ie
a | id ' Si eT ET | : x CU epee epee ee ppp erp epee RL TT TT TE EE DEEE TR EE epee we on on veneer ee .
ene 2 0 mtn san ne + — ee Te RE en an Se Les. 71 > = - a a N f-s ans mob =
a 1 } ? - , ral : —— — ! > \ : ‘ £ 7 | - é a « Ps: i — ÿ
\ Tey OF teak 1 L
run
TR i) y
eh
M hide May
M A
pu A Ut
AP ea
> ae NÉ One ee che a ARR LN ties ss a d i ae ¥ 1 ae ni 7 | ANT OU) | i }
MÉMOIRES
ET
POMP TES RENYOUR
DE LA
SOCIBTE, ROYAE
CANAD
SECONDE SERIE—-TOME VI
SEANCE DE MAI 1900
EN VENTE CHEZ JAS. HOPE ET FILS, OTTAWA; LA CIE COPP-CLARK (LIMITÉE), TORONTO BERNARD QUARITCH, LONDRES, ANGLETERRE
1900
PROGEEDINGS
AND
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROME SOCIETY | fg
“2
~
CANADA
SECOND SERIES-VOLUME VI
MEETING OF MAY, 1900
Ayn te ene THE NEW YORK TEST TOP, PUBLIC LIBRARY
ne QUE {Mand DUPLICATE OST
FOR SALE BY
JAMES HOPE & SON, OTTAWA ; THE COPP-CLARK CO. (LimiTEp), TORONTO BERNARD QUARITCH, LONDON, ENGLAND
1900
PRINTED BY THE GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY, MONTREAL
EDITOR OF TRANSACTIONS.
Siz JOHN Bourinot, K.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., Lit. D. (Laval), Honorary-Secretary.
PRINTING COMMITTEE.
De S. E. Dawson, Mr. B. SULTE, Str JOHN BouRINoT.
ANAL NT
are M (AR a LOLITA de” PU
LUN)
(LAN | nl |
TN
TABLE OE CONTENTS
dase of Officers of the Society for 1900-1901... ..0....0cccennascersss L List of Fellows and Corresponding Members ...................... 3-5 HEISE Of Par CSIUCIUS © op v ois de 0, ova nanqens envies ce duer did anes landes see sees 6 Rules and Regulations of the Royal Society of Canada... à fi PROCEEDINGS. Tnstof Hellows present at. May meeting. ie I CHOOT OME OUREL nds tind zhdosaetine Meise wb abtea nectar eee ateds eee ee II ECOL Of ober OYE) SOCTELIE eh ls eee II PE TMP LON ON AU RONSECTIONS a Re ae Res II PAPAS CIE LAS SORTIE A EN TRE PE PE EE Nua ianues Ill ESE OC OF LUCUNSACLIONS, on RON... RE Re V SP HLCCRIONG Of eNemellonse RTS uidaieoe dieses: mndaet dde ee VE BP ASSOCULLCH SOCIETES LAN TI US le cue PES IE MAR ENT VII Ge PeUSCOMICs battle Groundsi list, A An POTE VIII fece reservation Of the Site Of Loutsbourq:i ns VIIT 2 HONOR SO RO 010 010 SSI PERRET EEE RU ER ER PET IX 9. Grants to Authors for Special Scientific Investigation ne x 10. A Summary of Literary and Scientific Work.. Seite X The Questo Of COPYTIG Ih EE MER Lee ; XI The Proposed National Museums. er An anse À XI RETRO TO ATOUT DEN CRE ee LE an laiscin oi XII TD OSEO Dane ER nt 3 XII PEA PION OMEUTICUL SANDER RAS AT EN sdaeruvedeseuiare diese XIII 16 Marine Biological. Station tn Canada .:..-s-seccrsectseeeteesese XIII 24. Decease of Fellows—Sir John William Dawson and Sir James David Edgar (with portraits) ....ccccceseeee XV
GENERAL BUSINESS.
EL ONS OPO PUCU ana der den ones cite ones nee à fea easele de XXIII RO i General CI OUT Se NN des as tvs en "ae cvaeuven te XXVI Report of delegation respecting National Museum... XXX nn ceded eves ieee XXXI Presidential Address by Reverend Professor CDR so NE XXXIII
31818
II ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
REPORTS OF SECTIONS.
Of First Section... cesser. serres sonne XXVI OpiBecond— Section’ ....2.seceedessescew Wee Re nee es eee te PRE SRE XX VII Of Third Section..........::seccsevecconessase cecceees sceroee sencutqaencs XXVIII OPhburth Section... Mise MRM EAN NE NES RE XXIX APPENDICES. A.—THE CoPYRIGHT QUESTION. Act to Amend the Copyright Act... ........ .............. sarewes I Professor Mavor's Letter..…............... ......... ..........1.... II
B.—TrIpAL OBSERVATIONS.
GENET ON MRCMOTHS Ne tee Teen r er senc ese eee I Bay of Fundy Tidal Differences.........++++++ crible Re I ide TABLES NOW Used. se poule eue RARE II Tides of the Lower St. Lawrence referred to Quebec... IV Pacific Coast Tide Tables..…..........................4Pesendee VI
C.—Reports FROM ASSOCIATED LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES
IN CANADA. PRE CANAdiOn INStiTUle, «0. s<aceem-ss)cneceemrere ere I IL, The Ontario Historical Society ........+++ bahia se et III Ill. The Peterborough Historical Society... ..........…. V IV. The Wentworth Historical Society ...................... VEE V. L'Institut Canadien de Québec......... RAP RAT À VIII Vi. The Canadian Forestry Assoctation....c1-.sss02- canoes be VII. Women’s Canadian Historical Society of Ottawa.... XIII VIII. Natural History Society of Montreal... XV TX WVova scot Institute Of SSCVNCE. anccensesenes 0er XVII x. Niagara Historical. Soctety.c.cecs aie PACE XIX XI Hamilton: Scientific ASSOCIALION:.. 2... ec seen XX XII. Astronomical and Physical Society of Toronto....... XXI XIII. Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal ... XXV XIV. Elgin Historical and Scientific Institute... 0.0 XXVII XV. Entomological Society of Ontario ................. Po XX VIII XVI. Natural History Society of British Columbia......... XXXII
XVII. Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society... XXXIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS TTL XVIII. Natural History Association of Miramichi....... «++ XXXVI XIX. Nova Scotia Historical Society... XLI XX. Literary and Historical Society of Quebec …........… XLI XXI. Hamilton Ladies’ College Alumnæ Association ....+- : XLV XXII. Women’s Canadian Historical Society of Toronto.... MOVE XXIII. Women’s Wentworth Historical Society of Hamilton XLVIIL XXIV. United Empire Loyalist Association of Ontario... L XXV. Botanical Club of Canada......... PR TS TEE Lil XVI Ottawa Field Naturalists CLUB. cieriscssteswecsesses' ap LX TRANSACTIONS. SECTION I LITTÉRATURE FRANÇAISE, HISTOIRE, ARCHEOLOGIE, ETC.
I. Les Constitutions du Canada—Etude politique. Par M. ACIDE + DG TTAB Sie, sho Wace aoe caida acres NM RE RE 3
II. Le Clergé canadien et la Déclaration de 1732. Par M. l'abbé AUGUSTE GossELIn, docteur ès lettres.......... 23
III. L’Instruction publique dans la Province de Québec. Par M. PAUVRE UC ARES RC RE Reese seems 53
IV. La Seigneurie de Sillery et les Hurons de Lorette (avec :
carte). Par MY Gon: GRIN. ete MR en 73 V. The Unknown. Par M. BENJAMIN SULTE .... ee. ceeeeseees sono ee 117
VI. Le premier Roman canadien de sujet par un auteur canadien
et imprimé au Canada. (Illustré) Par M. PHILEAS CAGNONR 22 2e ersae- Dee cssen some sennmente re serene 0 121
VII. Le Clergé protestant du Bas-Canada de 1760 à 1800. Par MSE) pe AOR Te eee ne en ET eee rue 133 VIII. La Mère Marie de l’Incarnation. Par M. BENJAMIN SULTE 143
SECTION II. ENGLISH HISTORY, LITERATURE, ARCHÆOLOGY, ETC.
I. Some Memories of Dundurn and Burlington Heights. (Illus-
trated.) By Sir Joan Bourtnot, K.C.M.G., LL.D., DOM Esibe (Ua V al sce 8e os chs acscwcceneder ne arseuielrensiee 3
II. Social and Economic Conuitions of the British Provinces after
the Canadian Rebellions, 1838-1840. By Sir JoHn Bourinor, K.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., Lit.D. (Laval). 29
Vale
LE
EE
VIL:
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
. Rogers, Ranger and Loyalist. (With portrait.) By
WALTER Rogers, Hsq., Barrister of the Inner Temple; Loudon} Hnaland sn eo ai
. A Quarry and Workshop of the Stone Age in New Brunswick.
(With map.) By G. F. Marrarw, M.A., LL.D.......
. Diary of Nicholas Garry, Deputy-Governor of the Hudson’s
Bay Company from 1822-1835. A detailed narrative of his travels in the Northwest Territories of British North America in 1821. With a portrait of Mr. Garry and other WUUStrations. 0: s-seesac=s2ennleesas-be nis Mexican Colonies from the Canary Islands traced by Lan- guage. (With plates.) By the Reverend Joun Camp- BB aD Bee eis PAROI CA RE PA A ES teens
SECTION III.
MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES.
. On the Depression of the Freezing-Point in Aqueous Solu-
tions of Electrolytes. (With diagram.) By Professor J.G. MacGregor, Dalhousie College, Halifax, N.S... An Apparatus for the Determination of the Melting Point of Fats. (With plate.) By Frank T. Saurr, MA. CS; F.I.C.and H. W. Caanuton, B.A.Sc.........:.: On the Relative Bulk of Weak Aqueous Solutions of certain Sulphates and their Constituent Water. By CHARLES M. Passa, B.Sc., Dalhousie College, Halifax, N.S......
. On the Depression of the Freezing-Point in Solutions con-
taining Hydrochloric and Sulphuric Acids. (Illus- trated.) By JAMES Barnes, M.A., Dalhousie College, Haas NS nt ten etes eee meds wena mete
. Canadian Experiments with Nitragin for Promoting the
Growth of Legumes. (lllustrated.) By FRANK T. SHUTT, M.A., F.C.S., F.LC.,and A. T. CHARRON, B.A.
. Note on the Relation of the Electrical and Mechanical Units.
By Howarp T. Barnes, M.A.Sc., D.Sc............000
. Note on the effect of a Change in De on the Dent
Curve of a Hydrated Electrolyte in Aqueous Solutions of Different Concentration. By Howarp T. BARNES, MASSE DC ER RER UE eee mae Dee TL PANNE The Number of Representations of a Number as the Sum of Two Squares. By J. H. McDonazp, B.A., University Of TOLONLO’ «i ives cies «jad Se Gels Re Rene Ant
49
61
73
205
21
27
37
55
71
75
eae
TABLE OF CONTENTS Ni
IX. Electric Screening in Vacuum Tubes. (Illustrated.) By J. C. McoLEnNAN, B.A., Ph.D............ ..........,.... 85 X. A Universal Measuring Apparatus. (Illustrated.) By W. Lasu Miter, B.A. Ph.D. and F. B. Kenrick, B.A., PDT RE IRON Seaebin dele see so de 97
SECTION IV. GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.
I. Some Recent Work in Economic Entomology. By Rev. C. J. S. Beroune, M.A., DCD... .cc secu cence nsenereseonanees 3
II. Sponges from the Coasts of Northeastern Canada .and Green- land. (Illustrated.) By Lawrence M. Lass, F.G.S. 19
III. Notes on the North American Species of Dadoxylon, with
Special Reference to Type Material in the Collections
of the Peter Redpath Museum, McGill University. (Illustrated.) By Professor D. P. PENHALLOW...... 51
IV. The Physical Features and Geology of the Palæozoic Basin
between the Lower Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers.
By RW. Hous, DD. NU een neon 99 V. The Cerebral Neurons in relation to Memory and Électricity. By Sir JAMES GRANT, K.C.M.G............ .............. 121
VI. On the Geology of the principal Cities in Eastern Canada. (With large tables.) By Henry M. Am, MA, DS HGS) ci eaten ace at satin was ee need = sem cele 125 VII. Modifications remarquables causées à l'Embouchure de la Rivière Ste-Anne par l'Eboulement de St-Alban. Par Mgr. J.-C.-K. LAFLAMME............................e.s 175 VIII. Æboulement à Saint-Luc-de- Vincennes, Rivière Champlain, le 21 septembre, 1895. (Illustrated.) Par Mgr. J.-C.- I GAB TAMMIE... eee. coaaescamgepeiese-se ut cassera ere 179 IX. Synopsis of the Geology of Canada. (Being a summary of the principal terms employed in Canadian Geological Nomenclature.) By Henry M. Am, MA. D.Sc., CS ME et Dates mises 187
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PROCEEDINGS.
PO AOL SALW Ide DANONE RE. Re esse. XVII Ponant AD RQéar. sn eng -2e. dti és XXI
WT ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
SECTION I. Map to illustrate Mr. Gérin’s paper ‘“ La Seigneurie de Sillery ” 87 Portrait and two facsimile title pages to illustrate Mr. Gagnon’s paper, ‘‘ Le Premier Roman Canadien ” .........-...2+.-« 127
SECTION II.
Eight portraits, views and map to illustrate Sir John Bourinot’s
“ Dundurn and Burlington Heights”.................000066 3 et seq: Portrait of Major Robert Rogers to illustrate Mr. Walter IROSOTSIS DAMDET See nent een demie eds cesse 59
Map of the Lake region of the St. John River Valley to illus- trate Dr. Matthew’s paper on ‘A Quarry and Work
Shop of themtemerAge tm IN. Bil ose seers ere... 63 One portrait and eight views to accompany “ Diary” of
Niches! ÉTAPE eee re Re Re, 72 et seq. Five plates to illustrate Rev. Dr. Campbell’s paper on
“ Mexican Colonies traced by Language” . ............... 220 et seq.
SECTION III.
One diagram to illustrate Dr. MacGregor’s paper on “ De-
pressionvof the Wreezing Pot, 72... . csp sco. ese ens enaaner 16 One plate to illustrate Messrs. Shutt and Charlton’s paper on
MEN AP OUN) OL Nats.) csv. csocuostes swe cceuescetsnse ss cme 23 Two diagrams to illustrate Mr. Barnes’s paper on “ Depression
OL eUne WE RESZIN OME ONL (8 cas de en echec ice muecse 41 Two plates to illustrate Messrs. Shutt and Charron’s paper on
MULT AM OMM estos ee A net ane ra tasse non ous nes tee en GES os 67-69 Four diagrams to illustrate Mr. J. C. McLennan’s paper on
lectirie Screening ini Vacuum Tubes”... 85 et seq.
Nine diagrams to illustrate Messrs. Lash-Miller and Kenrick’s paper on “ Universal Electrical Measuring Apparatus”. 98 et seq.
SECTION IV.
Six plates to illustrate Mr. Lambe’s paper on “Sponges from
Coast of North Eastern Canada ”..................4 eee. 39 et seq. Highteen figures to accompany Prof. Penhallow’s “ North American Species of Dadoxyvlon 2/23/2200 81 et seq.
One plan to illustrate Mgr. Laflamme’s paper on ‘ Eboule- Ment acot-Lac de Vincennes". entre fee 183
hie OVAL SOCIETY OF, CANADA.
FOUNDER: HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF ARGYLL, K.T.
(WHEN GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA IN 1882.)
OFFICERS FOR 1900-1901. HONORARY PRESIDENT:
HIS EXCELLENCY THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF MINTO.
PRESIDENT—L. FRECHETTE, C.M.G., LL.D. Vicr-PREsIDENT—PRINCIPAL LOUDON, LL.D.
OFFICERS OF SECTIONS:
SEC. I— French Literature, History, and Allied Subjects.
PRESIDENT =. ©. <4. ...’ | LEON GERIN, VICE-PRESIDENT, Fis La 33 HON. PASCAL POIRIER SECRETARY, .. an cs ne BENJAMIN SULTE.
SEC. II.—English Literature, History, and Allied Subjects.
PRESIDENT, .. .. .. W. WILFRED CAMPBELL. VICE-PRESIDENT, ae ae Bes G. R. PARKIN, C.M.G., LL.D. sree, à GKORKTARY, 4. (.. >... GEO: STEWART: DC, LL.D. LOVE À
SEC, III —Mathematical, Physical, and Chemical Sciences.
PRESIDENT, ve m ae ae PRINCIPAL LOUDON, LL.D. VICE-PRESIDENT, .. Es >.” "Dri RUTTAN. roti LI SECRETARY, : aM ie an E. DEVILLE. ff
Lt \
SEC. IV.—Geological and Biological Sciences. Ke ~ di prams TNT) ake ha ga erly LAA ER ACOA: LED. NO VICE-PRESIDENT, As a A PROFESSOR ADAMS.
SECRETARY, 5; Se an Ns Go Us EANYE HONORARY SECRETARY, .. SIRJ.G. BOURINOT, K.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., Lit.D.
HONORARY TREASURER, .. JAMES FLETCHER, F.L.S., LL.D.
ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF COUNCIL :1
T. C. KEEFER, C.M.G., C.E. REV. PROFESSOR CLARK.
1The Council for 1900-1901 comprises the President and Vice-President of the Society, the Presidents, Vice-Presidents and Secretaries of Sections, the Honorary Treasurer, besides ex-Presidents of the Society (Rule 7) during three years from the date of their retirement, and any four members of the Society who have formerly served on the Council, if the Council should elect them every year.
| Fort \, PA , PA
ae
de LAS int it
À a?) Dr ra x
AT
P i , ii 1
7° PEN
Rae TRON SOCIETY “OF “CANADA.
LIST OF MEMBERS, 1900-1901.
I.—LITTÉRATURE FRANCAISE, HISTOIRE, ARCHÉOLOGIE, ETC.
BEAUCHEMIN, NÉRÉE, M.D., Yamachiche, P.Q.
BÉGIN, Mer L.-N., Archevéque de Cyrène, Québec.
CASGRAIN, L’ABBE H.-R., docteur és lettres, Québec (ancien président).
CHARLAND, FRÈRE PAUL-V., Couvent des Dominicains. Lewiston, Me., U.S.A.
Davin, L.-O., Montréal.
DECAZES, PAUL, docteur és lettres, Québec.
DECELLEs, A.-D., docteur ès lettres, Ottawa.
DIONNE, N.-E., Québec.
FABRE, HECTOR, compagnon de l’ordre des SS. Michel et George, Paris, France
FRECHETTE, Louis, docteur en droit, docteur es lettres, compagnon de l’ordre des SS. Michel et George, chevalier de la légion d'honneur, Montréal.
GERIN, LÉON, Ottawa.
GOSSELIN, L’ABBÉ AUGUSTE, docteur ès lettres, S¢t-Charles de Bellechasse, P.Q.
LEGENDRE, NAPOLEON, docteur ès lettres, Québec.
LEMAY, PAMPHILE, docteur ès lettres, Québec.
LEMOINE, SIR J.-M., ancien président, Québec.
POIRIER, Hon. PAscAL, Shediac, N.B.
Potsson, ADOLPHE, Arthabaskaville, P.Q.
RICHARD, EDOUARD, Arthabaskaville, P.Q.
ROUTHIER, A.-B., docteur en droit et ès lettres, Québec.
Roy, JOSEPH-EDMOND, Lévis, P.Q.
ROYAL, JOSEPH, rue St-Denis, Montréal.
SULTE, BENJAMIN, Ottawa.
TANGUAY, Mer CYPRIEN, docteur és lettres, Ottawa.
VERREAU, L’ABBE HOSPICE, docteur es lettres, Montréal.
II.—ENGLISH LITERATURE, HISTORY, ARCHÆOLOG Y, ETC.
BouRrINOT, Sir JOHN GEORGE, K.C.M.G., LL.D., D.C.L., D.L. (Laval), Ottawa (ex-President).
BRYMNER, DouGLaAs, LL.D., Dominion Archivist, Ottawa.
CAMPBELL, REV. JOHN, LL.D., Presbyterian College, Montreal.
CAMPBELL, W. WILFRED, Department of the Secretary of State, Ottawa.
CLARK, REV. W., D.C.L., LL.D., Trinity University, Toronto (ex-President).
DAWSON, SAMUEL E., Lit.D., Ottawa.
DENISON, LrT.-CoL. G. T., B.C.L., Toronto.
Droummonp, W. H., M.D., Montreal.
GRANT, VERY REV. G. M., D.D., Principal of Queen's University, Kingston (ex- President).
HARVEY, ARTHUR, Toronto.
HARVEY, Rev. Mosss, F.R.G.S., LL.D., St. John's, Newfoundland.
LONGLEY, Hon. J. W., LL.D., M.L.A., Halifax, N.S.
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
MaAcCABE, J. A., LL.D., Principal of Normal School, Ottawa.
McLENNAN, W., Dorchester Street, Montreal.
Murray, GEORGE, B.A., Montreal.
Murray, Rev. J. CLARK, LL.D., McGill University, Montreal.
O'BRIEN, Most Rev. Dr., Archbishop of Halifax, ex-president, Halifax, N.S. PARKIN, G. R., C.M.G., LL.D., Principal of Chr Canada College, Toronto. READE, JOHN, F. R.S.L., Montreal,
Ross, Hon. Gro. W., EQ, D., Minister of Education, Toronto.
Scorr, D. CAMPBELL, Department of the Interior, Ottawa.
Scorr, REV. FREDERICK GEORGE, Quebec.
STEWART, GEORGE, D.C.L., LL.D., D.L., F.R.G.S., Quebec.
Watson, J., M.A., LL.D., Queen's University, Kingston.
WILLISON, JOHN S., Toronto.
WirTHRow, Rev. W. H., D.D., Toronto.
III —MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES.
BAILLAIRGÉ, C., C.E., Quebec.
BAKER, ALFRED, M.A., University of Toronto, Toronto.
Bovey, H. T., M.A., LL.D., C.E., McGill University, Montreal.
