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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http : //books . google . com/ r*^ '■-; -■■ V:-'/ 9m^ P^>Trv ^* ■ ^ ' Sv:fr'^»^!3'T:|«^,:: 4f^y^i''ii:-^^?*-^,^ ^^!,'*5)l'C'S^'''-i'^^v irijr/ii-dj' t,m7.r: iHfM? V'^j »|?^"^ : ^fi ^fi^ 'V'*'^:"^" .:^'-: :ia;'^i'^^*;-.^*^,^!i- ,/V*S;;xi.^i;-';**Vi: f'A^^Ml '^'^fH."M-'^:' H;i^ri»> ;s^^^ll^^- 'S^-^'^V;V' V'^*: 1 .^;>^c«y-^^:!^^?^^. i^^)!tmtti^'^' ^;|;?l*j?4^' m-iM*i^ ^' -'^m'^ I't^K. J^jv- 7^ ;;:V?4*^ '";■■■ :rir. ^mtm.i'Tm !^ ■*«»?, m.--- ^ij|p;'=^^,\; '■.:*':?^l^i:? :':}!»/M ■,-:!'V'£':V/i*;'-^'':-' *■■' ,^'' ,^S:i"f#i^ifViJ:5: 't'S "-■■;??««■;; r":';-?^i:: '*:'v. «'--*:!^:S:'='''^''' /::;0?i''ii';:'?^*vf.'* ''Mt^^^^'l^^^^. .:r^?lJ>!'«f-^-;^i--v ^I'«r'-fli:^j.M-.;*:i^^^^ ' ■ill.'- "--" " .".:.. *'..'JA'tLA --Jr*V - ■ .. I J % ■ u L\ ' ib \}(ki ^ii^ Si J' \ . .1 ^y*.*^ 1 '^'ii i ERIU ucr The Journal of the School of Irish Learning, Dubhn tUUlLO PA RUNG MEYER & JC»HN STRACKAN VOL. I— PART I DUBLIN SCJIOOL OF IRISH LEARNING, 38 CLARE STREET UOVGKS, tiuuia, & UU. UCIK, 104 OJKAlrTON STREET ji^n^ui 3"u*L..f'"--., i.- ;sA CONTENTtt y.iW'iJirj^ )A^&i I i^ Till rv; fi ^iit*^!.uihvi v.rK. J If Twi*,i> f.d ij Ml. 1 1.11^ I M>' (La:*! MM HI vm I'l, i\t X* JBrJ*>U', Tn' vuami liUjiii the Loi iWi*4.\» 4i*A . 1JJ3 ERI U The Journal of the School of Irish Learning, Dublin EDITED BY KUNO MEYER & JOHN STRACHAN VOL. I DUBLIN SCHOOL OF IRISH LEARNING, a8 CLARE STREET AND HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO. Ltd., 104 GRAFTON STREET 1904 I^eprodaeed by ^hoto -Lithography by Jllex. Thorn & Co., Ltd , "Dublin J 941 PRINTED AT THE By P0N80NBY A GIBBS PREFACE IN submitting the first number of Eriu to the public, the Editors wish, on behalf of the School, to thank all those who, by donations and subscriptions, have made it possible for an important part of the work of the School to be carried out during the first year of its existence. The School has been founded, in the first place, to train students in the scientific study of the Irish language, and in reading and interpreting Irish manuscripts. Its final aim is, with the help of students so trained, to investigate the history of the Irish language from the earliest times to the present^ay, and to open up, by means of texts and translations, the rich treasures of Irish literature. The present number contains the first-fruits of the studies of several students of the School. Its varied contents, including grammar, literature, and history, will give an indication in which directions the studies pursued in the School mainly lie. It is intended to bring out half-yearly numbers, two of which will form a volume. The next number, which is already in the Press, will contain the first instalment of an edition of the oldest version of the Tain Bo Cuailnge from the * Yellow Book of Lecan* and the *Lebor na hUidre.* K. M. J. S. July, 1904. Page I >3 38 43 49 66 CONTENTS Atakta. John Strachan, The Burning of Finn's House. E. J. Gwynn, m.a., f.t.c.d, Comad MancMn L6ith, etc. Kuno Meyer, Colman mac Duach and Guaire. J. G. O'Keeffe, The Irish Substantive Verb. J. H. Lloyd, "Pangur Ban,'' etc. udtltlA t)'A1SUntS, Daniel hfia Liathaide's Advice to a Woman. ) Cdilte Cccinit. j Kuno Meyer, 6^ The Leabhar Oiris. R. I. Best, ... ... ... 74 The Death of Conla. Kuno Meyer, ... ... .... 