers not bifurcate.
a. Middle of abdomen deep orange; vent and under tail-coverts white varied with yel- low; tertials violet grey in the centre.
a’. Shoulders greyish violet, mixed with
1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS.
green ; tail green, with an apical grey
band above, white beneath............... 27.
8' Shoulders violet-grey, bordered beneath by deep purple; tail green, with a sub-
terminal grey band on lower surface only 28.
'. Shoulders violet-grey ; tail green above,
beneath black, with an apical white band 29.
d'. Bony protuberance on _ forehead ; shoulders and patch on back light grey ;
tail bright green, apical third ashy grey 30.
6, Bluish grey band on each side of breast ; purple spot on centre of abdomen; wing- coverts, scapulars, and tertials tipped
DEMUVOLLOWHesdeensesiccatsessaecasemsascemcctes 31.
¢. Front, crownand lores, moustaches, and spot on the breast greyish blue ; superciliary stripe, chin, throat, lower parts of abdo-
men, and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow 32.
d. Front and crown bright carmine; sides of head and neck and breast light grey; chin and throat white ; large purplish red spot on lower part of breast; abdomen
and under tail-coverts orange .......0.... 3d.
e. Head and neck light grey; occiput and back of neck black ; throat yellow.
', Crissum and short under tail-coverts yel-
low, long ones carmine ...... ces Caen 34,
4', Throat-mark narrow; crissum yellow,
washed with orange .........ssssseeeeeee 35.
. Throat-mark narrow ; black bar on nape
small; crissum orange-yellow ......... 36.
d'. Lower parts of abdomen and crissum rich
OLANES Fecsveccecessecsnscnssnsscoesnerssneces 37.
f. Head and neck rose- -colour, graduating into carmine on the breast, beneath which is a broad white band, followed by another
fof blackish) preen:. ..5... .c.cleseetecavenaleeee 38.
g. Throat, crown, and sides of face in front scarlet, chin and throat black; middle of breast rose-colour; under tail-coverts
STRGIETOUAT st See pe a MBB SSeS dar cds ee aS ec 39.
ht, Throat white or pale grey. a, Scapulars and tertials grey, margined with green.
a". Top of head bright carmine; mantle, neck, and breast bluish grey ; lower part of breast crossed by a white band, succeeded by a broad one of
deep orange; shoulders deep orange 40.
4". Forehead deep orange; crown and occiput yellowish green; back and upper part of breast plumbeous ;
underparts yellowish green......-..... 41.
. Shoulders dark purplish red ; lower parts of throat dark yellow; breast dark ochre; tail dark green, with a light-yellow apical band.
1. Top of head and sides of face pur-
Phish! red!" oo0. lscukes wseeek ee eee 42,
2. Top of head and sides of face olive-
BOUL WAM. Ay dw cee gevaceGolte mance seen 43.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1878, No. XXXIV.
521
Pt. iozonus, p. 547.
Pt. humeralis, p. 548.
Pt. jobiensis, p, 548.
Pt. insolitus, p. 549.
Pt. nanus, p. 549.
Pt. monachus, p. 550.
Pt, pulchellus, p. 551.
Pt. melanocephalus, p. 551. Pt. melanospilus, p. 552. Pt. chrysorrhous, p. 553. Pt. xanthorrhous, p. 553
Pt. porphyreus, p. 553.
Pt. gambu, p. 554.
Pt. wallacei, p. 555.
Pt. aurantiifrons, p. 556.
Pt. ornatus, p. 556.
Pt. gestrot, p. 557. 34
522 MR. D. G, ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. [May 7,
b'. Middle of scapulars and lesser wing- coyerts rosy purple.
a. Tail uniform dark green ......s0s0+.0. 44, Pt. perlatus, p. 557. 6". Tail dark green, with an apical greyish Vibe DAMGN Us. c-esac.ce-kecserasenetes ates 45, Pt. zonurus, p. 558. i. Head, except occiput, light grey ; abdomen reddish [01 6) eane see eoppBa, sosueceodorbannad 46. Pt. iogaster, p. 558. j. Forehead and chin greenish grey ; reddish purple spot on breast ............00cseseeees 47. Pt. pectoralis, p. 559.
k. Forehead and chin grey; tips of tertials and bar across the shoulders grey. a', Lower part of throat and upper part of breast dark reddish purple; tail bronzy green, tipped with yellow ........+..+... 48. Pt. viridis, p. 560. b'. Lower part of throat and upper part of breast bright reddish purple ; tail yel- lowish green, each feather with a sub- terminal grey spot on the inner web... 49. Pt. geelvinkianus, p. 560. 1. Head white, secondaries slate-grey ; centre of throat and chest crimson ............... 50. Pt. eugenia, p. 561. m. Upper parts, throat, and upper part of breast green. a’, Breast crossed by a broad white band ; forehead purplish red. a’. Rose spot on abdomen, 1. Crissum and under tail-coverts
bright yellOw <2.........:.0csssceaee 51. Pt. rivolit, p. 561. 2. Crissum and under _ tail-coverts green, edged with yellow ......... 52. Pt. prasinorrhous, p. 562. 6’. No rose spot on abdomen ............ 53. Pt. strophium, p. 568.
b'. Breast crossed by a broad band, lemon- yellow above, white beneath. a''. Front and crown rosy red; purplish red spot on abdomen ................45 54, Pt. bellus, p. 563. 6". Frontandcrowngreen; abdomenlilae 55. P¢. speciosus, p. 564. c’, Band on breast, crissum, and under tail- coverts yellow ; top of head and middle of abdomen lilac ...... isc. sesecsvsreesese 56. Pt. gohannis, p. 564. n, Feathers of neck and breast lanceolate, sul- phur-yellow, tinged with green; abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts bright yellow 57. Pt. luteovirens, p. 565. o. Head and neck olive-green ; plumage green ; secondaries tipped with yellow; under tail-coverts yellow, blotched with green . 58. Pt. corriei, p. 566. p. Head and neck greenish yellow; under tail- coverts bright yellow; rest of plumage
Fale oes Rapa ar oc bist accueuencon ead poet 59. Pt. layardi, p. 567. g. Head and throat olive-green ; rest of ae mage OFANge-CArMINE, ............ee nese eee . 60. Pt. victor, p. 568.
r. Top of head light grey a'. Sides of head and upper part of breast ashy white ; a dark purple band across the breast ; "flanks and underparts ashy green ; under tail-coverts cinnamon ;
Givin DISK syccos acecdns seeeens . eaeeaeees 61. Pt. leclancheri, p. 568. b'. Sides of face and occiput purplish red ; centre of breast ochraceous............... 62. Pt. occipitalis, p. 569.
c'. Sides of face, breast, and flanks grey ; centre of abdomen yellowish white ; thighs and under tail-coverts cinna- mon; chin deep chestnut .......cce00+0 63, Pt. gularis, p. 570.
1878. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE GENUS PTILOPUS. 523
d'. Head, neck, and underparts partly grey, partly golden-ochre ; under tail-coverts grey and white intermixed; sides of head bluish red; black band on back OT WTC epee pth ee Eee eee ES 64. Pt. fischeri, p. 571. s. Head white. a’. Abdomen yellowish green, separated from breast by a black band. a", Neck and breast light blue ............ 65. Pt. albocinctus, p. 571. 6". Neck and breast white. 1. Tailblack, with apicaldarkgrey band 66. Pt. cinctus, p. 571. 2. Tail greyish black, with apical third Vellowish/White, gisicena:decssesows 67. Pt. lettiensis, p. 572. Head and neck greenish grey. a'. Red spot on lower part of breast ; abdo-