Cox, Joan, M.A. (Cantab.), McGill University, Montreal.
Dawson, W. BELL, M.A., Ma. E., Ass. M. Inst. C.E., Ottawa.
DEVILLE, E., Surveyor-General, Ottawa.
Dupuis, N. F., M.A., F.R.S.E., Queen’s University, Kingston.
Exuis, W. H., M.D., Toronto University, Toronto.
FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD, K.C.M.G., LL.D., C.E., Ottawa (ex-President). GirpDwoop, G. P., M.D., McGill University, Montreal.
Goopwin, W. L., D.Sc., Queen’s University, Kingston.
HAMEL, MONSIGNOR, M.A., Laval University, Quebec (ex-President). HARRINGTON, B. J., B.A., Ph.D., McGill University, Montreal. HoFrFMANN, G: C., F. Inst. Chem., LL.D., Geological Survey, Ottawa. Jounson, A., LL.D., McGill University, Montreal.
KEEFER, T. C., C.M.G., C.E., ex-president, Ottawa.
Loupon, J. T., M.A., LL.D., President of University of Toronto, Toronto. MACFARLANE, T., M.E., Chief Analyst, Ottawa.
McGit1, A., Assistant Analyst, Ottawa.
MAcGREGOR, J. G., M.A., D.Se., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Dalhousie University, Halifax. MizLER, W. LaAsx, Ph.D., University of Toronto, Toronto.
McLeop, C. H., M.E., McGill University, Montreal.
RUTHERFORD, E., B.A. (Cantab), A.M., McGill University, Montreal. Rurran, R. F., M.D., C.M., McGill University, Montreal.
SHUTT, F. T., M.A., F.1.C., F.C.S., Chemist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
IV.—GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.
ADAMS, FRANK, M.E., Pu. D., McGill University, Montreal.
Ami, HENRY M., A.M., D.Sc., F.G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa.
BaAILEY, L. W., M.A., Ph.D., University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.
BELL, ROBERT, B.Ap.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.G.S., F.R.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa.
BETHUNE, REv. C. J. S., M.A., D.C.L., London, O.
Burgsss, T. J. W., M.D., Montreal.
CoLEMAN, A. P., M.A., Ph.D., University of Toronto, Toronto.
Dawson, G. M., C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S., A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Director of Geological Survey, Ottawa (ex-President).
Ets, R. W., LL.D., F.G.S.A., Geological Survey, Ottawa.
FLETCHER, JAMES, LL.D., F.L.S., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.
LIST OF MEMBERS
FOWLER, JAMES, M.A., Queen's University, Kingston.
GILPIN, EDWIN, M.A., F.G.S., Inspector of Mines, Halifax.
GRANT, Sir J. A., K.C.M.G., M.D., F.G.S., Ottawa.
Hay, G: U., M.A., Ph.B., St. John, N.B.
HARRINGTON, W. HAGUE, P. O. Department, Ottawa.
LAFLAMME, ABBE J. C. K., D.D., M.A., Laval University, Quebec (ex-President).
Macoun, J., M.A., F.L.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa.
MacKay, A. H., LL.D., B.Sc., Halifax.
MATTHEW, G. F., M.A., D.Sc., St. John, N.B,
Mitts, T. WEsLey, M.A., M.D., McGill University, Montreal.
PENHALLOW, D. P., B.Sc., MeGill University, Montreal.
PoozE, H. S., A.M., C.E., Stellarton, Nova Scotia.
SAUNDERS, W., LL.D., Director Dominion Experimental Farms, Ottawa.
SELWYN, A. R. C., C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., late Director of the Geological Survey, Vancouver, B.C. (ex-President).
TAYLOR, REv. G. W., Nanaimo, B.C.
WHITEAVES, J. F., LL.D., F.G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa.
WRIGHT, R. RAMSAY, M.A., B.Se., University of Toronto, Toronto.
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
THE DUKE OF ARGYLL.
Bonney, T.G., D.Se., LL.D., F.R.S., London, England.
Bryce, Rr. Hon. JAMES, M.P., D.C.L., London, England.
CLARETIE, JULES, de l'Académie française, Paris, France.
GRAVIER, GABRIEL, Rouen, France.
HECTOR, SIR JAMES, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Wellington, New Zealand.
HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENTWORTH, LL.D. (Harvard), Cambridge, Mass.
LE Roy, ALPHONSE, professeur de philosophie à l’université de Liege, et membre de l’Académie royale de Belgique, Liège, Belgium.
PARKER, GILBERT, D.C.L., London, England.
RAMEAU DE SAINT-PÈRE, EDM, D. L., Adon, Loiret, France.
SCUDDER, Dr. S. H., Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
RETIRED MEMBERS. (See RULE 7.)
Bourassa, NAPOLEON, St. Hyacinthe, P.Q.
CALLENDAR, HUGH L., M.A. (Cantab.), F.R.S., London, Eng. CHAPMAN, E. J., Ph.B., LL.D., London, Eng.
CHERRIMAN, J. B., M.A., Ryde, Isle of Wight.
Cuog, L’ABBE, Oka, P.Q.
HAANEL, E., Ph.D., Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. Kirey, W., Niagara, Ont.
MAIR, CHARLES, Prince Albert, N.W.T.
OSLER, W., M.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. RoBERTS, C.G.D., M.A., New York.
*B
1882-83 1883-84 1884-85 1885-86 1886-87 1887-88 1838-89 1889-90 1890-’91 1891-92 1892-93 1893-94 1894-95 189596 1896-97 1897-98 1898-99 . 1899-1900 - 1900-1901
ROYAL, SOCIETY OF CANADA
LIST OF PRESIDENTS.
Sir J. W. Dawson, Knut. L'HONORABLE P. J. O. CHAUVEAU. Dr. T. STERRY HUNT.
Sir DANIEL WILSON, Knt. MONSIGNOR HAMEL.
Dr. G. LAWSON.
SIR SANDFORD FLEMING, K.C.M.G. L’ABBE CASGRAIN.
PRINCIPAL GRANT.
L’ABBE LAFLAMME.
Sir J. G. BOURINOT, K.C.M.G. Dr. G. M. Dawson, C.M.G.
Sir J. MACPHERSON LEMOINE, Knt. Dr. A. R. C. SELWYN, C.M.G.
Most REV. ARCHBISHOP O’BRIEN. L’ HONORABLE DR. F.G. MARCHAND T. C. KEEFER, C.M.G.
REV. PROFESSOR CLARK, D.C.L. L. FRECHETTE, C.M.G., LL.D.
MERCANTILE LIBRARY.
INC V¥
REGULATIONS
OF THE
POP (SOGEET YOR CAN DA
1. Objects of the Society.
The objects of the society are set forth in the preamble of the act of incorporation as follows: first, to encourage studies and investigations in literature and science ; secondly, to publish transactions annually or semi-annually, containing the minutes of proceedings at meetings, records of the work performed, original papers and memoirs of merit and such other documents as may be deemed worthy of publication; thirdly, to offer prizes or other inducements for valuable papers on subjects relating to Canada, and to aid researches already begun and carried so far as to render their ultimate value probable; fourthly, to assist in the collection of specimens with a view to the formation of a Canadian museum of archives, ethnology, archeology and natural history.
2. Name.
By the gracious permission of Her Majesty the Queen, the society will bear the name of the Royal Society of Canada, and the members shall be entitled “ Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada.”
3. Honorary President and Patron.
His Excellency the Governor-General shall be the honorary presi- dent and patron of the society.
4, Division into Sections.
The society shall consist of the four following sections:
1. French Literature, with History, Archeology and allied subjects. 2. English Literature, with History, Archeology and allied subjects. 3. Mathematical, Chemical and Physical Sciences.
4. Geological and Biological Sciences.
8 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
The sections may meet separately for the reading and discussion of papers, and for business, at such times and places as may be fixed by the sections under the control of the council.
5. Officers.
The officers of the society shall be a president and vice-president, with an honorary secretary and a treasurer, to be elected by the whole society; besides a president, vice-president and secretary of each section, to be elected by each section. The elections shall be annual.
The council of the society shall consist of the officers so elected, and of ex-presidents, during three years from the date of their retirement from the office of president, and of such ex-members of the council, not exceeding four in number, as may be selected by the council itself. The ex-members, so elected, shall continue in office am three years, and after- wards until successors are appointed.
6. Members (as Amended in 1899 and 1900.)
The Fellows shall be persons resident in the Dominion of Canada, or in Newfoundland, who have published original works or memoirs of merit, or have rendered eminent services to literature or to science.
The number of members in each section shall be in general limited to twenty-five, but may be increased to thirty if any section should so desire, in the manner hereinafter indicated. Nominations to fill vacan- cies in any section may be made at any time in writing by any three members of that section, and the nomination papers shall be lodged with the honorary secretary, who shall make a record of them. When the vacancy occurs, the honorary secretary shall notify the members of the section in which it has.taken place, and transmit to each a printed list of the candidates nominated, on the fifteenth day of March preced- ing the annual or any general meeting of the society. Hach mem- ber may then place a mark (x) opposite the name of the candidate for whom he votes, and return the voting paper to the honorary secretary, who shall report to the council at a meeting, to be held before the annual meeting, the number of votes obtained by each candidate. Should.any of these have obtained a majority of the whole section, the council shall so report to the society. Should this result not be attained, then the council may select one or more of the candidates obtaining the highest number of votes of the section, and cause the members of the society to be advised of the names of the candidates so selected, at least one month previous to the date of the annual meeting, when the elec-
RULES AND REGULATIONS 9
tion may take place by vote of the members present, or the matter be referred back to the section concerned, to select names from among the candidates nominated, and recommend them to the society for election. This selection and recommendation by the section shall be made on the first day of the meeting at 2.30 p.m., unless otherwise ordered at that time by the section. If there be two or more vacancies the selec- tion shall be made by a separate vote for each vacancy.
Each section shall have power to increase its number by electing one or two new members annually. The proposal .to elect additional members shall be made by nominations in the usual manner, but each member of the section shall have the opportunity of voting against the election of an additional member absolutely; and if the majority of votes be against the election of an additional member, then no such member shall be elected for that year. This clause shall cease to operate as soon as the total number in any section shall have reached thirty.
7. Duties of Members.
Members shall sign the regulations of the society, shall be presented by the president to the society at a general meeting of the same, shall attend its stated meetings or send reasons of absence to the honorary secretary, and shall pay an annual subscription of $2.00 or the sum of $20.00 in one payment in commutation of the same for life membership. These payments shall entitle members to receive the Transactions of the society.
Any member may withdraw from the society, and the society may, by resolution in general session on the recommendation of the council, grant to such member the privilege of retaining his title, and his name shall thenceforward be entered on the lists as a retired member retaining title.
Any member failing to attend three years in succession, without presenting a paper, or assigning reasons in writing satisfactory to the society, shall be considered to have resigned.
8. Corresponding Members.
The society may elect by ballot on proposal by three members, or on recommendation of the council, persons not resident in Canada as cor- responding members. Such persons must be eminent in literature or science, and evidence to that effect must be presented to the society at the time of their proposal or recommendation. The number of corres- ponding members shall be limited to sixteen.
+
10 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
That in acting under rule 8 of the constitution, four of the cor- ~ responding members shall be elected for each section; and the name or names proposed, the names of the proposers, and the reasons in writing, shall be announced to the society through the honorary secre- tary, at least one day before the balloting for any such corresponding member. (Resolution of May, 1884.)
9. Meetings.
The society shall hold an annual meeting in such city of the Dominion as it may determine from time to time. It may at any annual meeting appoint other meetings to be held in the course of the year. The time of holding the annual meeting shall be on a day or days to be determined at the next previous meeting, or, failing this, by the council. The offices of the society shall be in the city of Ottawa, and its meetings shall be held in that city unless otherwise determined.
10. Papers.
The title of any paper, memoir or other production, by a member, intended to be read at a meeting of the society, shall be submitted, to- gether with an abstract of its contents, to the council, through the secretary, previous to the meeting at which it is to be read. On its ap- proval, each such communication shall be assigned to the section to which it belongs, and having been therein read and discussed, shall be submitted to a committee of the section, and on report of said com- mittee may be recommended to the council for publication, either entire or in abstract, in the Transactions of the society. Communications by persons not members of the society may be submitted by members on the same conditions as their own productions.
/ 11. Associated Societies.
Every scientific or literary society in the Dominion which may be selected by vote of the society shall be invited by circular of the honorary secretary to elect annually one of its members as a delegate to the meetings of the society, such delegate to have, during his term of office, the privilege of taking part in all general or sectional meetings for read- ing and discussion of papers, and to be empowered to communicate a short statement of original work done and papers published during the year by his society, and to report on any matters in which the Royal Society may usefully aid in publication or otherwise.
RULES AND REGULATIONS 11
12. Circulation of Transactions.
Copies of the Transactions of the society shall be sent to the fol- lowing :
All members who have paid their subscriptions.
All associated societies.
Such foreign societies as may be selected by the council.
The lieutenant-governors of the provinces of the Dominion and Newfoundland.
The members of the Privy Council of Canada.
The chief justice and judges of the Supreme Court of Canada.
The speakers of the Senate and House of Commons.
The chief justice of each province.
The premier of each province.
The speakers of the legislatures of each province.
The minister or superintendent of education in each province.
The universities, the library of parliament and the libraries of pro- vincial legislatures.
13. Duties of Council.
The council shall manage all the affairs of the society in the in- tervals of its meetings, and shall make arrangements for the meetings. It shall meet at the call of the president. Three members shall be a quorum.
The council shall report its proceedings at each meeting of the society for sanction.
The council shall have the custody and disposal of all moneys, collections and other property of the society, subject to sanction of its proceedings as above.
In the absence of the president and vice-president, the council may appoint a temporary chairman, and in the case of vacancy of the office of honorary secretary or treasurer may appoint a temporary secretary or treasurer to hold office till the next meeting of the society.
14. Duties of the Honorary Secretary.
The honorary secretary shall keep the minutes of the society and council, and shall conduct their correspondence, shall receive and attend to all nominations for members and officers of sections, shall keep the lists and records of the society, and, under advice of the president, shall attend to any business that may arise in the intervals of meetings. He |
12 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
may, with consent of the council, delegate any part of his duties to a paid assistant appointed by the council.
15. Duties of the Treasurer.
The treasurer shall have the custody of all moneys of the society, shall keep account of the same and submit these to the council at its meetings, and shall receive subscriptions, grants and donations, and make disbursements as shall .be ordered by the council.
16. Addresses and Special Reports.
It shall be the duty of the president, or in event of his being unable to do so, of the vice-president, to prepare an address for each annual meeting.
It shall be the duty of the president of each section, or in event of
his being unable to do so, of the vice-president, to prepare an address, having reference to the special objects of the section, for each annual meeting. ; The society in general session, or any of the sections, with consent of the society, may appoint committees to prepare reports on any special literary or scientific matters, or on the progress of literature and science, or on works published in Canada, and to suggest such honorary notice as may seem desirable in the case of meritorious works or researches.
The ordinary committee of the section shall be limited to three in number, and consist of the officers of the section or any members that the section may select to make up the number.
17. Reading of Papers.
I.—The representatives of each section in the council shall be the judges of the papers to be accepted or rejected. No paper shall be read in any section, at any general meeting of the society, unless it has been presented, either in full or inj abstract, at least three weeks before the first day of the meeting, and formally accepted by the council, in accord- ance with rule .X. of the society, except by special permission of the council. The publication of any paper not so accepted, as having been read before or presented to it, may be disavowed by the society.
IL—No paper already published shall be accepted by the society except in cases where it shall have been entirely recast.
III.—A programme containing the titles of papers to be read shall be printed and sent to the members of the society at least one week before the time of meeting.
RULES AND REGULATIONS 13
IV.—It shall be the duty of the secretaries of each section to pre- pare before each day’s meeting a list of the papers to be presented to each section, with the names of the authors and the time demanded for their reading. These lists shall be printed and made public each morn- ing before the time fixed for the meeting.
18. Publication of Papers.
I.—The author shall revise his MS. after reading, to prepare it for the press.
I1.—The first proof in galley shall be sent to the author, and also a revise in galley.
III —The matter shall then be put in page, and a proof sent to the secretary of the section to which it belongs, who will sign the proof when he has corrected it. Should the author demand it, he may see a proof in page.
IV.—The chairman of the printing committee or his deputy will sign the final revise, and will see that conformity in headings and in type is observed.
V.—If the authors of papers are to be absent in places not accessible without delay, they shall indicate some person by whom the proofs shall be read, failing which the secretary of the section shall be responsible for their reading and correction.
VIL—If, from the absence of the author, the proof of a paper can- not be read by him, and he has named no representative, and if the sec- retary will not read it, the printing committee shall not delay the volume for the author’s return, but shall omit the paper.
VII.—AlIl matter in the French language shall be read for literal errors by a French proof-reader skilled in the typographic art, and familiar with the present usage in France.
19. Amendments to Constitution or Rules. (Adopted Session of 1893).
Members having motions to propose for a change in the constitution or regulations of the society, shall give notice thereof one month before any general meeting, and the secretary shall prepare a printed list of such notices, and submit it to the members on the first day of the meeting.
No rule or regulation of the society shall be suspended, except with the consent of two-thirds of the Fellows present at a meeting.
*C
cui Tl
a) th angi
RONA SOCIETY VO CANAD À
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900
NINETEENTH GENERAL. MEETING
SESSION I. (May 29.)
The Royal Society of Canada held its nineteenth general meeting in the Assembly Hall of the Normal School at Ottawa, on Tuesday, May 29th. The President, Reverend Professor Clark, LL.D., took the chair at 10 o’clock a.m., and formally called the meeting to order.
The Honorary Secretary, Sir John Bourinot, K.C.M.G., read the list of members, and the following gentlemen answered to their names:
List oF FELLOWS PRESENT.
President, Rev. Professor Clark.
Honorary Secretary, Sir John Bourinot.
Honorary Treasurer, Dr. Fletcher.
Section I.—A. D. DeCelles, Dr. Frechette, Père Charland, Léon Gérin, Abbé Gosselin, Mgr. Laflamme, Hon. Mr. Marchand, Pascal Poirier, Joseph Royal, B. Sulte, Mgr. Tanguay, Abbé Verreau.
SECTION IJ.—Dr. Brymner, W. Wilfrid Campbell, Dr. 8S. E. Dawson, George Murray, Dr. McCabe, D. Campbell Scott, Dr. George Stewart.
SECTION III.—Professor Cox, E. Deville, Sir 8. Fleming, Professor Goodwin, Dr. Hoffmann, Principal Loudon, T. C. Keefer; Professor W. Lash-Miller, T. Macfarlane, Dr. Ruttan, F. T. Shutt.
SECTION IV.—Professor Adams, Rev. Dr. Bethune, Dr. Burgess, Dr. G. M. Dawson, Dr. Ells, Sir James Grant, W. H. Harrington, G. U. Hay, Professor Macoun, Dr. A. H. MacKay. |
Two new Fellows, Professor W. Lash-Miller and Père Charland, were duly introduced and took their seats.
R
II ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
The Honorary Secretary then read the following
REPORT OF COUNCIL.
The Council of the Royal Society of Canada have the honour to present their eighteenth report as follows :
1. THE SEAL oF THE ROYAL SOCIETY,
Adopted at our last meeting, has been carefully engraved, and will appear henceforth at the beginning of every volume of the transactions. It is the intention to append it henceforth to all papers of an official character, like the diploma of the appointment of Fellows. Those old members, who wish to receive such authoritative commissions, can communicate with the Honorary Secretary, who will comply with their requests as soon as possible.
2. PRINTING OF TRANSACTIONS.
The fifth volume of the new series is now being bound, and in course of distribution. In addition to 140 pages of Minutes of Pro- ceedings, it contains twenty-eight papers, in the four sections, making in the aggregate one thousand pages, and is consequently one of the largest volumes of the new series. Authors have received, as usual, a generous number of copies of their own papers in pamphlet form—about three thousand six hundred copies altogether. The volume contains one hundred and sixty maps and illustrations, and is the most elaborately illustrated volume ever issued by the Society, especially in the His- torical section, where a great deal of valuable work has been done of late years. Professor Ganong closes his admirable contributions to the history of New Brunswick, and the Royal Society owe him their thanks for his patient, careful researches in a field of study heretofore neglected. Another paper rescues from oblivion a number of valuable portraits, sketches and documents relating to the early history of Nova Scotia. The illustrations, as usual, have been supervised by the Queen’s Printer, Dr. 8. E. Dawson, who is himself a contributor to the volume. Mr. Doughty, to whom the Society are indebted for the design of the Seal of the Society, also contributes a most carefully prepared paper on the Plains of Abraham, to which he has added several maps and plans. The printing accounts have been audited, as usual, by the officials of the Government Printing Bureau.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 Ill
PUBLISHING ACCOUNTS.
MonTREAL, May 28, 1900.
~ Royal Society of Canada.
To GAZETTE PRINTING Co., Dr.
To account for printing, paper, editorial, proof-reading, press
work, corrections, authors’ copies, etc... .. .. .. .. ..63,730 22 1899. CT: ED eO—— By (Cash. ANR en ie sellin ns ohne BOO LOO, RAMEE ka fm er Ne at LL D Beh Oise eens D O0: OQ 1900. SERN Wel RE A ake td ait vege bel OO: OD Aa me yor ite crt A ic et Manet La tee aly OOOO 3,400 00 Balance due Gazette Printing Co...... .. .. .. ..$ 330 22
BINDING AND DISTRIBUTING ACCOUNT.
To the Manufacturing Stationers’ Co., Montreal.
Dr: To account rendered Sept. 27, 1899, including $50 for Canada, ete. cistmipuiion trom Ottawa: /.) asi qa. BOAT OG 1899. Cr. poo By Asi tie.) ale ca Rae BA LAH eae 79 RES Leal aie voy ahr aa haem) OOOO $ 947 96
General Financial Statement of the Royal Society from May 22nd, 1899, until May 28th, 1900.