113 Anecdoton. John Strachan, ... ... .. laa Cuchulinn and Conlaech. J. G. O'Keeffe, ... ... 123 The Quarrel about the Loaf. T. P. O'Nowlan, m.a., ... ia8 Anecdoton. John Strachan, ... ... ... 138 Analogy in the Verbal System of Modern Irish. O. J. Beroin, 139 The Infixed Pronoun in Middle Irish. John Strachan, ... 153 The Boyish Exploits of Finn. Kuno Meyer, ... ... 180 An Old-Irish Metrical Rule. John Strachan, ... ... 191 A Collation of CriiA Gablach^ and a Treatise on Crd and Dibad. Kuno Meyer, ... ... ... 209 The Rule of Patrick. J. G. O'Keeffe, ... ... 216 Feilire Adamnain. M.E.Byrne, ... ... ... %%$ SUPPLEMENT Tain Bo Cuailnge. John Strachan & J. G. O'Keeffe, 1-32 ATAKTA. I. THE NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF MASCULINE -U- STEMS. THE examples of this form cited in the Grammatica.Celtica* p. 240, exhibit a variety of endings : e^ -a, -de, -a, -/, -at. So far as I am aware, these forms have been hitherto treated as mere phonetic variations. Some of them are un- doubtedly such. Thus -e and -ae are identical in value, also -/ and -au Here the function of the a is to indicate that the preceding consonant is non-palatal. In such a case early O. Ir. wrote 'Cy -/*; in later O. Ir. there is a growing tendency to write 'Oe -at. Further, there is no doubt that -a is a phonetic development of -ae. But what of -^, -ae on the one hand, and -/, -at on the other ? Are they identical in origin or are they not? Before this question can be answered with certainty, it is necessary to examine O. Ir. documents of different dates, to ascertain whether the two sets of forms are distributed equally, or approximately equally, in such documents, or whether one form predominates in earlier, the other in later, documents. To eliminate chance as far as possible, it is essential that docu- ments should be selected in which the instances are tolerably numerous. Such documents are to be found in the Wiirzburg and the Milan Glosses, the former of which collections can be proved to be considerably earlier than the latter. I give the instances which I have noted in these two texts ; it may be that I have overlooked some, but the collections will be found com- plete enough for our present purpose. Wiirzburg Glosses : — {a) -e, 'ce\ ferte 8ni, 24*5; pecthe 9^13, 11*9, 29*23, 28; gnime 26^8, 30^10, 31^30; [rf(og)e 27% moge 29*2 ; bisse 29*3 ; recte 29*16 ; gnimce 13*29, 20''2> 31^26 ; pecd(8 33^8. 1 Cf. Thesaurus Palaeohibemicus, 11, pp. xiv sq. B 2 J. STRACHAN {b) -a: pechtha-ni 2»6; gnbna 4*12, S»30, 32, 19^12, 29^2; cosnama 7*12 ; b^sa-sa 9^17, bha-si 16^*19; rf(rf«« 1 2* 11 ; moga-si 27^17; senchassa 28*^23. (^) -I, -a/: pecthi 4*8, pecthi-si 25^*9, pecthi 26^11 ; /«(jf/ 7'»io; bissi-si 9*17, ^/j/ 28^26, 3/^^/ ^1^13 ; s^tisin 9»i8 ; ^«/ 2i»i6, 27^15 ; ^«/w/ 25*^23, 28^20; r/Zflj^' 5*^15 ; gnitnai 8^4, 29*30. With a preceding palatal consonant: coisnimt^ 7*13 (by cosnama above), imchdinti 2^10 ; senchaissi} 31^*25 (i^y senchassa above), imbrdti 31^26. Milan Glosses : — (4. From Sg. I have noted no further instance. It may be said, then, that the change first appears towards the end of the eighth century, and is not then complete. Though the ace. does not happen to be found in Wb., it is improbable that it differed in form from the vocative.' 