1399. Dr. May 22—By cash on hand (Hon. Secretary)... .. .. .. ..$ 568 17 “ Government Grant for 1899-1900. .. .. .. .. 5,000 00
$5,568 17
IV
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
1899. Cr.
May 29—To Free Press ue RAR se POMNLE € 29— “ Journal (ibid).. 12 “ 29— “ Citizen (ibid) . BY Se ua 15 ‘ 29— “ Taylor & (lave CAR circulars. Be) so 28 « 29— “ W. C. Bowles (clerical aid) . 20
June 9— “ Manufacturing Stationers’ Co. (bindings dig
tribution, ete.).. 392 “ 19— “ George Cox Ce Ju 10 € 19— “ Grip Printing & Ebene: io. (engraving) : 60 € 25— “ Gazette Printing Co. (printing and paper) . 900 « 25— “ Notman Studio (photographs, Halifax). . 3 € 25— “ Gauvin & Gentzel (photographs). . : 4
Oct. 11— “ Manufacturing Stationers’ Co. (bindings ia
tribution, etc.).. 09d NAME SES A Tr Dot) 40 € 11— “ Grip Printing & Bublielans Co. a 222
Nov. 20— “ Gazette Printing Co. (printing, etc.).. 500
Dec. 11— “ Grip Printing and dore. Co. (engravings) 193 MAS a. Ama (proois) 30 1900.
Feb. 6— “ Gazette Printing Co. We A vee MAS ‘ 6— “ W. J. Topley (photographs). 5 € 6— “ Copp, Clark Co. (binding). . 26 “« 6— “ Albert Brintnell (books for portrait) 3 & 6— “ F. P. Harper (1b1d).. 29 €. 6— “ Gauvin & Gentzel nn AN 2 «> 6—— “ A. Fréchette (proofs) 2... 0-0. su 30 “« 6— “ J. Robertson (storage) . 30 AW. * Hxpressage of plates. ©)... fete ok Gls té
May 11— “ Pritchard & Andrews (engraving). .. .. .. .. We “« 11— “ A. Fréchette (proofs) .. 20 ORAN S NT Ami (bid). 2 40 “« —11— “ George Cox eres ns 20 “« 11— “ Grip Printing & Bablisitae Co. iene Sy 98 “ 11— “ Gazette Printing Co. (printing) . . 1,200 °° 11— “ Cash in hands of Honorary Secretary at this date 208
$5,568
Amount in Treasurer’s hands from subscriptions and insur-
ance paid on losses by fire, on the 29th May, 1900... .. $1,215
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 À:
3. STOCK OF TRANSACTIONS IN HAND.
It has been the object of the Society to give the fullest possible circulation to their Transactions, and it is safe to say that at the present time they reach almost every library, university, and learned society of note throughout the civilized world. Chiefly supported by the liberality of the Government of Canada, the Society have always felt it their duty to supply their volumes free of all charges wherever they can be of most use in the way of extending information in the fruitful departments of scientific and historical study and investigation which their Transactions chiefly cover. While this liberal circulation of the sixteen volumes already printed has drawn heavily year by year on the stores of the Society, a fire in the course of Jast autumn also destroyed a large number of sheets stored in Montreal. Tais loss was well covered by the insurance policies, which have been carefully kept up by the Secretary from the publication of the first volume. The stock in hand either in bound volumes or in sheets, has been always kept in more than one storehouse, and the danger from fire consequently minimized as far as possible. Henceforth it will not be possible to show as much liberality as heretofore in the gratuitous distribution of early volumes, as they must be preserved for the use of the Society in the future, and only distributed in very special cases to important institutions. The following is a list to date of the stock in hand, besides a few volumes kept by the Secretary in the Parliament Building:
Royal Society of Canada Volumes, Nov. 20, 1899.
8 Volume No. 1 Old Series Done up Full cloth. 12 ce ce 2 ce “ es os Sheets. 13 cc << D) ce “ cc fe 4 bound. 59 ce ce 2 ce € es £ Full cloth. a cc SANTE D “ 4 MPMENLCIO EN: 43 ce TAC SIN “ en a fé Sheets; 66 < ee “ lS o@iheets: 18 cc 66 4 cc cc ce “ Full cloth. 83 ce € LOUE x Piya) Sheers: à “ KS 5 ee “Æ di 2 Sewed. 82 € ce 6 cc cc ce a Sheets. 11 ce ce 6 ce ce as = Full cloth. ry ce cc y ce ce “5 se Full cloth. 56 cc “ Là ce cé KS se Sheets. 125 ce cc 8 ce ce sé Sheets.
VI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
4 Volume No. 8 Old Series Done up Full cloth. £8) Bullselorne
7 ce cc ce ce €
il i AA AON <5 cS meomiplere: 4 a eR) to May ae ii 6 (REY UA Sees A A PRE RO ARE AU Ke ol) 6. Sheets 78 fe MULTI es Eo) See: 1 oe EN Que ke ®s “ 6) PE Telecine 4 ef CARTONNÉ de #4 brown Morocco. 57 4 te th ae oy PTS het RACE PR QU ce telat he ve i Fe LE i aes i MEN Abound: 3 if sé i ie a <0 Se) Giereornt pliste: BE TA A REA ANNE in Oe ‘114 | Sheetal 4 de AL NÉE F 6. 1,1) Incomplete: 25 ian MAT Net Her EN A BSineetey 5 a ea AE LE RCE ci NE MA Oona: DAME ENS OMAN IAE 6 oes 2 Mem: 82 2 ON ONE ie PEN késl See HS: 51 [14 ce 4. ce [14 cc ce Sheets. 63 a Fe AA # ESP Reel oir 7 de UMA ee ey ON bound:
4. ELECTION OF NEw FELLOWS.
During the past twelve months a vacancy has occurred in the second section by the death of Sir James Edgar, and one in the fourth section by the death of Sir William Dawson. No nomination has yet been pro- posed under the rules to fill the vacancy in the second section, but nominations were duly made for sections III. and IV. Section III. only composes 23 members at present, and section IV. twenty-four.
Professor Rutherford, of McGill University, and Mr. A. McGill, Assistant Analyst of the Dominion, received the majority of votes required to elect members. Professor Coleman, of Toronto University, received a large vote to fill the vacancy in section IV., and Mr. Poole, of Stellarton, Nova Scotia, and Dr. Ami, of Ottawa, also received*a majority of the votes necessary to elect them as two additional members under the new provision of last meeting, which increased the member- ship in each section to 30, and the aggregate membership to 120, with the limitation that a section could not elect more than two such addi- tional members each year. The Council recommend that these five gentlemen be duly elected fellows of the Society.
The Honorary Secretary has called the attention of the Council to the inconvenience that has for years arisen from the condition in the
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 VII
6th rule which requires that nomination papers shall be sent out “at least four months before the annual or any general meeting of the Society.” This proviso is really immaterial, and has never been regu- larly observed. The all-important part of the rule is that which gives an opportunity to every Fellow to vote on a name submitted to him. To prevent the complications or objections in the future, the Council recommend that the definite date of the fifteenth of March be hereafter fixed for the sending out of nomination papers, and that the 6th rule be amended accordingly.
5. ASSOCIATED SOCIETIES.
The customary invitations to attend the present meeting, and report on the scientific and literary work of the year, were sent to the following Canadian societies, who have heretofore co-operated with the Royal Society :
SOCIETY. PLACE. DELEGATE. Natural History Society.................. Montreal Prof. Adams Numismatic and Antiquarian Society... (GO RS Éd Mr. Durnford Microscopical Society.......... ........ ONE EME SOUCI GCAEISIOTIOME nan 5 Asin s LE Tree GO or Cercle Littéraire de Montréal. .......... GOW aiceceeens st: Literary and Historical Society..........|Quebec.... .......... P. B. Casgrain GeographicaliSociety he 52. sete seins GOWN at RARE TSAI (CEN IG Teron ne Cercles TOMATE Shear M. Ludovic Brunet Literary and Scientific Society........... Ottawa ere AR Professor Prince HheldNaturalis ts CID i: ONE EN AO yer, OA ct eae Dr. H. M. Ami Hamilton Association. ..:.2-..1:..2....02 Hamilton Ar eee Entomological Society of Ontario......... Éondons en ro Rev. Dr. Bethune Canadianginstitute: Eee ee seul ÉOTONLO NS eee Sir S. Fleming Natural History Society of St. John, N.B.|St. John..... ....... Dr. G. U. Hay N.S. Institute of Natural Science........|Halifax.............. Dr. A. H. MacKay Historical Society of Nova Scotia........ ONE RENTE Natural History Society of B.C....... . .|Victoria, B.C........ Dr. G. M. Dawson Wentworth Historical Society..... ..... Hamilton, Ont. ..... Sir J. Bourinot Elgin Historical and Scientific Society...[St. Thomas, Ont..... Sir J. Bourinot Historical Society of Manitoba........... WAMIMIPE Sassi eee Botanical Club of Canada................ Efailifaxti NGS PME" Dr. A. H. MacKay American Folk-lore Society.............. Montrealtc. cid sees: ustoricale Societys 0.20... ....|Kingston...... eens Toronto Astronomical Society........... MRoronto re rer Sir S. Fleming Lundy’s Lane Historical Society......... Niagara Falls South. New Brunswick Historical Society...... StyJonn, Neberes ys S. D. Scott Historical Society of Ontario............. (LOLONMUOW ss eee Sir J. Bourinot Women’s Historical Society of Toronto..| do .............. Miss Fitzgibbon Niagara Historical Society............... Niagara, Ont........ Miss Carnochan United Empire Loyalists’ Association of
ORGANIC Ms oe ys ata enr MOTOMLO MES ee 2e Rev. C. E. Thompson
Women’s Wentworth Historical Society |Hamilton............ Mrs. Calder Natural History Association............. Miramichr..:........ Dr. G. M. Dawson Peterborough Historical Society......... Peterborough........ Sir J. Bourinot Canadian Forestry Association....... ... Ottawareastessdas. Prof. Macoun Women’s Canadian Historical Society....|Ottawa.............. Mrs. Foster
Hamilton Ladies’ College Alumnz Asso- GRUNT Are Sats ane date ee Hamilton:........... Mrs. T. H. Pratt
VIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
Among the new Canadian societies formed since our last meeting is the “Women’s Wentworth Historical Association,’ whose head- quarters is in the city of Hamilton. The Council take this opportunity of repeating what has been said on other occasions: that the Royal Society will gladly hear of the establishment of new scientific, literary, and historical associations throughout the Dominion, and cordially respond to their requests for affiliation. The Royal Society has always desired to be a national institution in the complete sense of the word, and give the fullest sympathetic encouragement to all who are labouring in the fruitful field of historical and scientific research. By the annual publication of the reports of all scientific and literary bodies in its transactions the Royal Society is able to give to the whole world of study and investigation a bibliography of the most important scientific and historic work accomplished within the Dominion. If this bibliography is to be made thoroughly accurate and complete, it is important that every local association throughout Canada should come forward and co-operate with the Royal Society, whose transactions are now sent to every library, university and learned society of note in every quarter of the globe.
6. Historic BATTLE-GROUNDS.
The Council have heard with much satisfaction that through the energetic action of Mrs. Calder and other ladies of Hamilton, the Gage Homestead and several acres of land have been purchased for public use on the site of the battle-ground of Stoney Creek, where so signal a suc- cess was won in 1813 by Colonel Harvey at a most critical juncture of a war in which the security of Upper Canada was so frequently endangered. It is intended to have suitable monuments erected on this battle-ground, as well as on Burlington Heights overlooking Hamilton. Through the energetic action of Mayor Teetzel, the people of that city have also pur- — chased Dundurn Park, the old home of Sir Allan MacNab, long famous in Canadian political history, and intend to use the castle as a museum for the preservation of historic relics and scientific specimens, and the exhibition of art treasures. The Gage Homestead has also been placed in thorough repair, and illustrates in its internal arrangements the domestic conditions of the beginning of the century when it became historical.
Y. PRESERVATION OF THE SITE OF LOUISBOURG.
Professor Benjamin Rand, of Harvard University, who is a member of a Nova Scotian family who have produced several able men, has
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 IX
written the following letter to the Honorary Secretary with respect to a subject of interest to all Canadians:
“ Dear Sir John Bourinot,
“Of the importance of the preservation of the ancient fortress of Louisbourg, there is no need to write to a historian born in Cape Breton like yourself. It is the most interesting historical ruin in the eastern part of North America. As such it ought to be held by the Government of Canada as a publie park for all time to come. Attorney-General Longley tells me that whatever land at the old fortress has not been ceded to individuals or occupied by squatters, belongs now to the Cana- dian Government by virtue of the fact that all military sites or property —the site of old Annapolis Fort, for instance—have been handed over in trust since Confederation by the Imperial authorities to the Dominion. Any action for the exclusive possession and control of such property should come accordingly from the Ottawa Government. I hope that you will interest yourself in this matter, and enlist the sympathy and co-operation of all those Canadians anxious to preserve those historic battlefields and ruins so intimately connected with the glorious past of Canada.”
The Council direct the attention of the Royal Society to this subject, and express the earnest hope that steps will be immediately taken by the Dominion Government to preserve the old site of Louis- bourg for the use of the people of Canada, and not allow it to pass into the hands of commercial speculators or private individuals for seltish personal purposes.
8. ARCHIVES OF CANADA.
The preliminary report of the Archivist, Dr. Brymner, gives details of the new division of counties in Lower Canada in 1829, show- ing the population of each at that date. Attention is called to the growing impatience of control shown by a portion of the legislatures of Upper and Lower Canada, represented in the former by Mr. MacKenzie, and in the other by Mr. Papineau. The report by Sir John Colborne is noted, which states that questions were not treated on their merits in Upper Canada, but were regarded from a political point of view, as was the case of Francis Collins, a printer and publisher, who was prosecuted for libel; in the course of the trial the judge was alleged to have exceeded his duty, and to have endeavoured to prejudice the minds of the jury against Collins. In Lower Canada Christie, who represented Gaspé, was expelled from the Assembly more than once and re-elected as ire-
X ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
quently, until he found apparently it was vain to attempt to hold his seat in the House. The agitation for the payment of the members of the Assembly was crushed by the passage of a law to that effect rejected by the Legislative Council, leading to the insertion of the amount in the supply bill, which was also rejected, exposing the whole government of the colony to the greatest embarrassment. The other principal topics dealt with in the preliminary report are those relating to immigration, to the question of trans-Atlantie steam navigation, proposed in 1825, being additional to the information contained in the report for 1898. Banking, extension of the feudal tenure, the clergy reserves, education in the two provinces, the Upper Canadian colleges as political forces, etc. The papers published in full are those relating to the clergy reserves, to education in the Canadas and to the civil and other establishments of Upper Canada.
The calendars for both provinces cover the same period, namely, from 1829 to 1831, and show clearly the subjects dealt with in the volumes, so that it is unnecessary to do more than refer to them.
Mr. Richard’s report on his proceedings in Paris, with a summary of the papers he examined there, is also published in the report op Archives for 1899.
9. GRANTS TO AUTHORS FOR SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.
The Council recommend that a grant of $100 be made to the Third Section for special researches into some important department of scien- tific study and investigation as may be recommended by that body. A similar grant was made with satisfactory results to the Fourth Section two years ago. The results of these investigations are to be first sub- mitted to and published by the Society.
10. A SUMMARY oF LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC WORK.
The Council draw special attention to the advisability of having prepared each year by the tenth of May a short summary of the literary and scientific work done in Canada during the preceding twelve months. Some competent member in each section could be selected to prepare such a summary, which should be made as short as possible and not contain any criticism or opinions, but simply be confined to a list of books, pamphlets and essays, with a synopsis of their nature for a refer- ence, when necessary, to any important scientific discovery or sugges- tion in Canada. If necessary, the section could recommend a small payment to be made to the writers of these summaries, in order to
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XI
ensure their being regularly made. The Honorary, Secretary has done his best for years to make the Council’s report as perfect as possible, but it is still wanting in certain details which alone can be given by specialists in their particular departments of study. We hope each section will take this matter into its serious consideration with the object of making the Transactions of the Society a complete review of the scientific and literary progress of Canada.
11. THE QUESTION OF COPYRIGHT.
The Hon. Mr. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, has presented to Parliament a bill which deals with the vexed question of copyright. We draw the attention of the Society to the provisions of this measure, copies of which will be distributed at the present meeting for the infor- mation of members. It provides that, in case the owner of a copyright gives a license to reproduce in Canada an edition of a book first lawfuily published in any other part of Her Majesty’s dominions, the Minister may prohibit, except with the written consent of the licensee, into Canada of any copies of such book printed elsewhere. Two copies may be, however, specially imported for the bond fide use of any public free library, or of any college or university or incorporated society or institution, for the use of its members. The bill seems fair to both Canadian authors and publishers. The opinion, however, of the Society is asked on this question. On this question Professor Mavor has writ- ten an elaborate memorandum, which is given as Appendix A to the Proceedings. [The bill, now the law, appears in the Appendix. Editor. ]
12. THE ProposepD NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The Council deem it expedient to direct attention once more to a subject on which they have never failed to speak for eighteen years— in fact ever since the commencement of the Royal Society of Canada. As far back as 1883, a memorial was first presented to His Excellency the Governor-General-in-Council, “urging the necessity of immediate steps being taken for the erection of a suitable building to accommodate national collections of archives, and of archeological, biological, and geological specimens.” The large and increasing surplus in the public revenues of the Dominion happily makes it possible for the Govern- ment to take such “immediate steps” for the construction of a museum in Ottawa, which will be in every sense worthy of this growing nation. Such a building might well comprise not only the accommodation neces- sary for public archives, historical and scientific collections, but also a
XII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
gallery in which can be exhibited the best works of Canadian artists, as well as some paintings of famous Europeans, for the cultivation of true artistic taste in this young country. The present—somewhat ironically called “ National Gallery” in Ottawa is wretched in the extreme, while the collection of paintings is insignificant, and not at all worthy of the capital of the Confederation. If such a building be erected, it is to be expected that every precaution will be taken to make it as fire-proof as is practicable, that it will be completely isolated trom the city proper on Major’s Hill Park.
13. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY.
The able engineer of the Department of Marine and Fisheries, W. P. Anderson, Esq., reports that the hydrographic survey of the Canadian shores of the Great Lakes has made fair progress during the past season. Mr. Stewart, with his assistants, Messrs. F. Anderson and R. E. Tyrwhitt, and the steamer “Bayfield,” completed the survey of the south shore of Manitoulin Island, making connection with the work done by Capt. Boulton, R.N., in 1884, at the entrance to Georgian Bay. He then surveyed the northeast shore of Lake Huron between Cape Hurd and Lyal Island at the entrance to Stokes Bay. A fair sheet of the work done between False Detour Channel and) Duck Islands, Lake Huron, was draughted last winter and forwarded to the Hydrographer of the Admiralty, but no new engraved charts of the work done have yet been issued. The old Admiralty chart of Lake Erie has been revised and all recent work engraved thereon. The United States Hydrographic Office have issued a very complete new chart of Lake Erie, embodying all the results of the Canadian survey. During the coming season it is hoped to complete the survey of Lake Huron as far as necessary at present. Some small harbour surveys were made by Capt. Walbran, master of the D.G.S. “Quadra,” and the plans furnished to the Hydrographer of the Admiralty, for inclusion in the Admiralty charts.
14. TipaL OBSERVATIONS.
It is satisfactory to be able to report that greater activity is to be shown in the making of tidal observations in the waters of the Dominion. The grant for this service has been increased by nearly $3,000. The system is now extended to British Columbia, where $1,200 of the increased grant will be alone expended. In referring to the subject in the House of Commons, Sir Louis Davies, Minister of Marine
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XIIL
and Fisheries, stated that “over the enormously large Pacific coast of Canada there must not only in the tidal service but also in the improve- ment of ocean and river navigation be large increases of public grants from year to year.”
We give as Appendix B an elaborate summary of the work accom- plished in this service during the past year, and intended to be done during the present summer under the able superintendence of Mr. W. Bell Dawson.
15. TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY.
The Honorary Secretary has received the following report from the Directors of the Engineers’ Club, on the Trigonometrical Survey of the Dominion of Canada, to which special attention was directed on more than one occasion by the Royal Society :—
Report of Directors on Trigonometrical Survey.
“The Directors to whom was referred the recommendation in the President’s annual address as to the necessity for a trigonometrical and geodetic survey of the Dominion of Canada, beg leave to report: Your Directors have had under consideration the Report of the Committee of Ontario Land Surveyors on Topographical Surveying in 1899—Otto J. Klotz, Chairman—with the memorial of the Royal Society of Canada, copies of which were laid on the table of the Engineers’ Club at its last meeting, November 7th, and have come to the decision that the best method to be adopted to further the objects of the Ontario Land Sur- veyors, as expressed in their report (a copy of which is annexed) will be to support the memorial of the Royal Society to His Excellency the Governor-General in 1898, recommending that an ‘annual appropria- tion of $10,000 for a few years, would be sufficient to carry to comple- tion the measurement of the 98th Meridian, which the Royal Society believe will be of great benefit to Canada, not only for its immediate practical results, but also in placing the country in a more favourable light before the scientific world.’
“Your Directors further recommend that a copy of this report be forwarded to the Secretary of the Royal Society, with a request that it should be sent to His Excellency the Governor-General.”
16. MARINE BIOLOGICAL STATION OF CANADA.
In the report of Council for 1898, reference was made to the pro- posed establishment of a Marine. Biological Station on the Atlantic coast of the Dominion. The movement for the creation of such an
XV ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
institution, in which the Royal Society has taken an active part, accom- plished its object when a suitable building was completed last June at St. Andrews in New Brunswick, and scientific researches of an impor- tant nature were commenced. At the Toronto meeting of the British Association in 1897, the project was discussed and matured, and stress was laid upon its importance, not only as an aid to the advancement of biological science generally, but as an agency for promoting fishery and marine investigations of an eminently practical character. The committee appointed by the British Association attached weight to this latter consideration, especially in view of the vast coastal and deep- sea fisheries possessed by the Dominion.
The original committee, consisting of Professor Prince, as Chair- man, Professor Penhallow, as Secretary, and Professors A. B. Macallum, T. Wesley Mills, E. W. McBride, John Macoun, and T. W. Thistleton Dyer (Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew), so far advanced the scheme that it was placed in the hands of a special board of management, under which the laboratory has been erected and scientific work begun, with the aid of the Government grant of $5,000 for building and equipment and $2,000 per annum for maintenance and necessary expenses. The board of management includes Professor Prince (Director), Professor Penhallow (Secretary), and Professors Macallum, A. P. Knight, L. W. Bailey, Ramsay Wright, E. W. McBride, the Rev. Abbé Huard, and Dr. A. H. MacKay.
The actual work of the station began in July ee and it is a matter for justifiable congratulation that during the months of July, August and September a numerous and distinguished staff of workers con- ducted important biological investigations within its walls.
Dr. R. R. Bensley, Demonstrator and Lecturer upon Biology in the University of Toronto, and Mr. B. A. Bensley, Fellow in Biology of the same university, were the first to begin scientific researches at the station. Dr. Joseph Stafford, Fellow in Biology in Toronto Uni- versity, arrived at the end of July, and made a lengthy stay, occupied all the time with some valuable investigations. Professor Knight, of King- ston, Ont., and Professor A. B. Macallum, of Toronto University, also occupied tables in August and September. Mr. F. S. Jackson, Demon- strator in Zoology, McGill University, Montreal, spent some time at work, and Professor L. W. Bailey, of Fredericton, N.B., paid a visit to the laboratory. Professor Penhallow had intended carrying on botanical researches, but found himself unable to carry out his inten- tion, and Professor McBride, Professor John Macoun, and Dr. A. H. MacKay, wrote the Director, regretting inability to realize their desire to conduct scientific work at the station during its first season. To the
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XV
Director it fell largely to suggest lines of research to the staff of workers and most of the work done had a direct bearing upon the fisheries of the adjacent waters.
The following embraced some of the subjects taken up by the members of the staff :—
(1) Food of Fishes, especially those of economic importance in the Bay of Fundy waters.—Dr. R. R. Bensley.
(2) Determination of the catches of so-called sardines taken in weirs, and description of the various species of fish.—Mr. B. A. Bensley.
(3) A survey of the clam fishery, with special reference to the effects of the fishing methods adopted, and the habits, food, and spawn- ing peculiarities of the clam.—Dr. Joseph Stafford.
(4) Study of Pelagic Fish Eggs taken in tow-nets near the Station, and description of embryonic development and of the larval stages after hatching.—Professor A. P. Knight.
(5) A Minute Study of the Morphology of the Lo: in its early pelagic stages.—Professor A. P. Knight.
(6) The Physiological Chemistry of Medusæ.—Professor A. B. Macallum.
The valuable and interesting results obtained during the foregoing investigations indicate the importance which this station is bound to occupy in future scientific work upon this continent.
A large amount of faunistic and other researches were carried on, and on the whole the results of the first season at the biological station more than surpassed the anticipation of the most sanguine.
17. DECEASE OF MEMBERS.
Sir John William Dawson.
As year by year we assemble in this city for our annual meeting, we miss some familiar face. To-day we mourn the loss of two distin- guished members; one, identified with the Royal Society from its very beginning, the other, quite recently elected to a fellowship; but both equally interested in its progress and usefulness. The death of Sir William Dawson, the first president, recalls the brilliant scene that was witnessed on the 25th May, eighteen years ago, in the Senate Chamber of the Parliament of Canada, when the Governor-General of that time, the Marquess of Lorne, now His Grace the Duke of Argyll, in the presence of many distinguished persons, formally founded the Society in whose progress he has always continued to take the deepest possible interest. On that occasion Lord Lorne referred to the objects of the
XVI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
new Society in words which the Council may be allowed to repeat, for the advantage of those who had not an opportunity of hearing the voice of our eminent founder. He expressed the confidence “that the welfare and strength of growth of this Association shall be impeded by no small jealousies, no carping spirit of detraction, but shall be nourished by a noble motive common to the citizens of the republic of letters and to the students of the free world of nature; namely, the desire to prove that their land is not insensible to the glory which springs from num- bering among its sons those whose success will become the heritage of mankind.” The president, then simply Dr. Dawson—for he received the honour of knighthood four years later—followed with an address replete with sound advice and sympathetic encouragement for the members of the youthful society, whose objects were not then clearly appreciated throughout the Dominion. It was regarded with suspicion and jealousy in some quarters as an effort to establish an exclusive or aristocratic association—a belief long ago removed by the useful work which has been patiently and unostentatiously so far accomplished by the Society. While a number of the original fellows of the Society, who heard these encouraging, eloquent words, still remain in active membership, the voices of some of the most brilliant men who took part in the inaugural meeting have been long since hushed in death. The first vice-president, the Honourable Fierre J. O. Chauveau, who represented the highest culture and most polished eloquence of his race, was among the first to leave a vacancy in our ranks, but not before he had been called to fill the important position of president. The third president, Dr. Thomas Sterry Hunt, whose knowledge of chemistry was not surpassed by any scientist of his generation, whose conversational power was very delightful, also disappeared in the course of a few years after our opening. Sir Daniel Wilson, the able president of Toronto University, the fourth head of the Society, a scholar of varied gifts, left a void in our ranks which it would be difficult to fill. A later presi- dent, Professor Lawson, of Dalhousie University, as noted for his botanical knowledge as for his amiable disposition, also too soon passed to the “vast majority.” Among the others who have died since that memorable meeting of 1882, I may menion Dr. Alpheus Todd, the eminent constitutional writer ; John L’Esperance, the essayist and novelist ; Mr. Carpmael, the mathematician and astronomer ; Faucher de St. Maurice, bright and companionable ; Evan McColl, the Gaelic poet ; and Paxton Young, the scholarly thinker. And now the greatest Canadian of all that assemblage of 1882 has joined his old associates who applauded his eloquent words eighteen years ago. This is not the time to go into any extended review of Sir William Dawson’s useful career.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XVII
Sm WILLIAM Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S., LL.D.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XIX
It is the duty of the section with which he was directly connected to lose no time in selecting some competent hand to write his biography for the Transactions of the Society. All that we attempt to do in the report of Council from year to year is.simply to make such references to departed friends and associates as will recall some salient features of their services in the departments of science or letters to which they may have especially devoted themselves. When Sir William Dawson died, he had closed a life of eighty years, abounding in countless evi- dences of usefulness in the work of education, and-in.the dissemination of scientific knowledge throughout the Dominion. He performed good service for the educational development of his native province of Nova Scotia as superintendent of education from 1850 to 1853. Subse- quently he became connected with McGill University as principal and professor of Natural History. All of us are aware that this great insti- tution owes a large measure of its success to his administrative ability, and to his great scientific knowledge which has given a decided scientific bias to the studies of the university. When he first became associated with its fortunes, McGill was sadly crippled from want of funds, but he spared himself no labour for years to give the largest facilities to students to acquire scientific knowledge. He had the good fortune to enlist the practical sympathy of wealthy men in Montreal in its support, and when he died full of years and honours, he had the gratification of seeing his loved university hold a foremost place among the great educational institutions of this continent. He was a constant contri- butor to the scientific publications of the two continents for more than half a century, and the author of several scholarly books on geology and natural history. All his essays and books are enumerated as late as 1894 in the bibliography of the fellows that appeared in the twelfth volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society. His reputation in the scientific world rests mainly on his geological investigations and discoveries, more especially in relation to the carboniferous and post- pliocene formations, and to fossil plants. Probably his best known work in Canada is his “Acadian Geology,” which was first published in 1855, and has reached its fourth edition. He was among the very few able and scientific writers of the present day who have endeavoured to reconcile the teachings of geology with the in- terpretation of the Scriptures, and wrote several books to show that there need not be any conflict between science and revelation, when rightly understood and explained. As a writer he was remark- ably lucid, able to invest the most abstruse scientific subject with deep interest and make it intelligible to the most ordinary reader. For
R Proc., 1900. B.
XX ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
fifteen years he never failed to attend the meetings of the Society, contribute to its Transactions, and participate in the discussions of the geological and biological section, of which he was the most prominent member. The Secretary of the Society who was associated with him from its foundation, can testify to the assistance and sympathy he met from his friend and teacher in the work of the Society at times when he had much need of encouragement and advice. Before Sir William Dawson died he had the satisfaction of knowing that the Society had overcome the many difficulties which naturally surrounded it during its infancy, and was at least able to take a useful and important posi- tion among the scientific and literary institutions of the present day. The members of the Society cannot pay a higher tribute to the memory of this able Canadian than by continuing their efforts—to quote the thoughtful words of his presidential address—to carry, out the plan on which it was originally established “in the most perfect manner pos- sible, with a regard not to personal, party, or class views, but to the great interests of Canada and its reputation before the world.” We should prove ourselves “first unselfish and zealous literary and scien- tific men, and next Canadians in that widest sense of the word in which we shall desire, at any personal sacrifice, to promote the best interests of our country, and this in connection with a pure and elevated litera- ture, and a true, profound and practical science.”
Sir James David Edgar
Was one of the latest acquisitions to the ranks of the Society, but unhappily he was unable, on account of failing health and pressing duties as Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, to contribute to the Transactions. It was with pride that he accepted his unanimous, election to an association in whose work he had for years taken a deep interest. Although engaged in the practice of law, and in the absorb- ing profession of politics, he found in the cultivation of letters that relaxation which was most congenial to his cultured intellect. Both he and Lady Edgar devoted much attention to the study of Canadian History. The latter has published a volume entitled “Ten Years of Upper Canada in Peace and War (1805-1815),” in which the editorial comments on the valuable letters which the book chiefly contains are distinguished by great accuracy, and lucidity of style. Sir James Edgar wrote a number of essays in the periodicals of the day, and also annotated several important Canadian statutes of considerable value to his profession, but his principal claim to membership in the Royal Society rested on his poems, which, though few, are declared by no less an authority than Dr. Frechette to be distinguished “by elevation of
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900
Hon, Sir J. D. EnGar, K.C.M.G., M.P., Q.C.,
D.C.L,
À a nr | Ko ; a Fe CALE
Can tat
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XXIII
thought, charm of expression, and faultless good taste.” Possessed of a dignified, courtly manner, well versed in parliamentary lore, he filled the high position of “First Commoner” of Canada with general acceptance. His culture was wide, his conversation varied, and his sympathy with struggling Canadian littérateurs generous and compre- hensive. Above all, he was a true Canadian, fond of his country and confident of its future among the nations. His patriotism found full expression in verses which have touched a sympathetic chord in the hearts of his countrymen and countrywomen, proud, like himself, of “This Canada of Ours.”
GENERAL BUSINESS.
On motion of Sir John Bourinot, seconded by Dr. Stewart, the minutes of proceedings of general meeting of 1899, as printed in the 5th volume, N.S., were confirmed and approved.
On motion of Sir 8. Fleming, seconded by Dr. Fréchette, the report of the Council was adopted.
Senator Pascal Poirier and Dr. Ami, two new Fellows, were duly introduced and took their seats.
On motion of Dr. Stewart, seconded by Dr. 8. E. Dawson, it was resolved : That the President of the Society, Dr. G. M. Dawson, Sir 8S. Fleming, Dr. 8. E. Dawson, and Mr. B. Sulte be a committee to make nominations for officers of the Society for the ensuing year.
The subject of a national museum, and especially the security of the valuable collection of geological and botanical specimens in the department of the Geological Survey in Ottawa, was brought before the general meeting by Sir Sandford Fleming. After pointing out the danger to which the geological museum in its present position is exposed, he moved, seconded by Dr. Stewart, that a delegation be appointed to wait upon the Government for the purpose of submitting the following memorial :—
“The Royal Society has long pointed out the importance of a national museum and the necessity for establishing one at any early date. At the semi-centenary of the Canadian Institute, held a few months back in Toronto, attention was directed to the subject, and especially to the urgent need of adequate provision being made for the gafe housing of the valuable collection of the Geological Survey. The Royal Society, together with the Canadian Institute, and all allied societies throughout the Dominion, have been rudely awakened to the perilous position of that precious public collection now temporarily stored in the premises occupied by the Survey. The disaster which
XXIV ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
recently devastated so much of the capital has opened our eyes to the fact that the whole might be swept away in a few hours. The building is not fireproof ; it is surrounded by many other buildings which are liable at any time to be destroyed by fire; it contains a collection gathered from all parts of the country with great labour and at great cost since the Survey was first organized in 1843. We have here the results of continuous and extended researches which have entered into the literature of geological science not of Canada only but of the entire civilized world. To allow such a typical and historic collection to be destroyed for want of a proper building would not be creditable to the Dominion.
“While attention has already been frequently directed to the subject, this Society considers it a duty it owes to the public again in a special manner to bring the matter to the notice of the Government.
“The Royal Society has, therefore, appointed this delegation respect- fully to represent to His Excellency in Council, that, in the public interests, it is desirable and necessary to take effective action and pro- vide without loss of time a fireproof isolated building for the security of the present collection of specimens. At the same time to have in view the extension of the building on an adequate scale for the accom- modation of future collections, and eventually the establishment of a national museum which will be worthy of the Dominion.”
The motion was agreed to, and the following delegation appointed to wait on the Prime Minister and present the foregoing memorial :
Rev. Professor W. Clark, President of the Society.
Dr. L. Fréchette, Vice-President of the Society.
Hon. I. G. Marchand, representing Section No. 1.
Hon. Joseph Royal, representing Section No. 1.
George Murray, Esq., representing Section No. 2.
Dr. George Stewart, Secretary of Section No. 2.
Professor Cox, President of Section No. 3.
Principal Loudon, Vice-President of Section No. 3.
Sir James Grant, representing Section No. 4.
L’Abbé Laflamme, representing Section No. 4.
Additional members—Dr. George M. Dawson, Sir Sandford Fleming.
The delegates of Associated Societies were then called upon to read their annual reports, which appear at length as Appendix C.
EVENING SESSION. (May 29th.)
In the evening the President, Reverend Professor Clark, LL.D., delivered the Presidential Address, which appears at end of Minutes of Proceedings, infra, p. xxxiii.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XXV
SESSION II. (May 30th.)
The Royal Society reassembled at noon for the purpose of transact- ing general business, the President in the chair.
Dr. Stewart reported the following recommendations from the Second Section :
1. That the Reverend Frederick George Scott, of Quebec, author of “My Lattice Window,” and other poems of high merit, be elected a fellow, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Sir James Edgar.
2. That Mr. J. 8S. Willison, of the Toronto Globe, be elected a fellow on the grounds of his contributions to economic science, his efforts to elevate journalism to a high level, and the aid he has given to the devel- opment of letters and science in the Dominion.
3. That Rule VI. be suspended with respect to the election of these two eminent gentlemen.
The Rev. Frederick George Scott and Mr. Willison were elected fellows, on the motion of Mr. W. Wilfred Campbell, seconded by Mr. D. Campbell Scott.
Mr. W. Wilfred Campbell reported the following recommendation under Rule 8 of the Society :
“The undersigned, Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada, have the honour to recommend Thomas Wentworth Higginson, LL.D. (of Harvard), of Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a corresponding member of the said Society on account of his valuable contributions to literature on America, and his practical interest in the work of this body.”
(Signed), Jno. Gro. BOURINOT, W. WILFRED CAMPBELL, GEORGE STEWART. 30th May, 1900.
The foregoing recommendation was adopted, on motion of Mr. W. Wilfred Campbell, seconded by Sir John Bourinot.
On motion of Mr. T. C. Keefer, seconded by Dr. Fréchette, a resolu- tion of sympathy on the sudden death of the Reverend Theodore H. Rand, the eminent educationalist and littérateur, was passed, and ordered to be communicated to his family, through the President of Macmaster University.
The Society then adjourned until noon on the following day.
THIRD SESSION. (May 31st.)
The Royal Society reassembled at noon for the purpose of com- pleting business, the President in the chair.
XXVI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
ELECTION OF GENERAL OFFICERS.
The President read the following recommendations from the Select Committee appointed on Tuesday, the 29th instant, to name general officers for the ensuing year :
1. For President, Dr. Louis Fréchette, C.M.G.
2. For Vice-President, Principal Loudon, of Toronto University.
3. For Honorary Secretary, Sir John Bourinot, K.C.M.G., LL.D.
4. For Honorary Treasurer, Dr. James Fletcher, F.L.S.
On motion of Sir S. Fleming, seconded by Hon. M. Royal, the fore- going recommendations were unanimously adopted, and the officers named therein were duly elected to serve until the end of the next general meeting in 1901.
REPORTS OF SECTIONS.
The following reports were made from the four sections :
Rapport de la Section I.
Séances des 28, 29, 30 mai 1900. Présents : MM. Bourassa, Char- land, DeCelles, Fréchette, Gérin, Gosselin, Marchand, Poirier, Roy, Royal, Sulte, Tanguay, Verreau; aussi MM. P. B. Casgrain, président de la société littéraire et historique de Québec, et Ludovic Brunet, président de l’Institut Canadien de Québec.
Présidence de M. Royal.
Ouvrages lus et acceptés pour notre prochain volume :
1.—M. de Cazes : L’instruction publique dans la province de Québec. 2.—M. Gérin : La seigneurie de Sillery.
3.—M. Royal : La vengeance de Caroline.
4.—M. Gosselin : La Déclaration de 1732 : clergé et justice.
5.—M. Audet: Le clergé protestant du Bas-Canada, 1760-1800. 6.—M. Charland : Les Canadiens-français aux Etas-Unis.
7.—M. Sulte : The Unknown.
8.—M. Gagnon : Le premier roman canadien.
9.—M. Casgrain : Les Plaines d'Abraham. 10.—M. DeCelles : Les constitutions du Canada depuis 1774.
MM. DeCelles et Sulte forment le comité de bibliographie de la
section.
Le comité des impressions se compose de MM. DeCelles, Gérin et Sulte.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XX VIE
Les élections pour l’année qui commence ont nommé M. Gérin pré- sident de la section, M. Poirier, vice-président, M. Sulte, secrétaire. Le tout respectueusement soumis. J. Royaï, Président. BENJAMIN SULTE, Secrétaire.
Ottawa, 30 mai 1900.
Report of Section IT.
The following papers were read before the section :
1.—“ Social and Economic Conditions of the Provinces of British North America, after the Canadian Rebellions (1838-1840), by Sir John Bourinot, K.C.M.G., LL.D., Lit. D. (Laval).
2.—A Monograph of the Evolution of the Boundaries of the Province of New Brunswick. (Contributions to the History of New Brunswick, No. 5), by William F. Ganong, M.A., Ph.D. Communicated by Sir John Bourinot,
3.—Poems : “ Night Hymns on Lake Nipigon;” “'The Mission of the Trees.” Fiction : “ An Adventure of Mrs. Mackenzie;” “ A Vain Shadow,” by Mr. Duncan Campbell Scott.
4.—“ Migration from the Canary Islands to the Eastern Coast of America,” by John Campbell, LL.D.
5.— Copy of the Diary of Nicholas Garry, whose Name was given to a Famous Northwestern Fort.” This manuscript has been communi- cated to the Society by the Reverend Canon Nicholas T. Garry, of “ The Rectory,” Taplow, England, the son of the founder of the fort, who was a Deputy-governor and Director of the Hudson’s Bay Company. This interesting document has been copied and annotated with a great deal of care by Mr. Francis N. A. Garry, the grandson.
6.—“ Rogers, Ranger and Loyalist,” by Walter Rogers, Esq., Bar- rister, Inner Temple, London, England. Communicated by Sir John Bourinot.
7.—“ Chief Military Operations on Abraham’s Plains.—Wolfe and Montcalm, 1759; Levis and Murray, 1760; Arnold and Montgomery, 1775, by Sir Jas. M. LeMoine.
8.—< The Languages of the Empire. The Queen’s English and some other Tongues,” by John Reade, F.R.L.S. (England.)
9.—“ Mafeking,” “Shew the Way, England.” Two Imperial poems, ai d “ The Spirit of Poetry,” by W. Wilfred Campbell.
XX VIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
10.—* Daulac.” An Historical Tragedy of French Canada, by W. Wilfred Campbell.
11.—*“ A Study of French-Canadian Literature,” by Prof. L. R. Gregor, of McGill University. Presented by S. E. Dawson, Lit.D.
12.—* The Connection of the U.E. Loyalist to Canadian History,” by Rev. C. E. Thomson, of Toronto. Presented by Sir John Bourinot.
The Rev. Frederick George Scott, of Quebec, and Mr. J. 8. Willison, of Toronto, were unanimously elected by this section fellows of the Royal Society of Canada, and that fact was duly communicated to the Royal Society and ratified.
The Printing Committee is composed of Sir John Bourinot, Dr. S. E. Dawson and Dr. George Stewart.
Dr. George Stewart and Mr. George Murray were appointed delegates to wait on the Government to urge prompt action in constructing a fire- proof national museum in Ottawa.
The office-bearers for the ensuing year are :
President—W. W. Campbell.
Vice-President—G. R. Parkin, C.M.G., LL.D.
Secretary—George Stewart, F.R.G.S.
GEORGE STEWART, Secretary.
Report of Section III.
Four meetings of the section were held. The members present were: Prof. Cox (President), Principal Loudon (Vice-President), Dr. Goodwin, Sir Sandford Fleming, Dr. Hoffmann, Mr. Keefer, Mr. Macfarlane, Dr. Lash Miller, Prof. Shutt, Mr. Deville.
The following papers were read :
1.— Electrical Screening in Vacuum Tubes,” by J. C. McLennan, B.A., Demonstrator in Physics, University of Toronto. Communicated by Principal Loudon.
2*.—“ A Universal Electrical Measuring Apparatus,” by W. Lash Miller, B.A., Ph.D., and F. B. Kenrick, B.A., Ph.D. ;
3.—“ Mathematical Notes,” by J. H. McDonald, B.A., University of Toronto. Communicated by Prof. Baker, Ph.D.
4.—“ Canadian Experiments with Nitragin for Promoting the Growth of Legumes,” by Frank T. Shutt, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S., and A. T. Charron, B.A.Sc.