1 In the nom. maicc cdima in Wb. 27i>i6, it seems hardly possible to avoid the supposition that cdima is a scribal error for cdim, due to the preceding cdimsa. ATAKTA 5 3. ACCUSATIVE PLURAL MASCULINE OF ADJECTIVAL -10- STEMS. In adjectival use this form ends in -t] as in the fern, and neut. ; e.g. gnimu rechttdi^ from rechtide^ * legal ' : cf. Gramm. Celt.', 234 ; Bezzenberger's Beitrage, XI. loi. But it is not noticed there that in substantival use the ending is -iu as in the noun: tuicsiu Wb. 4^15, na derscaigthiu Ml. n^22y frisna remeperthiu 69*4. 4. NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE PLURAL NEUTER OF ADJECTIVAL -lO- STEMS. Except in inna dorchCy * the darkness/ Ml. 54^20, 140^5, Sg. 183^3, I l^«^ve noted no difference between the substantival and the adjectival form; both end in -i. Examples of the sub- stantival use are : inna remeperthi Ml. 23% inna cotarsnai 46*^9, inna nephanmandi 60^5, inna fortechtai 8 1*^1 5, inna mticnai 95*^5, inna cocui 96*^8, inna medonsmirdi 127^14, tnna caintinscantai 131*^18, inna inchlidi 140^10; inna forliterdi Sg. 8''4, cetnidi 48^5, inna briathardi 56^12, inna firneuturdldi 140*6. 5. THE NOMINATIVE OF THE PRONOUN side. In the dat. and ace. this pronoun is fully accented : e.g. do *suidiUy la suide. The corresponding accented forms in the nom. and gen. would have been suide^ suidi, &c. But the forms of these cases are regularly enclitic ; hence we find side,^ &c. In the genitive I have discovered no exception to this. In the nominative there is a very interesting exception in olsuide^ *said he'; here the accent fell, not on oly but on the pronoun. My examples of olsuide are: ^^icfasa in cinaidl^ ollsuide (leg. olsuide) Cormac, s.v. Mugeme\ ''ad ddthar sund?" olsude Voyage of Bran, I. 47 ; '' ni ansa,'' olsoide Celt. Zeitschr. III. 254. 6. THE PRONOUN SOM, sL In the Gaelic Journal for November, 1903, p. 428, note, I remarked that I had found no example of si after the copula followed by a feminine predicate, and quoted to the contrary * In Celt. Zeitschr. in. 56, I denied the use of side in the nom. sg. neut. — I now think wrongly. In Ml. 89<^io, side refers to Lat. pax = Ir. std n. ; and in the Glosses the gender is regularly determined by the gender of the corresponding Latin word. Cf. also indraic side, Cormac, s.v. Mugeme, 6 J. STRACHAN madfochricc sam^ * if it be reward/ Wb. 2*26. That observation was based on material collected from the Wiirzburg Glosses. Of . 5/, which might have been expected, I have since then met with two instances in the St. Gall Priscian : namely, is miit si 17*3, and ts rann si 25^5. How the exception in Wb. is to be explained is not clear ; the material is too scanty. 7. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN. If we consider expressions like cid torbae ara torsata 7 cia gnim dungniat Ml. 120V, ^^<^ chenil n6 cesi aram Sg. I97**3, we see that in the feminine and the neuter (cid, ced = cehed) a demonstrative pronoun is fused with the interrogative. The question, then, is how far such an addition is obligatory. With a view to solving this question I have collected the material which I have found in the Old Irish Glosses, and I have further investigated a number of other old texts. The result is not wholly clear ; in some points texts preserved in later manu- scripts show certain deviations from the usage in the Glosses, with regard to