5.—“* An Apparatus for the Determination of the Melting Point of Fats,” by Frank T. Shutt, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S., and H. W. Charlton, B.A.Se.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XXIX
6.—% On Soil Temperature,” by Prof. C. H. McLeod, M.E.
7.—“ On the Depression of the Freezing Point in Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes,” by Prof. J. G. MacGregor, Dalhousie College, Halifax, N.S.
8.—< On the Depression of the Freezing Point by Solutions contain- ing Hydrochloric and Sulphuric Acids,” by James Barnes, M.A., Dal- housie College, Halifax, N.S. Communicated by Prof. J. G. MacGregor.
9.—“ On the Relative Bulk of Weak Aqueous Solutions of certain Sulphates and their Constituent Water,” by Charles M. Pasea, B.Sc., Dalhousie College, Halifax, N.S. Communicated by Prof. J. G. MacGregor.
Dr. W. Lash Miller, demonstrated to the section a lantern experi- ment devised by himself and Dr. F. B. Kenrick to show the transport of ions in electrolytes. Strips of glass are coated with hardened gelatine and coloured substances used, such as indigo, sulphonate of sodium, rosaniline chloride, crocein scarlet, brilliant green.
The source of electromotive force was a 2000-volt transformer, kindly loaned for the purpose by Messrs. Ahearn & Soper, and a battery of one hundred aluminium cells. Where direct current is available, an induction coil with Wehnelt interrupter and spark gap in the secondary may advantageously be substituted. Undue heating of the plates is pre- vented by immersion in coal oil.
The President of the Section, Prof. Cox, and Principal Loudon were appointed to represent the section on the delegation of the Society who interviewed the Government for urging the immediate construction of a suitable building as a National Museum.
It is recommended that a grant of one hundred dollars be made to Prof. J. G. MacGregor to assist him in scientific researches, the results of which are to be communicated to the Society.
The officers elected for the ensuing year are :
President—Principal Loudon.
Vice-President—Dr. Ruttan.
Secretary—E. Deville.
E. DEVILLE, Ottawa, 30th May, 1900. Secretary.
Report of Section IV.
The section begs leave to submit the following report.
It has had a very successful session, embracing a series of five meet- ings, at which fifteen members and a number of visitors were present. All the papers on the programme or synopses of them were read, and the
XXX ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
discussions on them interesting. Carrying out the recommendations contained in the report of the Honorary Secretary, Sir James Grant and Monseigneur Laflamme were appointed a committee to urge on the Government the desirability of making an appropriation for a proper museum for the geological and natural history survey. A second recom- mendation of the report, to prepare a memorial sketch of Sir Wm. Dawson, referred to the section, was acted upon, and Dr. Adams, of Montreal, was appointed.
The following Committee was appointed to revise and select for publication papers read before the section. Committee : Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Adams, Dr. MacKay, Mr. Hay.
The following were elected officers of the section :
President—A. H. MacKay, LL.D., Halifax.
Vice-President—F. D. Adams, Ph.D., Montreal.
Secretary—G. U. Hay, Ph.B., St. John.
In accordance with a further suggestion contained in the Honorary Secretary’s report to appoint certain fellows from each section to prepare a record of Canadian publications embraced under the several sections the following were named : Dr. H. M. Ami, in Geology; Dr. Whiteaves, in Gen. Zoology; Dr. MacKay, in Botany; Dr. Bethune, in Entomology.
Respectfully submitted,
CHARLES J. 8. BETHUNE, President. G. U. Hay, Secretary.
GENERAL BUSINESS.
The President reported that the delegation appointed on Tuesday last to confer with the Government on the subject of a National Museum, had held an interview with the Prime Minister. They were introduced by Mr. N. A. Belcourt, M.P., to Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who assured the delegates that the subject of a National Museum had been engaging the serious consideration of the Government for some time, that it was a matter of satisfaction to him to ascertain the views of the Royal Society of Canada, that he would not fail to lay those views before his colleagues in the Ministry, and also before Parliament, and that he had every reason to think that effective action would be taken during the present session.
Mr. A. McGill, a new fellow, was introduced and took his seat.
The Honorary Secretary read telegrams from Mr. J. S. Willison, Mr. H. 8. Poole, and Rev. F. George Scott, expressing their thanks for their election to the Society.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XXXI
There being no further business before the meeting, the President declared the nineteenth general session of the Royal Society closed, and the Society accordingly adjourned sine die.
EVENING SESSION. (May 31st.)
A public meeting was held in the Assembly Hall at 8 o’clock p.m., when Dr. Howard, the eminent entomologist, of Washington, D.C., delivered a most interesting lecture on “ Insect Life.” A large audience was present, and His Excelleney the Governor-General, Honorary Presi- dent, introduced the lecturer with a few remarks, On the conclusion of the lecture, the Hon. Mr. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, moved, in felicitous terms, a vote of thanks, which was appropriately seconded by Dr. Fletcher, the Dominion Entomologist.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XXXIII
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
The following is the address of the President, Reverend Professor Clark, delivered in the Assembly Hall of the Normal School, Ottawa, on the evening of May 30, in the presence of a large audience, with the Vice-President, Dr. Fréchette, in the chair :
It would be impossible for me to begin the few words which I have the privilege of addressing to this Society without expressing my deep sense of the great, unexpected, and undeserved honour conferred upon me by being made President for the year. To say more might savour of egotism or servility or unreality. I will therefore only add that I shall always regard this honour as the greatest of my life.
In approaching the subject of my address, “ The Work of the Royal Society of Canada,” we naturally think, on the one hand, of the consti- tution of our Society, of the sections into which it is divided and the work appointed for them to accomplish ; whilst, on the other hand, we as naturally look back on the eighteen years of the life of the Society, and ask what it has done; and forward to the future, and consider what work lies before us. It is possible that we may form a more favourable estimate of our own achievements than others do. We cannot be unaware that there are those who profess to think little of our Society and its work. This need not surprise us: it is nothing new. No association can admit everybody to its membership, and, however judicious may be its elections, those who are passed by will have their fling and their jibe at the bad taste which has neglected them. As we have said, there is here nothing new. ‘There is no greater literary society in the world than the French Academy; yet we know what Piron tried to think of it, and how he showed this in the words designed by him to form his epitaph.
Well, we can bear such words with equanimity, we can even appre- ciate the wit of our critics, when we look upon our comparatively short, yet not inglorious history.
There are many benefits derivable from an association such as that to which we belong, and some of them are of a character very real, yet so indefinite, that it is not quite easy to describe them. May I not here fall back upon the language of the wise man—language which at least has stood the test of time ? “ As iron sharpeneth iron, so a man sharpeneth the countenance of his friend.” I think there are some among us who will testify that we have derived from these meetings stimulus and sym-
XXXIV ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
pathy which we carried back with us to our work with advantage to ourselves and to those whom we taught and influenced.
I cannot claim to have been one of the most regular of the fellows of this Society, but I can say that, whenever I have been present here, I have regretted my omissions in the past, and have resolved to be more regular in the future. Of a Society which has excited such thoughts and purposes, it cannot be said that it has no practical value. Let us come, however, to something more definite.
During the last year, to go no further back, we have lost two men who would be an honour to any learned company, Principal Sir William Dawson and Sir James Edgar. May we not here also, for a moment, refer to a loss still more recently sustained by the whole Empire, in which Canada and the Royal Society may be said to have a peculiar interest, in the death of the Duke of Argyll ? He was a man of great parts and large attainments—a scholar, a thinker, a writer, in politics, science, and theology. Nor should we here forget that he was the father of the Founder of this Society, then the Marquess of Lorne and Governor-Gen- eral of Canada, and now Duke of Argyll. Those who will turn back to the first volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society, and will ponder the wise and weighty words of its founder at the first meeting of its members, will learn something of the debt which we owe to him; and it may be worthy of consideration whether it is not our duty, as a Society, to convey to His Grace our respectful sympathy in the loss which he has sustained, and our earnest wishes for his well-being in the future.
Sir John William Dawson has great claims upon the reverent remem- brance of this Society. He was not only its first president, but a fre- quent contributor to its Transactions, and his name and fame would bring honour to any literary or scientific society in the world. Born in Nova Scotia in 1820, educated partly in his native province and partly in the University of Edinburgh, he soon became distinguished in various departments of learning.. From the year 1855 he was Principal of ‘McGill University, and contributed in no small degree to the growth and development of that great institution. It would be wearisome to recount but a small portion of his achievements in science and in litera- ture, especially in the presence of a body to the members of which he was so intimately known; and it may suffice to quote a testimony which comes from the great Republic to the south of us: “He has been for more than a third of a century recognized by all competent judges as one of the few great masters of that wonderful science which seeks to read the handwriting of God on the face of the rocks.”
Sir James Edgar was a figure not easily forgotten by those who had once seen him. Cultivated, courteous, dignified, he was the beau ideal
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XXXV
of a parliamentary speaker, so that one can at a glance understand that, when he was nominated for that elevated position, he was elected by acclamation. He was known in many walks of life, and it would not be too much to say that he adorned them all; and many of his poems rise to a high pitch of excellence. One which may be unknown to those
present, as it was to myself until the other day, I may perhaps venture to quote:
CANADIAN CAMPING SONG.
A white tent pitched by a glassy lake, Well under a shady tree,
Or by rippling rills from the grand old hills, Is the summer home for me.
I fear no blaze of the noontide rays, For the woodland glades are mine,
The fragrant air, and that perfume rare— The odour of forest pine.
A cooling plunge at the break of day, A paddle, a row, or sail ;
With always a fish for a midday dish, And plenty of Adam’s ale ;
With rod or gun, or in hammock swung, We glide thro’ the pleasant days ;
When darkness falls on our canvas walls, We kindle the camp-fire’s blaze.
From out of the gloom sails the silvery moon, O’er forests dark and still ;
Now far, now near, ever sad and clear, Comes the plaint of whip-poor-will ;
With song and laugh, and with kindly chaff, We startle the birds above ;
Then rest tired heads on our cedar beds, And dream of the ones we love.
It may be permitted, for a moment, to look back beyond the year which has just passed and to commemorate those who have gone over to the majority, after having here served their day and generation. The original members of the Society numbered eighty, twenty in each section. ‘There are now 96 members, 24 in the 2nd and 4th sections, 23 in the third, and 25 in the first. Of those who have been presidents of the
XXXVI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
Society, the first four and the sixth have passed away. When we men- tion tneir names, Sir William Dawson, the Hon. Mr. Chauveau, Dr. Sterry Hunt, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Dr. G. Lawson, it will be felt that not only the Society, but the world is the poorer for the loss of them. Happily we still retain the greater number who have shared that honour, and they are not among the least known or the least valued of our members.
Glancing at the various sections into which the work of the Society is divided, we become aware of the ravages of time in every department. In the first section, that of French literature, we have still twelve of the original twenty, and among them those who (as the Reports of the Society will show) have done much valuable work. It is sufficient to mention the names of the Abbé Casgrain, Dr. Fréchette, Sir James LeMoine, Dr. Marchand, and M. Benjamin Sulte, all of them among the original mem- bers of the Society, and still remaining with us.
In the English section, our losses have been more severe. Of the original twenty, only eight remain, although three of the remaining twelve are yet alive. Of those who have passed away, special mention should be made of Evan MacColl, the Gaelic poet, Charles Sangster, the Canadian poet, and Mr. John L’Esperance, litlérateur and journalist, all of whom have distinguished themselves in their own department; and to these should be added the names of Dr. Alpheus Todd, whose work is too well known, not merely in Canada, but throughout the Empire, to need any comment or commendation from me; and Professor Paxton Young, who, although, as far as I know, he left no writings of much importance behind him, during his period of teaching communicated his thought and much intellectual stimulus to the minds of many men who, as students, came under his influence.
Passing on to the third section, I find that eight of the original twenty have left us; but one of them—a much valued member—Pro- fessor Chapman, is still alive. Dr. Sterry Hunt was a loss to science and to Canada. Of the fourth section, eight have also gone. But here I am passing into regions of which I can speak only from hearsay. The late Mr. Matthew Arnold expended a good deal of labour in proving that Belles Lettres, as he called it—shall we say Literature?—was much more cultivating and civilizing than science. However this may be, we who are literary and not scientific, may be wiser, if we do not expose our ignorance of science.
On one point, however, in the relation of science to theology and literature, I may be permitted to dwell for a moment. It is hardly necessary to refer to the old-time feuds and controversies between the men of science and the men of theology. To go no further, the late
f
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XXXVII
Duke of Argyll has set forth this discord abundantly in his “ Reign of Law,” and the fact is notorious. There was in the theologian a deep- seated suspicion that the discoveries—rather the theories—of science would be found opposed to the doctrines which it was his business to de- fend. It was of little use pointing out to him that one truth could not contradict another, that science could have no quarrel with any other department of knowledge or investigation ; and that any contradiction that might seem to arise only demanded further investigation and not mutual anathemas. We are familiar with this state of mind; and in our own Society it has been dealt with by two of our Presidents, Sir W. Dawson and Monsignor Hamel.
But it is not merely that theology and science have come to a better understanding : Science itself is, in recent times, actually coming to the aid of theology, and this in a very thorough and far-reaching manner. Science is no longer arrayed on the side of materialism or even atheism ; it has passed over to spiritualism and theism.
We cannot altogether wonder at the prejudices and suspicions of the theologian. When a scientific man could say of the idea of God, “ I have no need of that hypothesis,” he declared war upon the advocates of Theism ; and it is not so very long since a school which was essentially materialistic was the dominant school of thought in Great Britain. The present speaker well remembers a conversation which he had, more than forty years ago, with Professor Mansel, the famous Bampton Lecturer of 1858, a man whom I may say that, however we may now refuse to accept his conclusions in regard to the limits of religious thought, he was certainly one of the most powerful intellects ot the Oxford of the nine- teenth century. Speaking of some of his contributions to the magazines, I asked him why he did not collect them and publish them in a volume. His answer was, “ People here in Oxford read nothing in Philosophy now but J. S. Mill.” Nearly at the same time the speaker had a conver- sation with another leading man at Oxford, now a Professor of Divinity, who espoused the side of Mill. With the ardour of comparative youth he bruke in, “ Mill is an Atheist.” “He has not said it,” was the reply. No! he had not said it ; but, since then, he has said it from the grave, in his Autobiography and in his “Three Essays,” published by his step- daughter after his death. Mr. Mill in these writings, declares that, at a certain period of his life, he became an atheist. I need not here enter upon the process by which he arrived at this conclusion. Yet it may be useful to notice that even he, towards the end of his life, felt constrained to admit that the argument from adaptation was certainly very strong— a concession almost savouring of Theism. But we have now long passed
R Proe:; 1900). c.
XXX VIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
that moment of transition. Not merely did Professor Tyndall, in his Belfast address, declare that materialistic Atheism did not commend itself to his judgment, but, at the present moment, there is hardly a man eminent in science who will not declare that Materialism is an impossible theory of the world.
May we not say that men of science are, more and more, returning to the position of Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, who declared: “I had rather believe all the fables in the Legend, and the Talmud, and the. Alcoran, than that this universal frame is without a mind? ”
If I have ventured here to bring forward these statements, it is not. merely for the purpose of asserting an interesting theoretical truth, but with a practical intention. If our science is to be of any real value, it must guide our methods of education. If we are to be students of litera- ture, we must consider well all the extent and bearings of literature. To be brief, we must ask why the Sacred Scriptures should be excluded. from our system of education in Ontario. We may regard the subject from the point of view of Science or of Literature. Take the last first. Certainly the sacred writings are literature—of a very high class and of very wide influence. Many years ago an ingenious gentleman imagined a dream in which it was discovered that all the quotations and allusions borrowed from the Sacred Scriptures had vanished from the literature of the world. The chasm was vast, the loss was irreparable. ‘The best parts of the greatest writers had disappeared. How is it, then, that every other literature, Greek and Roman, French, German and Italian, is allowed a place in our school and college curriculum, but not this? We may read the writings of Homer, and Virgil, and Dante, and Moliére, and Goethe and Shakespeare ; but we may not read or teach the writings of Moses, or David, or Isaiah, or Paul, or John. But this is not all. We need the ideal element in education. It is not enough to plod along, adding up rows of figures, criticizing sentences and paragraphs, cram- ming formule of all kinds in all sorts of sciences; it is necessary, if men are to be more than machines and “ patent digesters,” that they should have set before them some high ideal of life and action to which they might be taught to aspire. How are we to bring this about ? By the three R’s? By reading, writing, and arithmetic, by grammar, geography, chemistry, and all the other sciences ? No one will venture to say so: We must bring it about, if it is to be brought about, by religion. And I know not, nobody knows, where this religion is to be found so well set forth and illustrated as in the Collection of Books which we call the | Bible. ,
It will be said, this is adequately done in the Separate Schools. Yes. All honour to the Roman Catholics of the Dominion: they have not
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XXXIX
been contented with mere secular education anywhere. But are they alone to be taught religious truths ? The Protestants, it will be said, accomplish the same thing in their Sunday-Schools. The Sunday- Schools ! Heaven forbid that any word of scorn should be spoken of these schools, or of the self-denying men and women by whom they are carried on. But two things may be said with perfect certainty. In the first place, multitudes of children do not go to our Sunday-Schools; and, secondly, the instruction in many of these schools is pronounced by their best friends to be quite inadequate. We have warnings enough on this subject coming from the United States. In those rapidly-growing dis- tricts, in which the churches can do little to overtake the needs of the masses, multitudes of children are said to be growing up without a sense of God, or duty, or morality. In our own more slowly growing popula- tion, the evil is not so rampant, but it is growing and extending. And even now there are multitudes of children educated in our public schools who scoff at any argument except that which may be derived from con- siderations of pleasure or profit.
I take no credit for bringing this subject before the present meeting. It is in the air. Wherever I turn I hear men speak of it. At teachers’ meetings of different kinds, in different localities, the need of more definite religious instruction is brought forward. It is an error to say that the teachers are indisposed to impart such instruction. I have been present at a meeting of teachers where, without a dissenting voice, it has been declared that religious teaching up to a certain point was actu- ally given, and that measures should be taken to give it more fully and systematically.
Doubtless there are difficulties in the way; but there are no difficul- ties which could not be removed if the matter were taken seriously in hand. There are certain points on which we are all substantially agreed: we are all ready to teach Old and New Testament history and a morality based upon the words of Christ. Even J. 8. Mill declared that an un- believer could not teach a better morality than this. If more than this is desired, it might be imparted by the clergy of different denominations to the children of their own communions. If less were desired, if any parents wished that their children should receive no religious instruc- tion, then a Conscience Class might be provided for such exceptional cases, and the children thus removed from religious teaching might be set to some other lesson while the others were engaged in that way. That something of the kind will be carried through before long, I am quite convinced. I appeal to the members of this Society to use their great and legitimate influence, so that the work may be done in the best possible manner.
XL ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
It has been said that there is something inconsistent in our having a department of Canadian Literature, since it can be regarded as only a branch of English literature. But this is not strictly the case, and, even if it were so, we should still have not unimportant functions to discharge in more ways than one.
In the first place, we have a history of our own, a history full of interest and even of romance; and the work done in regard to this history is of great value as history and as literature. It is hardly necessary to refer to the work of Parkman, who, although not a countryman of our own, has won the right and more than the right to be an honorary Cana- dian by his splendid contributions to the past history of our country. In the fulness, carefulness, and impartiality of his researches he has left hardly anything to be desired. Those who may follow him will have but the merest gleanings of the field which he reaped; and the form in which he has presented the story of the country is as attractive as the matter of the story is trustworthy. He has gone beyond our thanks or our appreciation ; but the memory of his work will be fresh when this and many generations shall have passed away.
We cannot have many Parkmans in any country, and Can is too young to hope for many such for years to come. Yet we are not without diligent and successful labourers in the same field, who have made con- tributions of permanent value to the records of the past. Among these a high place of honour must be assigned to a member of our own body, the late Dr. Kingsford, a man who, after a long and busy life, devoted to labours and interests the most varied, consecrated the closing years of his sojourn here to the accomplishment of a work which should tell the story of Canada, in full detail, from the earliest times to the union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841. If we cannot claim for this work of Dr. Kingsford’s that it shall be reckoned as the final history even of the period which it covers, it must at least be acknowledged that it contains an amount of carefully collected and sifted material which no future historian can properly or wisely neglect, and that the author conducted his researches and wrote his book in a truly historical spirit. It was a source of the greatest satisfaction to his numerous friends that Dr. Kingsford lived to see the publication of the last volume of his work. It has been truly said that history belongs almost equally to the sphere of science and to that of literature ; and in some recent histories we have the predominance of the one or of the other. In Mr. Roberts’ recent History of Canada we have literature, if not so largely science ; and in Sir John Bourinot’s we have a happy blending of both. And here, I trust, I shall not be thought to be guilty of a liberty if I refer
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 .XLI
briefly to the great obligations we are under to our Honorary Secretary. When one looks back on the immense work which he has done for the Society, in addition to all his other labours, one remembers what was said of Chrysippus, not the founder but an early teacher of the Stoics : “If Chrysippus were not, the Stoa were not.” So might we say, “If Sir John Bourinot were not, the Royal Society were not.”
In connection with the subject of history, mention should be made of one who has rendered important services to this department, although, through the accident of his residence outside the Dominion, he is not a member of this Society. I refer to Mr. William Francis Ganong, Pro- fessor in Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, a native of New Brunswick, who has made most valuable contributions to the history of a province hitherto neglected. His essays on “Relics of the French Period in New Brunswick” and other cognate subjects are conceived in the thorough critical spirit of modern scientific historical investiga- tion. It will be seen that he contributes, this year, a paper to the department of English literature and history: “ A Monograph of the Evolution of the Boundaries of the Province of New Brunswick.” The mention of this province reminds us of another distinguished writer, who, however, is a member of our Society, Dr. Matthew, of St. John, who has made valuable contributions to the Transactions of our Society on the subject of Geology.
Passing to literature, more properly and distinctively so-called, it is possible for us, in the dreams of our youthful ambition, to raise our expectations so high that we must needs encounter disappointment ; yet we may venture to say that no reasonable anticipations will be dis- appointed. In literature, let us remember, there are two things, matter and form—thought and expression ; and neither of these will be satis- fy ng apart from the other. We must have, on the one hand, elevation, freshness, richness of thought ; and, on the other, purity, clearness, and force of expression. It cannot be said that the circumstances of a country like this are favourable either to depth and maturity of thought or to graceful and artistic language. Yet it cannot be said with truth that we are entirely destitute of qualities that may be called literary, or that we have produced nothing worthy to be called literature. It is true, we are most of us mere working-men without leisure for the culti- vation of our tastes. Our work is too continuous, too unbroken. Medi- tation, by which above all things the intelligence and the imagination are rendered fertile, is not for us. It is to us almost a strange work. And yet we have some compensations. We live in a free country inheriting the traditions of two of the greatest literary races that the
XLII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
world has seen ; and, if we sit humbly, as we and all men ought to sit, at the feet of the mighty ones of past ages, it is as learners, desirous of catching their spirit, rather than as mere imitators or copyists.
Nor has our success been altogether insignificant. In fiction and in poetry we have produced writers who are appreciated and admired wherever our language is spoken. ‘Those who, years ago, discerned the promise of the “ Chien d’Or,” have wondered that Mr. Kirby has not further enriched our library of fiction ; and we are certainly not with- out contemporaneous novelists of merit. Mr. Gilbert Parker, who began his literary career with the publication of poems which attracted attention and admiration, has, as a novelist, taken his place in the first rank of living writers ; and most of his themes are drawn from Cana- dian sources. Mr. Robert Barr, again, who, although born in Scotland, was brought to Canada as a child and received his education in this country, is becoming widely known on both sides of the Atlantic as a novelist of mark. In this department there are lady writers not a few of high merit, probably many more than are known to the present speaker. Among these may be named Mrs. Harrison, Mrs. Jean Blewett, Miss Wetherald, and others. But still more remarkable are the poetical gifts of a very considerable number of our countrymen and country- women, including some of those already named. We live in a poetic age. We have writers of poetry, in the old world and in the new, who will be forgotten almost as soon as they become known, whose effusions will compare favourably with those of some who attained the rank of standard poets in the 18th century. This is said deliberately and advis- edly, however it may be explained. It may be that the spread of educa- tion and the consequent wider acquaintance with the great writers of early times has something to do with it. It may be that the great revival of religion in the Methodist movement of the last century and the Oxford movement of a later time has aroused men to the perception of new and higher ideals. Indeed, it is plain that every department of art has received a stimulus and an impulse, music, and painting, and poetry alike. But however this may be, the fact can hardly be denied, and our share in the harvest is not small. It is possible that our poets exercise hardly enough of self-restraint, are too ready to put forth their thoughts and emotions as though every utterance of theirs must be worthy of being perpetuated. In this respect they are not unlike some of their great predecessors. How much greater Wordsworth would appear if we could forget half of what he has written! Byron, Burns, and many another have left us contributions of which we heartily wish _ that they could have been consigned to the waste-paper basket, and
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XLII
never have emerged from thence. One great poet there is, one not long lost, who sat silent for years and nursed his muse until the fire burned bright and he was constrained to speak with his tongue. If all our poets could emulate the humility and reticence of Tennyson, some of them might be numbered among the immortals. And we believe that much of their work will live on beyond the age of its birth. It is not quite easy to discriminate, and one is sure to pass over some poets and poems most worthy of remembrance. Yet some names may be mentioned. To begin with some of our own members no longer in their youth. One remembers a volume consisting largely of real poetry by Mr. George Murray, and wonders, as we do also with Mr. Moir, that we do not hear of them again. And there are our younger poets.
I was about to mention the names of those who were known to myself when there came into my hands a volume, just published, entitled “ A Treasury of Canadian Verse,” edited by Professor Theodore Rand, himself a poet of high distinction and excellence. In the preface to that volume Dr. Rand seems to me to have characterized the productions of our Canadian poets with so much insight and judgment that I would gladly have reproduced his words in this place. As, however, they are within the easy reach of us all, and as the reading of the preface*may lead to our making acquaintance with the very remarkable collection of poems which fill nearly 400 pages of the volume, this reference may suffice. A survey of the mere list of writers whose poems are collected in this volume makes one shrink from the attempt to enumerate them. As regards the poems themselves, I venture to say that few, even of those best acquainted with our literature, will read them without astonishment.
But to return—even supposing that our literature is but a small branch on the great English tree, is that a reason why it should be neglected or undervalued ? May we not have a work of our own to accomplish ? May we not contribute something to the common stock and fund? There are always some among us who seem apprehensive and jealous of our drawing nearer to the Mother Country. They are not merely for Canada first, but they seem unwilling that Canada should be enriched from without, as though any nation bad ever been enriched, materially, intellectually, or spiritually by being shut up within itself. Has Scotland lost its individuality by its closer union with its great neighbour, England ? It has gained in every sense and in every way. It has received much, and it has given much in exchange. If Scotland honours Shakespeare and Milton, would not England be poorer without Burns and Scott? Canada has a great outlook and immense resources, and, under any conditions, is destined to be great ; but Canada will be
XLIV ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
greater still as a part of the British Empire. Such thoughts are forced powerfully upon us by all that is passing around us. But, for the moment, we are thinking of our literary work; and I wish more particu- larly to draw attention to a work on behalf of English language and literature in which we Canadians may render a powerful assistance. There is a danger—it has often been recognized and pointed out—of our language becoming deteriorated by the introduction of foreign elements, and even by the reception of terms and phrases from the great Republic beside us. Let us not be misunderstood. I do not forget, for a moment, that the best American authors write English as pure and as good as the best English writers; but this is because they write English and not American. So far as there is an American language, it is inferior to classical English ; and even good American writers have peculiarities not found in good English writers. For example, not one American in ten properly distinguishes the use of shall and will in speak- ing or writing; and it is very much the same with us in Canada. We have got it, as probably they have done, from Scotland and Ireland.
It is not quite easy for us or for those living in Great Britain to detect the introduction of foreign and corrupting elements. The lan- guage of our times is like the air that we breathe: it surrounds us, it enters into us, it becomes part of us. Yet we may learn a lesson from what is going on in other languages. Take, as an example, that beau- tiful language which is spoken by so many of our fellow Canadians. It is probable that an ordinary Parisian would be conscious of no great changes from the language of a century or two centuries ago. How does it strike English-speaking men or women ? We who are familiar with the perfect French of Pascal, Bossuet, Moliére, Le Sage, and Vol- taire—we need go no further, you may find better examples, if you can— how does the French of the ordinary French novel of the day strike us? We say, it is a worse language, it has deteriorated. Shall we go further? —hby reason of the introduction of strange and foreign elements into it it has got vulgarized. We who speak English habitually are not aware of any change having passed upon it; but how does it strike others ? And how does our ordinary Canadian language strike the most highly educated Englishman ? Undoubtedly, the ordinary spoken language of Canada is purer than the ordinary language of England. Is the best here equal to the best there—to any great extent? Looking at the influence of the American language upon us, we become aware of two different elements in it. In the first place, there are a good many sur- vivals in the American language—words which have become obsolete in England, either in use or in application, but have retained their place
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XLV
in America. It would be desirable, if it were possible, to recover these for speech and for literature ; and to some extent, at least, it could be done. Another class of words which have slipped in surreptitiously, some of them from the Far West, some from the Spaniards in the South, some from the employments of colonists and settlers, might well be sifted, so as to retain that which might enrich us, and dismiss whatever might seem debased or corrupting.
In this respect we Canadians have a grave responsibility. We stand between the Mother Land and her independent daughter, and we are receiving influences from both sides, so that we can hardly be unaware of the dangers to which we have referred. There is a good deal in our actual usages which will not bear the test of a rigorous examination. When we hear members of Parliament and other highly educated per- sonages declaring, “I seen him” and the like, we feel a kind of shudder go over us, and we wonder what the language of Shakespeare and Milton and Tennyson is coming to. And there are things as bad in our forms of correspondence, such as the omission of the first personal pro- noun in sentence after sentence of our letters. For example, a corres- pondent tells us: “ Was glad to receive your letter,” “ Am sorry I did not write,” “ Will do better next time.” These and the like are simply most horrid vulgarisms. Such things are tolerable in telegrams, even commendable as saving money, but intolerable in English composition. I don’t deny their use in Latin.
Much more might be said on this subject, and also on our general pronunciation, which is susceptible of improvement. Perhaps a refer- ence might also be made to the subject of spelling. In regard to the attempted reforms in the direction of what is called phonetic spelling, it is quite clear that the general voice of English literary men has pro- nounced strongly and decidedly against them, and there is little prospect of this decision being reversed for many a day to come, if ever. But attempts are made, from time to time, to simplify the spelling of words in common use, which appear to meet with a certain measure of success— with results not at all pleasing to an ordinary educated eye.
Some time ago I received—probably all the fellows in the section of English literature received—a circular containing a list of some hun- dreds of words which we were asked to promise to spell in a shorter manner, by the omission of supposed unnecessary vowels and consonants, providing a certain number—a hundred or some larger number—would undertake to do the same. It was a most ghastly array of poor atten- uated things which had stripped off all their past history and were barely recognizable any more. I for one left my correspondent in no doubt.
XLVI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
I returned his circular with certain emendations, declarmg that, if 10,000 persons should adopt those spellings, 1 would not.
Changes of this kind can be opposed among ourselves only by free individual and collective effort. There is no prospect of any English academy ever being founded for the stamping of words, and phrases, and pronunciations and spellings. If it ever were founded, there is no prospect of any considerable number of Britons paying the least atten- tion toit. Is it not M. Taine who says the French love equality and care little for liberty; whereas the English care little or nothing for equality, but are determined to have liberty ? No doubt the love of liberty is a beautiful and a noble quality, but occasionally it may take strange direc- tions. Be this as it may, there is no chance of an English literary academy being formed, and it is only by influence and example that the spread of right principles on this or any other subject can be secured. For this reason it is all the more our duty to see that a heritage so precious as our mother tongue take no hurt at our hands or the hands of others. It is a splendid possession. May we not say of it, “ Spartam nactus es: hane orna.” <A good Providence has provided this beautiful thing for you, see that you add to its lustre—an appeal which can hardly be made in vain.
But there is still one subject, present to the thoughts of all here— and of all the inhabitants of the great Empire of which we form a part— on which it is of absolute necessity that some words should be said on an occasion like the present—if those words were spoken only in the interests of human civilization. For, if this Society has any general end in view, contemplated in all its departments, it surely must be the advancement of human civilization ; and if ever, in the history of the world, there was a war undertaken with this simple end in view, it is the war now being carried on in South Africa, by the British against the Boers of the Transvaal and the Orange State. On this point there is a substantial agreement. The absurd charges of the war having originated in a desire on the part of Great Britain, or of British financiers, to gain possession of the mines of South Africa, can scarcely be believed even by those who put them forward. They are hardly worthy of a moment’s consideration. The origin of the war was the refusal of the Transvaal Government to consider the claims of the English speaking inhabitants —who form the majority of the population—to a share in the govern- ment of the country. Here were people paying more than three-fourths of the taxes of the country who had no voice whatever in the expendi- ture of the revenues of the country. This was bad enough; but even worse is the undeniable fact that the purity of the courts of justice was
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XLVII
corrupted, any decision which seemed adverse to the dominant race being overruled by the legislative action of the Raad. In addition to these grievances should be mentioned the determination of the Boers to keep the subject races permanently in a state of serfdom or worse. Was it to be endured that a country, having some kind of dependence on the British Crown, should be permitted to treat British subjects as little better than outlaws, offering them privileges which were generally fictitious, gradually withdrawing those which they had offered; and that their cruelty to the aborigines should be allowed and virtually sanctioned ? It has been said that South Africa was not created by the British ; but neither was it created by the Boers; and, whatever claim of ownership may be constituted in either case by possession, it cannot be held to annihilate the natural rights of those who form the vast majority of the population, and whose ancestors have possessed the ter- ritory for centuries. In the long run, indeed, it will be decided that the country must be in the hands of those who are able and willing to govern it well, and he will be a bold man who will say the Boers have done this, and a very sanguine man who will cherish the hope that they would ever do so in the future.
On these points, it may be said, there is essential agreement among all who have cared to study the merits of the case. So far as I am aware, there is only one plea entered in favour of the Boer government and in condemnation of the action of the British government in proclaiming war. They were too precipitate, it is said: if they had only gone on negotiating for a longer period, they might have come to an agreement with the government of the Transvaal, and so the war might have been averted. According to others, indeed, they delayed too long, and put off their preparations to such an extent that the Boers were able to complete the preparations they were making to resist the British demands and power. It is obvious that one or other of these objections must fall to the ground ; and the latter being an objection not to the war, but to the manner or time of its inception and conduct, may be set aside. Was there any probability, then, let us ask, of the Transvaal government being induced, by the representations of Great Britain, to grant proper concessions to their English-speaking population? The answer to this question is really very simple. The leading men of the Transvaal had long determined to throw off every irace and semblance of British govern- ment, and for many years they had been making preparations, on an immense scale, to resist any attempt on the part of Great Britain to enforce their resolution to gain something like freedom for their people. They were resolved—so some of them declared openly, and there was a
XLVIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
general sympathy with the resolve—to have a Dutch-Boer Republic in South Africa, extending from the Zambesi to the Cape of Good Hope; and for this they have been making preparations for nearly twenty years. The Jameson Raid was in no sense the cause or origin of those warlike preparations. It was an effect, not a cause, an effect of the evil govern- ment of a corrupt obligarchy ; and however foolish and ill-advised the raid itself may have been, the movement out of which it sprang was altogether defensible.
If ever a war was waged in the history of the world, just, necessary, and inevitable, this in South Africa is such a war. Men may object to war altogether, in any circumstances, and this is a perfectly intelligible position. We can understand the doctrine of Christian non-resistance, even if we do not practise it. But those who grant the lawfulness of war will find few wars waged in the history of the world so justifiable as that in which we are now engaged.
We admit—it is obvious—that our sacrifices have been great, and that sacrifices no less great may be required at our hands; but we must remember that sacrifice has ever, in the history of man, been the condi- tion of progress ; and we are persuaded that the brave men who have shed their blood in this conflict have yielded their lives up cheerfully in the cause of humanity, for it is the progress of mankind that they are contending for ; and those who have yielded up their bravest and their best will yet thank God that they were permitted to suffer in such a cause.
We might dwell for a moment—if no more—on the incidental advantages which have resulted, and will yet result, from the co-opera- tion of the British Colonies with the Mother Country in this great work. It cannot be doubted that by this means a sentiment of unity has been generated, which, otherwise, it might have taken decades or centuries to produce. The imperial idea which floated before us as an unem- hodied principle, has now entered into our heart and soul. We know that we are one, united under one benign rule, living and fighting under one flag. Nor may we forget—although we remember it in no spirit of boasting—the honourable, the glorious part borne in the conflict by the © sons of Canada. Looking onwards to the future, we seem to see the promise of settled peace within the Empire, when men shall devote all their energies and endeavours to the advancement of the cause of humanity, to the onward progress of civilization; for war, however just, however necessary, is after all but the way to peace. And that end will be reached in the right and appointed time. It may seem to tarry and to be long on the way ; but it will surely come—that time spoken of by holy men of old, when the nations of the earth “shall beat their swords
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1900 XLIX
into ploughshares and their spears into pruning hooks:” when “nation
shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more ;” that time of which the poet has sung :
When “ the war drum throbbed no longer, and the battle flags were furled In the Parliament of Man, the Federation of the World.”
SP 0, WR) AR DORE
eS 2 \ } ay ( dy el qui VA Li À pfs ' Ar Lun 7: ane hy Vial We Pt MAR ATOS
Pa? Od hs i DUT ie ‘ ML n
170%
ee) ST ; 3 Ws | ei a as ei |
ob fy ms i! A
We ah AA neg F0 NUE a ne 4! aati ie a AS ‘4 1 une f= yy | | oe a ES | 4 NL ey | ne | te era
on A! L
no she ie M FA aad fh: a y an ae ad
APPENDICEHS
A.) COPYRIGHT QUESTION. B. TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
C. REPORTS FROM LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SO- CIETIES.
‘ 1e) i i 4" Ro ae : | y s, } UC. 0 ae yr, A : UN ‘ é ‘ - | ; 4 iat 1 | | y why > A's bl ao 4
Pre | MATIN Bit DATA 11144 |
x d | #1 Ke Lt alt ant Bey ue |
oh) ey vi IA | ra fet Vad CARE ber ni AAC ky | FSU ae
À fi a, rf mre ) ieee | AO BRS) ARE } | A ; ae VP hoe pn)
APPENDIX, A.
THE COPYRIGHT QUESTION. AN ACT TO AMEND THE COPYRIGHT ACT.
(Passed in the Session of 1900.)
Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows :—
1. If a book as to which there is subsisting copyright under The Copyright Act has been first lawfully published in any part of Her Majesty’s dominions other than Canada, and if it is proved to the satis- faction of the Minister of Agriculture that the owner of the copyright so subsisting and of the copyright acquired by such publication has law- fully granted a license to reproduce in Canada, from movable or other types, or fronf stereotype plates, or from electro-plates, or from litho- graph stones, or by any process for facsimile reproduction, an edition or editions of such book designed for sale only in Canada, the Minister may notwithstanding anything in The Copyright Act, by order under his hand, prohibit the importation, except with the written consent of the licensee, into Canada of any copies of such book printed elsewhere; provided that two such copies may be specially imported for the bond fide use of any public free library or any university or college library, or for the library of any duly incorporated institution or society for the use of the mem- bers of such institution or society.
2. The Minister of Agriculture may at any time in like manner, by order under his hand, suspend or revoke such prohibition upon importa- tion if it is proved to his satisfaction that—
(a) the license to reproduce in Canada has terminated or ex- pired ; or
(b) the reasonable demand for the book in Canada is not sufficiently met without importation ; or
(c) the book is not, having regard to the demand therefor in Canada, being suitably printed or published ; or
(d) any other state of things exists on account of which it is not in the public interest to further prohibit importation.
3. At any time after the importation of a book has been prohibited under section 1 of this Act, any person resident or being in Canada may
R Proc., 1900. D.
IT ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
apply, either directly or through a book seller or other agent, to the per- son so licensed to reproduce such book, for a copy of any edition of such book then on sale and reasonably obtainable in the United Kingdom or some other part of Her Majesty’s dominions, and it shall then be the duty of the person so licensed, as soon as reasonably may be, to import and sell such copy to the person so applying therefor, at the ordinary selling price of such copy in the United Kingdom or such other part of Her Majesty’s dominions, with the duty and reasonable forwarding charges added ; and the failure or neglect, without lawful excuse, of the person so licensed to supply such copy within a reasonable time, shall be a reason for which the Minister may, if he sees fit, suspend or revoke the prohibition upon importation.
4. The Minister shall forthwith inform the Department of Customs of any order made by him under this Act.
5. All books imported in contravention of this Act may be seized by any officer of Customs, and shall be forfeited to the Crown and destroyed ; and any person importing, or causing or permitting the im- portation, of any book in contravention of this Act shall, for each offence, be lable, upon summary conviction, to a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars.
Toronto, 28th May, 1900. DEAR SIR JOHN BOURINOT :
I have great pleasure in responding to your desire that I should send you a memorandum upon the question of Canadian Copyright, although I think you will agree with me that it is not easy to compress within reasonable limits any useful summary of so complex a subject. In the following notes I have made free use of a private memorandum, for which I am indebted to Lord Thring, who has drawn the bill now before Imperial Parliament, and who has given the whole subject of copyright more study than perhaps anyone else.
The British Copyright Act of 1842 following the example of the Act of Ann (1709, 8 Ann, c. 21) extended copyright to the whole of Her Majesty’s dominions ; but did not extend to the colonies the right to grant copyright throughout the Empire for books first published in the colonies. This was remedied in 1886, when by the International Copy- right Act (49 and 50 Vict., c. 33) British copyright was extended to books first published in the colonies as if they had been published in the United Kingdom. Books published anywhere in the Empire had thus Imperial copyright.
APPENDIX A II
Between 1842 and 1847 the conditions of the publishing trade in Great Britain rendered the publication of comparatively expensive editions the rule. The principal demand for books came through the cireulating libraries and these were not numerous. This condition in the absence of any international arrangement with the United States led to the reprinting in that country of English books in a cheap form, with- out as a rule any compensation to the authors or the holders of the Eng- lish copyrights. The existence of cheap reprints of English books on the other side of the line and the impossibility of importing them into the British North American provinces without breaking the law, led to demands on the part of the provinces that some arrangement might be made by which cheap editions might be procured for them as well as for the United States. The law of copyright as understood at that time, prevented an English publisher from assigning any part of his copyright without assigning the whole of it; and thus even though the Canadian publishers had been willing to purchase the right to produce cheap editions of English books suitable for the colonial market, they could not have done so.! This grievance was pressed strongly upon the British Government, and in 1847, the Colonial Copyright Act (10 and 11 Vict. c. 96) was passed. By this Act, the Queen was authorized to allow by order-in-council the introduction of foreign reprints of English books into any colony which provided for the payment of a certain royalty to the author. The Act was passed to meet the special case of Canada; but nineteen colonies availed themselves of its provisions. During the ten years subsequent to the passing of the Act Canada paid about $5,000 in royalties, while the remaining colonies paid about $350, seven of them paying nothing at all?
In 1865 there was passed the Colonial Laws Validity Act (28 and 29 Vict. c. 63) which declared to be void any Act of a colonial legislature which was repugnant to any Act of the Imperial Parliament.
In 1867 the British North America Act in Section 91, specifies copyright among the subjects which are to be within the exclusive legis- lative authority of the Parliament of Canada, as distinguished from the Provincial Legislatures.*
Meanwhile the operation of the Colonial Copyright Act of 1847, known as the Foreign Reprints Act, had resulted in widespread dissatis-
a
1 See opinion of Lord St. Leonards, ‘‘ Jeffreys v. Boosey,” IV., H. of L. Repts., p. 815. This opinion has, however, been overruled.