some of which, however, it is not certain whether we have to deal with actual innovations, or whether such usages are wanting in the Glosses only by chance, simply because the particular types of expression happen not to be used there. I give the results of my investigation as far as I have been able to carry it, in the hope that it will lead to further observation on the part of others, and to a more precise determination of the usage. I give first the material from the Glosses, and after- wards material from other texts. (i.) The interrogative is not followed by a noun. {a) *Who?' (singular). Here cia is usual: e.g. cia conicc, Wb. 4^11, cia foUnfea Wb. 12^14, cia dobera Ml. 34^5, diis cia atrebea Ml. 35^24, cia dia cumachtaigther Sg. 209^30 ; cia de gl. uter Sg. 242*1. In a few instances cia is followed by 6\ quis .1. cia hi Ml. 46^17, 18, cia hi nundixnaigther-siu Ml. 75*9, ce hi roscrib Sg. 197*19. {b) ' What ? ' (neut. sg.). Here cid is regular : e.g. cid atobaig Wb. 19*10, cid asindisem Ml. 35*6, cid imruthrenaiged Ml. 102*15, &c. But cia de Wb. 2fii. {c) 'Who are?' 'what are?' (plural). Here, of present time, citni is used : citni foruar Wb. 8^5, citni robatar Ml. 61^8. In Ml. 16^13, si quaeritur quae gentes congregatae ATAKTA 7 sint, gl. cttne^ a noun corresponding to gentes has to be supplied after the pronoun. Of past time, ceptar hi Cormac, s.v. prull. (2.) The interrogative is followed by a noun. {a) The noun is masculine singular. The interrogative is cta\ dtis cia port Wb. 26^24, eta salmscribdtd conicfed s6n Ml. 14*6, cia forcenn doberthar Ml. 33*9, cia loc sainriud dia regtais Ml. 99^10, cia giiim dungniat Ml. 120^7, cia aiccent Sg. 26»6, cia randdatu Sg. 27*12. (3) The noun is feminine singular. The interrogative is cesi\ cessi aimser Ml. 24*10, cisi choniairle Ml. 34® 18, cisi aimser Ml. 97*5, cisi digal Ml. 100*5, ^^^ aimser Sg. 26*6, cisi rann Sg. 27*13, cesi aram Sg. 197^3, cisi chiall Sg. 217*2. (f) The noun is neuter singular. The interrogative is cedy cid : cetorad (= ced torad) Wb. 3^29, cetorbe (= ced torbe) Wb. 1 2*5, ced torbe Wb. 13^6, 7, 19^8, cid torbae ara torsata Ml. 120V, cid tortid Ml. I2i^i ^y cidechor {^ cid dechor) Sg. 23*2 cid/olad sluindes Sg. 25^17, cid chenH Sg. 197^3, cid aes n-esci BCr. 32*9, cid Ide sechtmaine BCr. 32*^6, 7, 9, ^^df /o^rf imbi Computus Vat 20, cid lae sechtmaine Computus Nanc. I., cid aes n-escai Comput. Nanc. 2. {d) The noun is plural. The interrogative is citnd : assindet citni cumacte Wb. 6*9, citni briathra robatar Ml. 61^, ci\{\ni fochainn Ml. 101*3. As might have been expected from their formation, cisi and cid are used only with feminines and neuters respectively. With cia the accompanying noun is prevalently masculine. In certain phrases, however, it is followed by a noun of another gender. With indas n., 'state,' it gives cindas (=Mod. Ir. cionntif) Wb. 6^13, 8*^11, 13^20, &c.; cindas on Sg. 18*6, cindas mbias Sg. 40'i5, 3\so cia indas rundgdbsat Ml. 55^1. With miit f. it gives ce miit Wb. 33*1, 34*5, Sg. 25^16, ciammM Ml. 25% 26*10, 138*^12.^ So cia dii^ 'where,' Ml. 407, cia airm^ Wb. 12*18.* In a couple of instances ce, cia is found 1 Cf. Celt. Zeitschr. iv. 57. ' That dn was fern, is indicated by the fern, hi suidi Ml. 27*10. 