2 Report of Copyright Commission, 1876, quoted in Report of Departmental Re- presentatives (of the Colonial Office, etc.) appointed to consider the Canadian Copy- right Act of 1889. Correspondence, etc., Ottawa, 1896, p. 1281.
STD.
AN ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
faction both in England and in Canada.‘ In order to remedy the griev- ances it was proposed in 1869 that the Governor-General-in-Council should grant licences to Canadian publishers to publish English books on payment of a royalty or excise duty of 124%. This involved, of course, the publication with or without the consent of the author. Ob- jections were made to this proposal and it was dropped.
After correspondence in 1873 and 1874 between the Colonial Office and Mr. Mackenzie, then Premier of Canada, an Act was passed in the Dominion Parliament in 1875 giving power to any person domiciled in any part of the British Dominions to obtain copyright in Canada for 28 years, with a second term of 14 years. The condition being that the book should be printed and published or reprinted and republished in Canada. Under section 15? “ nothing in the Act shall be held to pro- hibit the importation from the United Kingdom of copies of such works legally printed there.” “The practical effect of the Canadian Act was to exclude, during the term of Canadian Copyright, foreign reprints of such books if they obtained the benefit of the special Canadian Copyright by being published and printed in Canada.”* Doubts arose concerning the validity of this Act, because of its repugnance to the Order-in-Council passed in accordance with the Foreign Reprints Act. An enabling Act was therefore passed by Imperial Parliament (The Canada Copyright Act, 1875, 38 and 39 Vict. c. 53). A clause (Sec. 4) was, however, inserted into this Act at the instance of the British publishers, prohibiting the introduction into England of Canadian reprints. The Act of 1875 so rendered valid appears now with immaterial formal alterations as 49 Vict. c. 62. This discussion led to the appointment of a Royal Com- mission upon copyright in 1876. This Commission reported finally in 1879, and among their recommendations was, that should the owner of a copyright in England refrain from availing himself of the provisions of the colonial copyright law, that a licence may be granted to republish the work in the colony upon the payment of a royalty to the author. It was recommended that the colony be left to settle the details.4 The Commission also recommended the continuance, with modifications of the Foreign Reprints Act. The Foreign Reprints Act has been modified
1 The causes of this dissatisfaction may be found in detail in Copyright Commis- sion Report, 1897.
? The original Act is to be found in Statutes of Canada, 39 Vict., vol. I., p. xxi., out of its proper order in the Statutes, as it was a reserved Act. It is properly de- scribed as 38 Vict., c. 88.
3 Report Departmental Representatives. Jb., p. 1285.
4 Report of Copyright Commission of 1876, quoted in Correspondence, etc., Ottawa, 1896, p. 1296.
APPENDIX A M
but the other recommendation regarding licences did not meet with favour in England and was not adopted.
A Bill consolidating the law of copyright was introduced in 1881 ; but it did not become law, and since then there has been no government measure on the subject.
In 1885, the Berne Convention was held for the purpose of arriving at an international understanding regarding copyright. The under- standing so arrived at was homologated by the passing of the Interna- tional Copyright Act of 1886 (49 and 50 Vict. e. 33), which with the relative Order-in-council of 22nd November, 1887, constitutes the present law upon the subject. To these Canada gave her assent. Sir John Thompson explains in his report on copyright to the Governor-General- in-Council of 7th February, 1894 ; that the reasons why Canada gave her assent was that she was expressly permitted to withdraw from the convention at any time by giving a year’s notice ; and that she felt con- fident that some amelioration of the situation would be speedily obtained.
In 1889, the Parliament of Canada passed an Act practically adopt- ing the recommendation of the Commission of 1876 as regards compul- sory licencing. This Act bore that it should come into force by pro- clamation of the Governor-General-in-Council. Since it came to be well understood that the Royal Assent would be withheld if it were applied for, the Act never became law.
The Canadian Government then formally gave notice to the Imperial Government that Canada desired to withdraw from the Berne Conven- tion. This request was not complied with, and an address of both Houses of the Dominion Parliament was unanimously passed in 1891, to the same effect. Further, in 1894, a similar and more imperative re- quest was made by the Canadian Government. The statements of the reasons on both sides are contained in the documents quoted and need not be detailed here.
In 1891, the United States passed a Copyright Law which in effect was the result of an agreement (not a treaty) between Great Britain and the United States.
The view then came to be held in England that to grant freedom of copyright legislation to Canada would prejudice this arrangement with the United States, and this undoubtedly contributed to the impasse into which the subject now speedily fell. The view of the English authori- ties was briefly that to grant Canada what she asked would involve the abandonment of the policy of international and imperial copyright, to which Canada had assented only a few years before. This position was fortified by that of the law officers of the Crown of two successive and
VE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
opposed administrations to the effect that without an enabling act of Parliament, Canada had no power to legislate upon copyright excepting as regards books first published in Canada. Matters were in this posi- tion when Sir John Thompson died. Had he lived it is possible that he would have been able to find some solution of the difficult position into which the matter had by force of circumstances drifted.
The British Authors’ Association, represented by Mr. Hall Caine, together with the Copyright Association of Great Britain, represented by Mr. F. R. Daldy, and the Canadian Copyright Association, repre- sented by Mr. John Ross Robertson and Mr. D. Rose, made in 1895 an endeavour to arrive at a settlement of the subject. A Bill was drawn up and submitted to the Government at Ottawa; but it was not proceeded with. The measure was to a large extent upon the lines of the Act of 1889.
During the years covered by this controversy important changes had been taking place in the trade of publishing. The three volume novel had come to a violent end at the hands of the six shilling book and then for reasons which need not be detailed it became a matter of importance for the British publisher to make stereotype plates of his books. These stereotype plates were readily reproducible and thus there was an ad- vantage alike for the Canadian publisher who wished to print in this country and for the British publisher who had his plates to sell in the handing of the plates over to the Canadian publisher on certain terms. During the past few years this practice had been growing up with regard to books published in the United States, and the benefit of the arrange- ment was felt by the Canadian printing and allied trades, since many books were printed in Canada from plates which it would not have paid to set up here in type. The practice also obtained to some extent with regard to English books. In the case of books printed from plates procured from the United States or books composed and printed in Canada the original copyrights of which were United States copyrights, large editions could be printed in Canada without fear that they would be restricted in their market by editions coming in from the other side of the line; but the printing in Canada of books first copyrighted in England was protected by no such provision. The clause (Sec. 15 in Act of 1875 and Sec. 6 in Act of 1886, Canadian Statutes) entitled any Eng- lish edition to come into Canada whether the market had been sold by the English to the Canadian publisher or not. To remedy this it was necessary to secure for Canada a separate market. The population of Canada had grown greatly between 1847 when the Foreign Reprints Act was passed and 1897. The conditions were no longer the same either as
APPENDIX A VII
regards the country or as regards the book trade. The advantage of à separate market was not merely one of which the publishers might avail themselves ; but was also of great importance to authors in England and Canada alike, for instead of being obliged to give away the Canadian mar- ket with the United States one, the author would, under such an arrange- ment as gave Canada a separate literary field, derive advantage in in- creased remuneration.
The constitutional aspects of the question were very divergent. Equally eminent legal authorities held contradictory views; and it seemed impossible to find any modus vivendi. But the emergence of the new conditions suggested that whatever view might be held about the right of Canada to legislate as she wanted to, there could be no valid objection to allowing Canada to legislate in a specifie way to remedy a specific and admitted grievance, so long as this remedy did not affect the international situation nor militate against the principle of Imperial Copyright. To do this, however, it was necessary in order to avoid constitutional complications again arising, to endeavour to get the Imperial Parliament to pass an enabling Act.
No one appeared to be moving in the subject when in February, 1899, a suggestion was made to form a Canadian Authors Society for the purpose of promoting the interests of authors generally and incidentally of dealing with the copyright question. This society was formed in To- ronto as a centre; but was from the beginning intended to include authors from all parts of Canada. Applications for membership came in at once from authors residing in the different provinces. As soon as the society was launched several of its members devoted themselves to a study of the copyright question, and after many conferences the com- mittee arrived at an agreement as to what might reasonably be accom- plished. They resolved to take advantage of the circumstance that Lord Herschell’s Bill was then before the House of Lords to suggest an amend- ment to it which would have the effect of securing for the Canadian pub- lisher a separate market, so that he could with confidence purchase the right to publish in Canada works first published in the United Kingdom in the same way that the publisher in the United States was enabled to do under the agreement which had been arrived at between that country and Great Britain. By means of this practical suggestion the Committee thought that while they would not imperil the position of Canada as regards the constitutional points raised by Sir John Thompson, they would if the suggestion were adopted prepare the way for legislation in Canada which would apply an immediate practical remedy and probably render any discussion of the highly contested constitutional question unnecessary, for the time being at any rate.
VIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
As I happened to be going to England early in May, 1899, I was asked by the Authors’ Society to bring their proposed amendment of Lord Herschell’s Bill to the notice of the persons interested in the mat- ter. Meanwhile, the death of Lord Herschell had so altered the position of affairs that when I arrived in England I found an entirely new bill before the House of Lords in the name of Lord Monkswell. After a number of conferences with the leading publishers in London, and with some of the members of the Authors’ Society in England, as well as in- formal discussion of the matter with the officials of the Colonial Office, I was invited by the Select Committee of the House of Lords upon the Bill to give evidence. The result of these various negotiations was that a clause substantially the same as that drawn by the Committee of the Canadian Authors’ Society was introduced into Lord Monkswell’s Bill. It was not found practicable to pass the Bill of 1899 through the various stages ; and, therefore, a new Bill, practically the same as that of last year and containing the clause in question has this year been introduced into the House of Lords, and at this moment is in progress. The new Bill modifies very importantly and consolidates the whole law of copy- right. There are really two measures, one dealing with literary copyright and the other dealing with artistic copyright. The principal changes in the law are these :—
(a) The duration of copyright is extended to thirty years after the death of the author. This brings the English law into conformity with the laws of nearly all the countries of the continent of Europe where the thirty year period has been the rule for many years.
(b) Registration as an indispensable proof of copyright is abolished. The date of the author’s death being easily susceptible of proof there is no room for doubt as to the existence of a copyright. The clause deal- ing with the colonies is as follows :—
32. In the case of a legislature of any British possession, if the fol-
lowing circumstances occur, that is to say :— If a book has been first lawfully published in any other part of Her Majesty’s dominions, and it is proved to the satisfaction of an officer appointed by the Government of such possession to receive such proofs that the owner of the copyright has lawfully granted a licence to import for sale in such British possession or to reproduce therein an edition or editions of any such book designed only for sale in such British posses- sion, it shall be lawful for the legislature of such possession by Act or ordinance to prohibit the importation except with the written consent of the licensee into such possession of any copies of such book printed elsewhere, except under such licence as aforesaid, except that two copies
APPENDIX A IX
there may be specially imported for the bona fide use of the public free libraries, of the university and college libraries, and law libraries of any duly organized law institution or society for the use of its members.
The officer appointed to receive proofs of licences under this section shall satisfy himself that every owner giving such proof is entitled to give the same.
Where a licence has been granted under this section for any British possession any copy of the book produced subject to such licence shall, if found in any other part of Her Majesty’s dominions, be deemed a pirated copy, and be treated accordingly.
In October, 1899, Mr. G. Herbert Thring, Secretary of the Authors’ Society in England, and Mr. Gilbert Parker, also representing the Eng- lish Authors’ Society, came out to Canada and had an interview with Sir Wilfrid Laurier and other members of the Government. I believe that they pressed upon the Government the advisability of legislation in the direction proposed by the Canadian Authors’ Society. Other similar representations were afterwards made to the Government by various bodies interested in the subject.
Anticipating the passing of Lord Monkswell’s Bill, the Canadian Government has introduced a Bill backed by Mr. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, which, if it becomes law, will have the effect of enabling Canada to avail herself of the powers explicitly conferred upon her by the English Bill and will enable Canadian authors as well as English authors to treat Canada as a separate market—thus giving them an ad- ditional source of remuneration for their work and enabling them to avoid giving up the Canadian market practically for nothing as hitherto they have almost been obliged to do.
It is hoped that the new measure will not be without important effects upon the trades in Canada that are necessarily interested. If reasonable expectations are not falsified, results similar to those which followed the conclusion of the copyright arrangement between the United States and Great Britain, will follow in Canada, results that should be of great benefit alike to authorship and to publishing in this country.
Iam yours, very faithfully, JAMES MAVOR.
Ly ' \ t L } i ‘ipa Lied ule i i ie ' Pe | : : La j x À l à } j de CAL , i à eu vores) (à | , Ay j ‘ ‘ ? hf i ÿ ~ 1} i 4 , ' rif ! 4 } | toc: 0 #} ty | te ¢ At I 4 + f AU A 1 j } hu fi | I hate # 1 ÿ à x et 1 23 d RENE , à ‘i ray cena, id | ) DNA AN 6 | we. i CIDRE | % ws hi Vata ae My . ] | 1 { I tu ;
hui EL ANT AVE re { à Bt A MODO. ae i any, À AU i | (+ HUE PORTE AN TEEN | at LEE SUR
Th | bind. nur ARLES ! ANT NPA : FO LU Hi ,
D au: i + A ANT RR ae “al
"A Magy bai pt FOR, Pi ts bi Ni H dl AMIE FU Ae HAINE Tel + Lu it ‘1 | nd |
F | PAL MH qui ply 2 h b 7 ¥ (| AU 4 : M sen ats) awe hg Livy 14 SUG aa EL ie.
A
Wy A i iat #
" i dé jit SO Re ind ae LE LEE PAT a 1 ge y 7 | FAN |
A th i on etnies TG ie A Da ta)
Nea ee tit
ates asl ane ONU Mi DORA pi dise RMAs: Ne » Paige wit Fi hl anny Shy een NUE al
HIDE vas ae ein Paes be M oi ne Ai ae at
Ben) ‘de bait
my, i ie j
TAP PEN OLX Bs:
TIDAL OBSERVATIONS.
Annual report of the Engineer in charge of the Survey of Tides and Currents in Canadian Waters for the year 1899. In charge of W. Bell Dawson, C.E., F.R.S.C. :—
The principal tidal stations have continued in operation; and nearly all of them have been visited during the season. One secondary tidal station has also been established this season at the outer end of Belle Isle Strait. Considerable progress has also been made in working out practical results from the tidal observations which have been secured. The last report, containing information as to the tides of the Bay of Fundy with observations on the tidal bore in the Petitcodiac River, has met with much appreciation.
As the Survey becomes more widely known, the requests for infor- mation continue to increase. Many examples could be given of the accessory ways in which this Survey often proves of value, in addition to its direct service to the shipping interest. The tide-levels especially, which require to be carefully worked out for the reduction of the tidal observations themselves, have been of important service in connection with harbour works, in several instances during the past year.
Tidal information has also been received from outside sources, with relation to the following places:—Moncton, N.B.; Shubenacadie River, N.S.; Chicoutimi; Annapolis, and Seymour Narrows, B.C. This in- formation consists of observations secured by tidal instruments loaned; observations of tidal currents; and bench marks establishing tidal levels; as explained in the Report of Progress.
The total expenditure on this Survey during the fiscal year from June, 1898, to June, 1899, was $5,186.35. This includes, in addition to the ordinary fixed charges, the sum of $973.22 for the tidal observations in the Bay of Fundy in the summer of 1898; and $834.15 for repairs to the crib-work of the gauges at Forteau Bay and St. Paul Island.
BAY OF FUNDY.—TIDAL DIFFERENCES.
In the summer of 1898, eight secondary stations were established around the Bay of Fundy, in order to extend the usefulness of the tables for St. John, N.B., to the whole of this region. The extent of the region is 210 miles, from Yarmouth to Moncton.
IT ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
In deriving tidal differences from these observations, it was first necessary to ascertain whether any part of the region at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, could better be referred to Halifax than to St. John as its port of reference. With this object, a trial comparison was made for a period of one month, between the time of high water at Yarmouth, at the mouth of the bay, and Halifax on the one hand and St. John on the other. The month selected was July 18 to August 18, 1898; and the condensed result of the comparison is as follows, when reduced to the same standard time :—
Yarmouth and Halifax. Difference in time of high water varies from 2 h. 26 m. to 3h. 0 m. later ; showing a range of 34 minutes.
Yarmouth and St. John. Difference in time of high water varies from 1 h: 01 m. to 1 h. 14 m. earlier; showing a range of only 13 minutes.
It thus appears that if the tide at Yarmouth is referred to St. John rather than to Halifax, much greater accuracy can be secured ; as the error corresponding to the above variation, is only one-third as much. It may therefore be concluded from this comparison, that the tides throughout the Bay of Fundy above Yarmouth, can best be referred to St. John.
Preliminary results of these observations, including the draught available for vessels at ports in the upper part of the Bay, were prepared in time for issue with the tide tables for 1900. A full series of tidal differences for the whole Bay of Fundy will appear with the tide tables issued for 1901.
TIDE TABLES NOW ISSUED ; AND METHOD OF PUBLICATION.
Quebec, Halifax, and St. John, N.B—The tide tables for these principal harbours were again furnished to the leading British and Cana- dian Almanacs, as far as they were willing to publish them. These tables give the time and height of the tide, the depth of water on dock sills, &e.; and they are accompanied as before by tidal differences by which the time of the tide at a large number of other ports, becomes known. The manner of publication was the same as described in last report ; and it will, therefore, be sufficient to give a list of the almanacs in which they appear, in whole or in part :—
Canadian Almanac.—All the above, in full—The Copp, Clark Co.,
Toronto.
Greenwood’s Almanac.—All the above, in fullCapt. W. N. Green- wood, Lancaster, Eng.
APPENDIX B III
Brown’s Almanac.—Halifax tide tables—Messrs. J. Brown & Son, Glasgow.
Belcher’s Almanac.—Halifax tide tables.—The McAlpine Co., Halifax.
Cogswell’s Almanac.—Halifax; time only.—Mr. R. H. Cogswell, Halifax.
MeMillan’s Almanac.—St. John ; time only.—Messrs. J. & A. McMillan, St. John.
Moore’s Tide Tables.—Quebec; time only.—Messrs. T. J. Moore & Co., Quebec.
The Quebec Chronicle.—Quebec tides tables in full; one month at a time.
The St. John Telegraph.—St. John tides tables in full ; one month at a time.
It was arranged to have these tide tables reprinted from Green- wood’s Almanac, as a neat pamphlet ; and 450 copies of this were widely distributed. This is a step in advance of last year’s publication. It served to make these tide tables more widely known, and it also enabled all applications for copies of the tables to be met.
The other tide tables issued were as follows:—
Charlottetown, Pictou, and St. Paul Island—Accompanied by tidal differences for Northumberland Strait, and the south-western side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. These tide tables were computed by the Tidal Survey and printed by the Department ; and 350 copies were dis- tributed as widely as possible.
Father Point—Prepared in manuscript only ; and posted at the Lighthouse at Father Point. As this is the Pilot Station for the Lower St. Lawrence, they are there accessible to the pilots.
Ste. Croix Bar.—Tide tables were again computed for this locality, as it is still the shallowest point in the tidal portion of the St. Lawrence above Quebec, pending the completion of the dredging operations. These tables were published in company with the tide tables for Quebec, by the Montreal Harbour Commissioners ; in the publication they prepare annually for the information of the St. Lawrence pilots.
At this stage in the work of the Tidal Survey a complete series of comparisons has been made, to ascertain how far an improvement in the accuracy of the tide tables for our principal harbours has been already secured by this Survey, when compared with other sources of in- formation.
Before this Survey was begun, the only information available for the ports of Quebec, Halifax, St. John, N.B., Charlottetown and Pictou, was that given by such tide tables as were published locally; which were roughly computed from Ports of Reference in Europe. To ascertain the improvement secured and the degree of accuracy of the tide tables
IV ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
now issued by the Tidal Survey, three series of comparisons were re- quired :—(1). With tide tables as above referred to, published by local almanacs. (2). With the tides as computed for our ports from the data given by the United States Coast Survey. (3). A direct comparison of the tide tables issued by this Survey, with the tides as actually observed.
The results of the first two comparisons are given in condensed form in the Report of Progress, and the large amount of improvement in accuracy is there shown in the form of percentage values. In the Tide Tables of the United States Coast Survey, the tides of the St. Lawrence estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence are referred to Ports of Reference in all parts of the world ; the selection being made solely on the basis of a range in the tide which is nearly the same. The type of the tide is thus ignored ; and the result is often very wide of the mark, especially where the tide presents some special feature such as diurnal inequality. The error in time may then amount to an hour and a half, early or late. The methods now used by the Tidal Survey are distinctly superior, as shown by the comparisons made; as they are based upon a careful consideration of the local conditions derived from observation.
The direct comparisons of the tide tables of this Survey with the tide as observed at Halifax, St. John, N.B., and Quebec, are given in tabular form appended to the Report now issued ; accompanied by a discussion of the result.
TIDES ON THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE REFERRED TO QUEBEC.
The desirability of obtaining the best tidal data possible in this region need not be enlarged upon, not only because of the importance of the tides themselves to navigation, but also to obtain an adequate basis for the examination of the strong tidal currents on a route traversed by so large a volume of commerce. A thorough examination was made of the difference in the time of the tide based upon the simultaneous records obtained from the three principal stations at South-west Point of Anti- costi, Father Point and Quebec, at the extreme ends and the middle of the estuary, a distance of 450 miles.
The time of the tide at South-west Point and Father Point can now be deduced from the Quebec tide tables by means of constant differences, which have been derived from a long series of simultaneous observations, as explained in previous reports. The tide tables for Father Point are computed from the Quebec tables in this way, one difference.being used for high water and another for low water. With regard to the accuracy of the result as thus obtained, the point of importance is to know how far the differences in time for individual tides will vary from the average
APPENDIX B de
value, which is used as a constant difference. With a view to allow in the computation for the variation in the difference, and thus to reduce the error, much labour has been expended; the object being to arrive at such relations between these three St. Lawrence stations as would enable the variation in the difference to be reduced to law. The investigations made need not be given here. For the present, it will be sufficient to say that no one law could be discovered under which a series of variable differences could be constructed, to allow for the greater part of the error resulting from this variation.