3 That airm was fem. in Mid. Ir. is seen from cisi airm, quoted by "Windisch s.v. : cf. also ind airm Wb. 4^26 (where Ascoli suggests airmttiu). But citnarmandj LU. 134^38, shows the inflexion of a neut. -«- stem. * As to cia airet Wb. 25**!, cia aret Ml. 32*22, the phrases inderet sa Ml. 114^14, innheret sin Sg. 148*5 show that, at least, the word is not neuter, as Ascoli says. He evidently infers this from the phrase is ed a erat\ but for the neut. ed cf. the phrase ni hed a miit, * not only.* 8 J. STRACHAN corresponding to an accusative fern. : quam caritatem gl. ce seirc VVb. 14^15, quam vineam (= \x. fine f.) gl. cia Ml. 102^6 ; these seem to be artificial modes of expressing the Latin ; cf. cinni sin frisnaiccai siu to translate * quem praestulare ? ' PCr. 57^^ Ce^ cia also appear in verbal phrases: e.g. cia bd ammet Ml. 61^28, ciabed ammet Ml. 39*13, ciarric, etc., Gramm. Celt* 355. By reason of phonetic changes the formal distinctions of gender inherited from the parent language became lost in Irish. In the singular a new feminine and neuter were formed by adding the feminine and neuter pronouns for * she ' and * it ' to the interrogative ; in the plural no need was felt to distinguish gender, just as no need was felt in d * they.' As to cia it seems to be simply the Irish form corresponding to Welsh pwy, * who.' It is altogether improbable that it contains the pronoun e^ * he ' ; if cekd, cia hdw^xQ earlier than cia^ such forms might be expected to occur in Wb. When special forms had been devised for the feminine and neuter, cia might be reserved for masculine use. Where cia appears with a feminine or neuter, we have a survival in stereotyped phrases of an older and freer usage. The usage may be further illustrated from some other old texts, O. I. Psalter' : — cia torbatu 261, cia Hntud 329 ; cisi erndil 61, cisi gntiis 76, But in cia hainmind libuir 6, 415 cia is followed by the neut. In ciaso ainm 46, ciasoordd 196 appears a form not found in O. Ir. It seems to come from cia + so (= inso).^ Tdin B6 Cuailnge (LU.): — cia fil sund 62*31, cia tin told 57^30, ciafer 69*37 ; cissi slabrai 62^32 ; ced leth 6n 61^24, ced sliab inso thall 62*4, ced mag ani thall 62*9, ced leth ragthar 69*40 ; cadrm (= ce airm) itd 68' 18, similarly edit atd 64*15, edit imbdi 65*3 1. Note also cd tdi-siu,^ * who art thou ? ' 74*32, cia de, * which of the two things?' 62^33, 44. Cia stands before a neuter in cia do chomainm-siu SS^io, cia tK ainm-seo 59^5, cia fainm-siu 70*43, cia his in gillai sin 58^24.* * In cia chruth^ * how,' cia chuiriy * when,'£:jflis a dative. For c/, cia^ followed by a preposition and a case, see Gramm. Celt.'* 357. 2 Ed. K. Meyer, in Hibemica Minora. *Cf. ciasa (v. 1. cisi) comairle Ir. Text. Ii. 2, 192, itncomarcar cicLSO II. 2, 192, ciasu anmann ii. 2, 195. * Cia taid^ * who are ye ? * Ir. Text. ii. 2, 194. * Cia camd ngel di^^i is probably an error for cia camn gel. At least I have no further evidence that cam is neuter. For cia fotd a run 57^29 YBL. has correctly cid. ATAKTA 9 Togal Bruidne Dd Derga* : — cid rcdcs riand § 31 ; cisi snillsc (v. 1. cia soillse) § 66 ; cid m (leg. a) fnaiin (v. 1. cia fnaivi so) § 56 ; ^^^ anisiu § 26 ; a/;/^'' z^^« § Si ; citneisidv (v. 1. ^^rtfe /<2/ side) % 61. C/a before a neuter : ^/Vz ^m;;/ sidi % 28 ; «o beic 111 ^|\ pn 5 Ct^nn ttlojiTio. y^ Li 5 \ y^ lecc cug^if conitotnni a. Li.ic|\ec X)o ]A^t) AiLbe cuimin Linn 511 ^if A.n A1C ^ by^jcA.]! pnn 10 tJ-^ cciget) -^oinnec za<]\ \.e\\ ni yA.5fA.t) ben t)inn 'ja. coiihf*e|\ 'Oo ]A-6.t)f^c x}^ mnA 50 pop ]\e liinjin •o-McjiL A.n ]uo5 6 n^c ):uiL coni5A.|\ t)A.]i 5c6i|\ 15 pe^^c^m congn^iti 6^]\ |"e-^n6i]\ l/Cigem 5^i|\ CA.CA. g^n ceiLg ):^n inb]Aiiiccim ^^La^icjiL fpoiLL-oeipg 50 b^rec-MTiA.oi'o ca< pofc^ 1]" F^^Vr •OA.]! byoix^ -6. n-i^c Cipenn 20 S^t^Mt) m-^c TTloiAnA. L-^oc Lonn •OA gcLtun^ret) gAiji ^^gconiLonn ■00 citic]:A.'6 5A.n ceiLg fon 5^1^ Y "OO beA^yicmjet) Leif -^]a Luc5^i]\ I. annsin^ sin AB ; //V)//i C : perhaps t's truagh sin. 2. dernas seems to imply that Garaid is speaking ; but Mr. Lloyd tells me that this form is occasionally used in Donegal as pret. passive instead oi deamadh. 3. siala^ *seal/ seems here to mean * vestiges.* 5. f/i«z/a] B , aohha A; saoth C. 7. clann^c/anna ABC. 9. do rddh"] do radha KB. Ailbhe] Finn*> wife : see IT iv. Index. 12. ga coimhfhet^ aige coimhfher A ; aga fear BC. THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE 17 THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE. Sad is it here, O ruined keep ! where was wrought that destruction : here remain your traces: we remember those tidings of evil. A grievous sight to me to see thee in this plight, O ruin, once glorious, crowned with brightness ! The Clann Morna, who lie under headstones in the grave, thou hast brought to bareness, O ruin ! Said Ailbe, we remember : " Perilous the place where we find ourselves : if anyone should come over sea, he would not leave a woman of us with her mate." Said the women truly to the king's daughter white of skin : " Since there are no neighbours to do us right, let us see what help our elder can afford. " Let us raise a cry of battle without craft, throughout the white- rodded red-satined hostel, till we see what stay is best to support us in the land of Erin. " Garaid mac Morna, impetuous hero, if he should hear the cry of unequal combat, would come at the cry without craft, and our laughter would be stirred at him. 16. perhaps * let us look for help to the old man.' 17. gan cheilg] * though there is really no treachery to fear *: but go ceilg, * craftily,' would give better seniL 18. bruithchiml^buitchim Pl-j bruighinC: cf. 121. i^,fichamaour\fecamaoidKy feicethtnaoid B. a n^aith Eirenn\ is dar ccongmhdUf &c., BC. 23. ga^^ cheilg'] i.e. innocently, unsuspiciously. 24.] Sdo deantaoi lets nr luthgair BC. C i8 E. J. GWYNN Cengl^m ^ pontic Y ^ F^^^ 25 •00 c^ob n^ bjAtiigne 50 t)occ CO r»^c ciubjA^t) ^ |A6i|t linn 6 c^|tlA. 'n^ fuAin coijACim 'Oo cer»5t^'0A|i n^ mr»^ 50 po|i m^c Tno|ir»^ b^ m6\\ ^n gnioni 30 Y -00 leigf ec 5Ai|i c^t^ ja^ti coija •OA.jA bf ^cA^ib A'6b^|i 'oob|i6in •pl^e^b^f 5^.^ ^it) |tif^n 5^i|i pi^gbtif folc Y ^ peoil 50 cniini •oocti^i'6 fon^ mriAib ^m^c 35 r»to|t bf ^c pn t)^ mbeic 'oionif-6.c At)tibA.i|ic "o^ 5cu|t f A.r» •OUT! ■oob e cuiAUf 5^11 lomptijA'o b^jt ngi^ii^ itiAjAi'o 'o^oib but) r»i]t bi^it) pb ^|A rh^i-oin b^jt ccctiaI 40 A fer»6it\ cj^ion bi-fe ^v fof c leig-fe •6t3inne at) cej^fg 'oot)6A.Ti-'p^ mio'otiA.ill A|A pn cjMOcpjAjA mn^ t)' eif a foilce Ci^ A.c-&imfe ^m fen6i]t c|a6ic 45 If f A.t)^ 6 jlA^c^f mo fgeic •oijedl^T) ojAuib b^^jA fgige 5A.bA.f n-^ tiini cu^ig conn^i'6 50 •00 b^^in f^n 5C01II 5 An cf6nA nA.01 ngUA^tA piinnponA. imcjAen^ 25. A similar trick was played on Curoi mac Dare by Blathnait : ZCP 3, 42. 