The outcome of the investigation was to show that improvement in the present method of the use of constant differences will only be secured when the means are available to make an analysis of the Father Point record itself, and to base tide tables directly upon this. It will probably be found that an improvement will then be obtained by making Father Point, instead of Quebec, the port of reference for other points in the open estuary for some distance above it. Also in the other direction, an improvement in accuracy as far as Anticosti Island and its vicinity will be obtained ; as it now appears that the outstanding error in the time of the tide at South-west Point would thus be reduced by 20 per cent.
The analysis of the tidal record for Father Point itself, would be in accord with the modern view taken by the most eminent authorities on tidal questions. When the means available for this Survey are so limited, however, that the analysis of tidal record for the principal harbours of _ the country has to be deferred from year to year, the hope of doing simi- Jar work for Father Point would seem a long way off. It is because of this that the exhaustive examination into the tidal relations on the Lower St. Lawrence, above referred to, was undertaken, in the Hope of securing improvement in the meantime.
The method above referred to, will not secure any direct advantage for the Quebec tide tables themselves, however. The variation between the tides as calculated and observed at Quebec, is chiefly due to wind disturbance ; which is much felt in so long an estuary. Another diffi- culty is that technically speaking, Quebec is not well situated for a prin- cipal tidal station ; because it is in reality in the river, and above the true head of the estuary. This must be considered to be at the lower end of Orleans Island; as it is there that the tide has its maximum range.
In connection with tidal work on the Lower St. Lawrence, proposed for the coming season, a station will be established near the lower end of Orleans Island; and it is hoped that simultaneous observations there and at Quebec, will explain some of the irregularities still unaccounted for ; and also enable these to be eliminated in the comparison of places on the Lower St. Lawrence with the tide at Quebec.
VI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
PACIFIC COAST TIDE TABLES.
A reduction of the Pacific coast tidal records from Victoria, and from the mouth of the Fraser River in the Gulf of Georgia, has now been prepared and forwarded to the Nautical Almanac Office, London, for the computation of the harmonic constants. These records will thus become available for the calculation of tide tables for British Columbia.
APPRENDI.
REPORTS FROM ASSOCIATED LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES IN CANADA.
I.—From The Canadian Institute, through Str 8. FLEMING, K.C.M.G.
The Council of the Canadian Institute have the honour to lay before the members the Fifty-first Annual Report.
During the year 6 life, 28 ordinary and 9 associate members, 43 in all, were elected, and 17 names have been removed from the roll of mem- bers for the following reasons: by death 2, by resignation 13, and of members in arrears ?. Most of those in arrears might have been removed when the committee dealt with the list of members last year, but it was thought well to postpone action for one year.
The number of ordinary meetings held was 22, at which 22 papers were read. These may be classified as follows :—President’s address, Geology, one ; Mineralogy, three ; Forestry, one ; Colour Photography, one ; Biology, three; Ethnology, two; Botany, one; History, one ; Topography, five ; Miscellaneous, six.
The Biological Section held 11 meetings at which 11 papers were read.
The publications of the Institute during the past sessions have been as follows: Parts 2 and 3 of Volume 2 of the Proceedings.
The Editing Committee have met frequently in connection with the Memorial Volume which is now almost ready to issue from the press. It is confidently hoped that it will be in the hands of the members and the correspondents of the Institute before the close of the present session.
The fifth ordinary meeting of the session 1899-1900 was held in the School of Practical Science and was also a Conversazione commemorative of the fiftieth anniversary of the existence of the Institute. His Ex- cellency the Governor-General, Major-General Hutton, the three surviv- ing members of the founders of the Institute, Sir Sandford Fleming, LL.D., K.C.M.G., Mr. Thomas Ridout and Mr. Kivas Tully were present with about a thousand members and visitors.
Various letters of welcome and congratulation were read and ad- dresses made by the President, Lord Minto, Sir Sandford Fleming, Pro- fessor Maurice Hutton, the Hon. G. W. Allan and Mr. Kivas Tully.
R Proc., 1900. E.
IT ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
The Reports of the Librarian, the Treasurer and the Biological Sec- tion are appended. All of which is respectfully submitted. JAMES BAIN, JR., President.
To the President and Council of the Canadian Institute:
Gentlemen,—The Institute has during the past year received 2297 exchanges from about 470 learned societies in various parts of the world.
By order of the Revision Committee 49 names of societies were dropped from the list and 13 new exchanges added.
The Institute has obtained by purchase 740 numbers of 28 periodi- cals and has received 169 donations.
_ dn addition to the foregoing ordinary accessions to the library, have to be added volumes and parts of volumes obtained from learned societies and publishers in response to the applications made by direction of the President, and also as the result of certain exchanges made with the University and the Parliamentary Libraries.
The subjoined list shows what has been received in detail :—
Complete volumes received free from societies..... 820 Incomplete volumes received free from societies.... 160 Complete volumes received by purchase........... 80 Incomplete volumes received by purchase......... 18 Complete volumes received in exchange from Uni- WENGSUGY), 18 = de! et tie late Rees emia nial NAS 220 Incomplete volumes received in exchange from Dnivérsibys ic, CR ARMAREEREEN Ar oer een nae 9 Complete volumes received in exchange from Leg.
PTD BAY cs Let fuss ean eee a ee 98 Hotel Beer 1223 Complete. 187 Incomplete. GIVEN TO THE UNIVERSITY.
Complete iwolumes. 54. Aalst pM anette, nen teens 32 Complete volumes to Leg. Library............... 122
Net gain to the Library, 1069 Complete volumes, 187 Incomplete volumes. The number of volumes and periodicals taken out by members dur- ing the year was 739. The number of volumes bound was, of ordinary ac- CÉRBIGNE) ist hr ha ho ds dois aha > Rhee Cake «eee 255
CEG Ca MO ITT A 0100 800 Meter ten | NN a 886
APPENDIX C III
On account of the growth of the library, the shelves at present in existence are full and part of the books have been placed in boxes. Ad- ditional shelf-room should be at once provided.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
(Signed) J. SQUAIR, Inbrarian.
I1.—From The Ontario Historical Society, through Sir JOHN BouRINOT.
The year just closed has proved a fairly successful one in the in- terests of the Ontario Historical Society. The value and significance of records relating to local events of almost every kind are rapidly becoming appreciated, in consequence of which there is a growing desire to organize county societies. Three of these came into existence during the past twelve months, two of which have become affiliated with the provincial society. One of the advantages to local organizations in connection with such affiliation is the fact that they thereby become incorporated, in accordance with clause 10 of the Act (chap. 108, Vic. 62), which states that ‘ any historical or pioneer society hereafter becoming affiliated with the said society (THE ONTARIO HisTortcAL Society) under the con- stitution and by-laws of the latter in that behalf, shall thereby become incorporated by the name under which it shall have become affiliated, and with all the powers and privileges conferred by this Act upon the Ontario Historical Society.
There are now affiliated with this society 20 local organizations, having probably, an aggregate membership of not fewer than 1200, while that of the parent society is 165, being an increase of 116 during the year. This includes as ex-officio members, His Excellency The Earl of Minto, Governor-General of Canada; His Honour the Hon. Sir Oliver Mowat, Lieut.-Governor of Ontario ; Hon. Clifford Sifton, Supt. General of In- dian Affairs ; Hon. Richard Harcourt, Q.C., Minister of Education for Ontario ; Dr. Douglas Brymner, F.R.S.C., Dominion Archivist, Ottawa ; Rev. G. M. Wrong, Professor of History, University of Toronto; Rev. Geo. D. Ferguson, B.A., Professor of History, Queen’s University, King- ston; Rev. O. Rigby, M.A., Professor of History, Trinity University, Toronto ; Rev. Albert H. Newman, D.D., LL.D., Professor of History, McMaster University, Toronto; A. R. Bain, M.A., LL.D., Professor of History, Victoria University, Toronto; Rev. D. Sullivan, O.M.I., Pro- fessor of History, University of Ottawa; J. W. Tupper, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of History, Western University, London ; David Boyle, Cura- tor of Provincial Archæological Museum, Toronto.
LY: ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
Honorary Members :—Rey. Henry Scadding, D.D., Toronto; Rev. Canon Bull, M.A., Niagara Falls South; J. G. Hodgins, LL.D., Historio- grapher of Ontario, and Col. Ernest Cruikshank, Fort Erie.
Corresponding Members:—General J. 8. Clarke, Auburn, N.Y., and Frank H. Severance, Esq., Buffalo, N.Y.
The elected members number as already mentioned, 165.
The officers for the year were :—President, James H. Coyne, B.A., St. Thomas ; Vice-President, C. C. James, M.A., Toronto ; David Boyle, Secretary, Toronto; Frank Yeigh, Treasurer, Toronto; Councillors, Rey. P. L. Spencer, M.A., Thorold; Miss M. A. Fitz-Gibbon, Toronto ; G. R. Pattullo, Woodstock; A. F. Hunter, M.A., Barrie, and J. J. Murphy, Toronto.
The work of the society has been divided among several committees, viz :—Monuments and Tablets, Mrs. J. H. Thompson, convener; Flag and Commemoration, Mrs. C. Fessenden, Hamilton, convener, and the Archives and Publications, G. R. Pattullo, Woodstock, convener.
In June, 1899, an exhibition of historical material was held in Victoria University buildings, Queen’s Park, Toronto. It was kept open for two weeks and attracted a large number of visitors, and was in every way eminently successful, mainly owing to the labours of the Women’s Canadian Historical Society of Toronto.
A special effort was made during the year to collect sufficient money to mark in a befitting manner the last resting place of Laura Secord. This work is still on hand, but it is hoped that a large enough sum will soon be at the command of the society to place a good monument over the grave of the Heroine of Upper Canada.
Action was taken respecting the bringing together of old registers of births, deaths and marriages in the hands of municipal officials, and the placing of such records for preservation in the keeping of the Deputy Registrar-General.
In response to the circular letters sent out by this gentleman, Dr. P. H. Bryce, a considerable number of old district and county registers are now in his vaults.
During the year, there was issued by the society, a small but com- prehensive volume by L. H. Tasker, M.A., on “The United Empire Loyalist of Long Point on Lake Erie.”
Owing to unavoidable adverse circumstances, President Coyne has been unable to complete his work on the Journal of Galinée, but the work is now well forward, and will probably appear within a short time. All members of the society will be supplied with a copy, accompanying which is a large copy of the Galinée map.
There is now in the hands of the Society a large quantity of valuable
APPENDIX C Vy,
manuscript, which ought to be printed, but which must be held over indefinitely for want of funds.
Resolutions were passed during the year having for their object the preservation of the Plains of Abraham and Old Fort Erie, as public property.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
Davip BoYLE, Toronto, May 26th, 1900. Secretary.
IiIl.—From The Peterborough Historical Society, through Sir JOHN BOURINOT.
During the past year the Society has been rather inactive, few meetings having been held, and these not fully attended.
Although the Society was organized to collect and preserve items of historical interest connected with this county, it is not intended to draw the line at that limit, but to embrace anything connected with the general history of Canada. It cannot be possible that we have exhausted everything of that kind in this locality. Our old friends, the early set- tlers, are gradually dropping off, and very little effort has been made to get from them their experiences and struggles in subduing the forest and changing the wilderness into the comfortable farmsteads which now dot the hills and valleys of this county.
By the death of Mrs. Catherine Parr Traill, which occurred on August 29th, 1899, the Society has lost its Honorary President and sincere friend. Mrs. Traill died at her residence, Westove, Lakefield, at the advanced age of 97 years and 7 months. When the Society was formed in 1896, Mrs. Traill was unanimously elected Honorary Presi- dent, which office she held until her death. She was an enthusiastic member and generous contributor. For her many interesting remin- iscences of 70 years’ residence in this county, the clearness of her memory and faculties, and for her cheerfulness and geniality in imparting her store of knowledge for the Society’s benefit, the members will always revere her memory.
Victoria Museum has steadily increased during the year by the addi- tion of many valuable articles, among which may be mentioned the large and handsome collection of natural products of Florida kindly collected and presented by Mrs. and Mr. Walter J. Nesbitt, of Eau Gallie, Florida. This collection involved much labour and expense, and the donors entered heartily into the task of sending something which has not only proved their excellent taste, but provided Victoria Museum with a very valuable acquisition.
VI ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
On the arrival of this collection, a room was set apart in the Museum for its reception. The arrangement and classification were undertaken by Mrs. Birdsall and Miss Dunlop.
The room is now officially known as the “ Florida Room,” the articles being so numerous as to entirely occupy the whole room. To Mr. and Mrs. Nesbitt, who so generously presented the collection, and to the ladies who arranged them so tastefully, the thanks of the Society are due.
The Museum has been visited by many hundreds of persons during the season, and many from a distance expressed surprise at its extent. Among the distinguished visitors were the Hon. G. W. Ross, Premier of Ontario, and Sir John G. Bourinot, Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Canada, who kindly offered to place our Museum on the list for the reports of that Society, which will form a most valuable acquisi- tion to our library.
Although the Museum is managed by a board of gentlemen fully competent for the office, it should be remembered that all members of the Society have some responsibility therewith, and should endeavour to promote its welfare.
During the season Mrs. McFarlane Wilson, one of our most enthusi- astic members, undertook the collection of funds for the erection of a monument to the memory of Isabella Valancey Crawford, a gifted poetess of Irish birth, who for some years was a resident of Peterborough. Miss Crawford’s works were not as fully appreciated during her life-time, by an unthinking public, as they should have been, yet now, at this late hour, many of her admirers have gladly subscribed to the fund, and the unmarked grave in the Little Lake Cemetery will soon have a monument, the necessary money having been acquired by the kindly efforts of Mrs. Wilson and “ Kit,” of the Mail and Empire. A design selected in the form of a Celtic cross to mark her Irish origin, and enriched with maple leaves in memory of her strong love for Canada, as shown by many of her poems.
The full membership of the Society is 90, of which about 30 per cent may be called active members.
It is to be regretted that so few papers have been read before the Society. It is true we have no old battle-fields, as our sister societies of the frontier counties have, but many an incident well worthy of preservation might be gleaned from the old settlers, many of whom would gladly submit to having their memories freshened by interrogation.
The Executive of the Society for the year 1899 consisted of the following :—
Honorary President—Mrs. Catherine Parr Traill.
APPENDIX C VII
President—Col. H. C. Rogers.
Vice-Presidents—J. B. McWilliams, Richard Hall, H. T. Strickland.
Secretary—T. A. 8. Hay.
Treasurer—Miss Halliday.
Executive Council—Mrs. Birdsall, Peterborough ; Dr. Burnham, Peterborough; F. R. Yokome, Peterborough; W. K. Hall, Peterborough; Dr. Bell, Peterborough; Dr. Harrison, Keene; Dr. Ford, Norwood.
Museum Committee—J. B. McWilliams, Chairman; A. L. Davis, Peterborough; E. H. D. Hall, Peterborough; H. T. Strickland, Peter- borough; Dr. Burnham, Peterborough; Richard Hall, Peterborough; C. McGill, Toronto; J. Forster, N. Monaghan; E. A. Peck, Peterborough; T. A. S. Hay, Secretary-Treasurer.
In selecting executive officers for the year 1900, it is desirable to bear in mind that all members should show such interest in the Society as will ensure an active management of our affairs.
The object and aims of the organization should be carefully con- sidered, so that those selected for office during the coming year will work with the zeal and energy demanded by so good a cause.
UN Ay Si aL ays
Secretary.
IV.—From The Wentworth Historical Society, through Dr. STEWART.
The Pioneer Wentworth Historical Society reports no diminution of the patriotic zeal animating its members, five of whom have been elected during the year.
Last fall arrangements were made as usual for a course of four lectures.
The inaugural meeting was held, by kind invitation of our respected President, at his residence, on Monday, November 20th, 1899. A large number of members were present. Ten dollars were voted to the Laura Secord monument, and the Treasurer of the museum fund, Mrs. Edward Martin, reported a good balance on hand.
On the invitation of the Hamilton Association, a conference was held, when the advisability of uniting to apply for rooms at Dundurn was unanimously agreed upon, and the Pioneer Wentworth Historic Society had the library room allotted to it. With such an historic habitat, the bare thought of worthily fitting it up must give an added impetus to the work of this Society, which during the year has been busily engaged in collecting documents and other papers of historic value. It has also been promised several articles of interest for the proposed museum at Dundurn.
VIII ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
The following donations to the book shelves have been received with thanks: A complete set of the “ Proceedings of the Bostonian Society,” “ Proceedings of the New England Historic and Genealogical Society,” “The Lowell Institute Lectures”; complete sets of the Dominion Government Reports; also reports of an historic nature from the Ontario Government, with the report of the Royal Society of Canada. Mr. George Mills, Honorary President, has made a donation of most valuable books and papers.
List of officers of the society :—
Hon. President—George H. Mills.
President—F. W. Fearman.
First Vice-President—A. Mackay.
Second Vice-President—Mrs. Edward Martin.
Treasurer—John H. Land.
Recording Secretary—Justin Griffin.
Corresponding Secretary—Mrs. Fessenden.
Executive—Col. Henry McLaren, Mr. Adam Brown, Dr. Montague, Major Snider, Charles Lemon, Hon. J. M. Gibson, R. T. Lancefield, J. Pottinger, Senator MacInnes.
V.—From l’Institut Canadien de Québec, through Mr. Lupovic BRUNET, President.
Les conférences suivantes ont été données à l’Institut dans le courant de l’année.
M. L.-O. David, le ler mars 1899, nous a parlé de Lafontaine et Baldwin. M. David n’a pas manqué d’intéresser vivement son audi- toire en rappelant les faits historiques de l’émouvante période de l'Union.
M. Ulric Barthe, le 8 mars 1899, dans un entretien sous le titre de Une Heure de Flanerie à la Fin du 19ème Siècle, a prouvé qu’il avait l’esprit ouvert aux idées nouvelles, au progrès moderne.
Le 16 mars 1899, “ Francoise” (Melle Barry) attirait un public nombreux qui lui a prodigué ses applaudissements. Elle avait choisi comme sujet Carmen Sylva. Les qualités d’écrivain de Françoise ont été justement appréciées.
Le 17 octobre 1899, à l’université Laval, sous les auspices de l’Insti- tut canadien, M. Louis Herbette, conseiller d'Etat en France, a bien voulu exprimer les chaudes sympathies et le grand intérêt qu’il porte aux Canadiens-français de la Nouvelle-France.
Le 3 novembre 1899, Sa Grandeur Mgr L.-N. Bégin, archevêque de Québec, cédant à de vives instances, a rappelé devant un public respectueux, des souvenirs de jeunesse et d’étude sur le Tyrol autrichien.
APPENDIX C IX
L'Institut a été particulièrement sensible à cette marque d'intérêt et de sympathie de la part de son archevêque.
Le 17 novembre 1899, M. Rodolphe Lemieux, avocat, député de Gaspé aux Communes, rafraichissait nos souvenirs historiques sur la période classique des Pitt, des Fox, des Burke et des Sheridan. Un très nombreux auditoire a écouté avec beaucoup d'attention létude re- marquable de M. Lemieux.
Le 26 janvier 1900, M. Henri Bourassa, député de Labelle, a donné une conférence sur Le Rôle des deux Races anglaise el française au Canada. C’est un travail sérieux, et qui a créé une excellente impres- sion: l’auditoire a écouté et chaleureusement applaudi le conférencier.
L'Institut compte 316 membres actifs. Durant le cours de Pannée nous avons perdu 11 membres par décès et démission, et nous en avons admis 35.
Nous avons augmenté notre bibliothèque d'environ 130 volumes nouveaux, choisis avec soin dans les principales branches des connais- sances humaines. Nous nous efforcons de tenir nos rayons au courant des plus récentes publications historiques, scientifiques, religieuses et d’économie politique.
VI.—From The Canadian Forestry Association, through Proressor MaAcowun.
The Minister of the Interior, recognizing the importance of the proper management of the timber wealth of Canada and of encouraging its preservation and restoration, in 1899 appointed Mr. E. Stewart, then of Collingwood, Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry.
In entering upon his duties, Mr. Stewart recognized the fact that some organization for arousing and educating an interest in the subject would be of great assistance in carrying out the objects for which his office had been created. In view of the success which had attended the work of the American Forestry Association it was thought that an organi- zation for Canada on similar lines would probably be able to accomplish what was required, and on January 8, 1900, Mr. Stewart sent out noti- fications to a number of gentlemen interested in timber and forestry, asking them to meet at his office on the 15th of that month for the pur- pose of considering the matter and deciding what steps should be taken.
At this meeting there were present: Sir Henry Joly de Lotbinière, Mr. J. R. Booth, Mr. Jas. A. Smart, Deputy Minister of the Interior, Dr. Wm. Saunders, Mr. Wm. Little, Mr. Thos. Southworth, Clerk of Forestry for Ontario, Mr. E. Stewart, Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry for Canada; Professor Macoun, Assistant Director of Geological Survey; Mr.
X ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA
Wm. Pearce, of Calgary; Mr. T. C. Keefer, C.M.G.; Mr. C. H. Keefer, C.E.; Mr. McKenzie, of Duck Lake, N.W.T.; Mr. W. T. Macoun, and others.
Mr. Wm. Little was elected chairman, and Mr. E. Stewart, secretary.
Mr. Stewart explained the object of the meeting and the steps which had been taken to call it together, and expressed great pleasure at its representative character.
Dr. Saunders gave some account of tree culture at the Experimental Farms. Remarks were also made by Mr. Southworth, Mr. J. R. Booth, who spoke particularly in regard to fire ranging, and Sir Henry Joly.
It was moved by Mr. Smart, and seconded by Professor Macoun, that Sir Henry Joly, Mr. J. R. Booth, Mr. W. Little, Mr. T. Southworth, Professor Saunders and Mr. E. Stewart act as a committee to call a meeting of all persons interested to be held during the month of Febru- ary in the city of Ottawa, for the purpose of considering the formation of an association to promote forestry in Canada, the committee to prepare for submission to