27. a riir linn] This reading is suggested to me by Dr. Atkinson, dr re ar linn AC, *a slaughter in our time,* which is not very intelligible; gdir ri na linn B. 28. suain toirchim : suan thoirchim AB : suan totrchim C. 31. Uigset] 'j do leigset AB ; doUig siad C. 32. fdthaih] fdtha : A. In BC the line reads ddibh sion dob ddhbhar dubkbhrdin, 36. nior bhfdth\ : of. Atk., Keating, Appendix iii., note t . sin] BC : om. A. 38. dobudh f\ AB ; dob i C. 39. magaidK] maga AB. 40. bhar\ ionn bhar C. For the idiom, cf. ZCP ii. 379. 41. sost] AB ; tost C. 42. ad fori do: C has do: * let us teach thee.' THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE 19 "Let us bind his hair and his beard tight to the side of the hostel, since he chances to be sound asleep, so that he should not wreak his will on us." The women bound in sooth mac Morna (great was the deed) : they raised the cry of battle without reason : for our lays it was cause of grief. Up started Garaid at the cry : he left his hair and his flesh right to the bone : he went forth among the women : no cause had they to be proud. He said, as he drove them into the dun^ that it should be a journey with no returning :— " Your mocking cry shall be your shame : ye shall be a bonfire by morning." "Withered elder, hold thy peace ! let us alone with your teaching." (I shall cause horror thereat, a shudder as of a woman after her washing.) " Feeble elder though I be — it is long since I gripped my shield — I will avenge on you your mockery; I will kindle the torch's head." Garaid arose and went forth from the house : he took in hand the woodman's axe : he cut in the wood, 'tis past denial, nine stout faggots of ash. 43-44.] The poet speaks in parenthesis. 43. dodhiansa is a misspelling of doghiansay i fut. B has hiadh sinnefemtha dhod riir a seanoir chalma piirthrHn, 44. criothfhuar\ the dotted / in AC shows that the word is regarded as 'a compound: O'R has criothfhuair^ * chilly.' The noun occurs in its original form crithur, Salt, na R. 8202: the adj. crithre in B. Mag Rath, p. no. foilce] AC, iox foilcthe, gives no rhyme : perhaps there was another form /otlcsin. Dr. Strachan suggests th^it foilce is gen. ot/olCf * a wash,* LU 58 a 14: and that for ar sin in 43 should be read arse^ * therefore.* I do not know whether this word is found in relatively modem Irish. 46. gklacas] do glacas AB. 47. digheoladh : the metre shows that the word was already pronounced as a dissyllable. 50. tuaigh chonnaidh'\ tuadh chondnaidh A ; tuadhcomaidh B ; truaidhe C. 52. fuinnsiona imthrinay A : fuinnsion treana BC, perhaps rightly, nguala (or gctia la, pi. ofcuail, C 2 20 E. J. GWYNN pA.'otiijef cine fA^n C15 m6\\ 6r\ lAf 50 foice ^ Stijijon •ooctii|t m6|i-t)6ic A.|t A.n cec 55 ti^ojib § -Ml -penoiii c|i6cM|iec lA.'OA.f fecc n-ooiffe cije finn •6a. cciinig A. m6i|i-'6eA.c|^^ 60 "Leig tni-pe ^m-6.c A.]t ni'A.c^i|i, A.]t in$er» ui Coinn c^A.t)CA.t:MC, ofm f6iTi If A.|i btii*6e^cA.f pnn ^ $^1^^1*6 tiA.fA.it foilcfinn til teisfCT) cu A.mA.c A.]t c* a^ca.!]! 65 A. injen ui Coinn ddA.'ocA.CA.id Of c f An nA. A.f btii'deA.cA.f pnn cuf A. A.niA.c nocA. teijpnn "Leig-fe ben ConA.in A.n A.15 A.mA.c If ben CA.oitce A.n conA.t)A.ic 70 If ben niic Heice A.btif ctimA.nn cteice nocA. n-oef nuf UA.f A.niA.c A. ben ihic Heice m^v A.it tA.c ctiTnA.nn cteice 6 nA.c fuit mA.c Heice A.btif 75 ni bfuitim fein •60m ctmitif 5A.b coibce A. $A.f A.ix) nA. njtonn A.f "oeis-injen Cof mA.ic 111 Coinn tA.n •ooif n "OA. bfuit f A.n -otin •00 teijen tec 5A.n lomptiSA.'o 80 54. dn] 6na A. g^rgdn] I do not know this word. BC have for ihisline 6 thinntedn go soiche a tnheadon^ &c. 58. chuir^ B ; om. A ; dochuirQ\ glais nom. for ace. 60. m6ir dheacra] It is not clear whether this refers to the sufferings of the women or Garaid's subsequent punishment. C has deacradk : Dr. Strachan suggests deachradh^ <£ury.' 62. C omits sit here and at 66, which mends the metre : but the speaker, Finn's wife, AUbhe, was daughter of Cormac, grandson of Conn. 68. nocha\ ni K, Uigfinn\ UigfeadC. 70. The metre is wrong: for chonddhaich, which 1 do not understand, we should perhaps read chondichy < happy, prosperous,' Atk. PH. BC have ox hen Condin amach na deaghaidk^ which does not rhyme 71. Mac Reithex also THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE 21 He kindled a fire in the great house, from the floor to the ceiling (?) : he set the house in a great blaze : that old man had no mercy. He shut the seven doors of Finn's house : he fastened seven locks on every door-post ; he makes a fire to kill them : hence came their sore sufferings. " Let me out for my father's sake ! " said the daughter of Conn the Hundred-fighter's grandson ; " for my own sake, and to earn the thanks of Finn, O noble, fair-haired Garaid ! " "I will not let thee out for thy father's sake, O daughter of Conn the Hundredfighter's grandson ; nor for thine own sake, nor to earn the thanks of Finn, will I let thee out." " Let out the wife of Conan of the conflict, and the wife of prosperous Caoilte and the wife of Mac Reithe here — I have known no furtive love." " Come forth, O wife of Mac Reithe, if furtive love be thy desire : since Mac Reithe is not here I myself have not the power." ** Accept a price, O Garaid of the great deeds ! " said the noble daughter of Cormac ua Cuinn ; " the full of thy fist of all that is in the dun to be granted thee without revoking." called CtL Maige, Ir. Text. 4, line 553. 72. ndentus] dernuis AB ; but the words seem to belong to Mac Reithe's wife. I owe to Mr. Lloyd the explanation of the phrase cumann cleithe (celim), * secret amour.' He reminds me that, in the Ballad of the Mantle (ed. Stem ZCP ii, 2, 294), this woman is the only one who successfully undergoes the ordeal of chastity. In C, 71-74 run thus: is bean mhic an Reithe mas dil lead cumainn cleithe. Tair amach a bhean mhic an Reithe dbhus cumann cleithe nocha ndearthnas, 76. dom chumus] Garaid taunts the chaste wife : she must wait for her husband's return : Garaid himself is too old for love-making. 79. Idn doirn] Idn durrainn C, * your full share ' (urrand), 80. leigen"] leigfinn B. 22 E. J. GWYNN X)o 5eA.ll S^r-^^"^ coibce c6^\\ •oon^ mn^ib 51011 5ti|i coiti-mII t)6ib 50 bfec^ •ot^^t 6 5^c tnn^oi *n^ 5IA.1C ctiA^nriA. 'oon ce^.'o-ninA.oi O •o'cor»n^i|ic 5^1^^^*^ i^^t^ ^^ti 85 A. |AA.ib A.fni5 -00 clA^nntJib |ti5 ^ Ti'01^15 x)^ -o-^tA. 5A.n 5tif •00 i^t) 50 ■OAti^ A.n "ooiiuf nA.t\A.b beo 5^1^^^'o 50 h\\^t 6 CACA.oi-fe A.fci5 50 ce^nn 90 m^ tei5enn •ouine ^fcec HA •ouine ^m^c '6a. bfuil A.nn Jtti-Mpgef S-^r^^*^ ^P^ stenn mty\\ bi A.n ri5 A.5 ctiicem A. r»5ler»n Cua^ic -pA.n tTltiniA.ir» A^muig 95 •00 co'otJit 'ha. '6e5A.it)-pn 1oTi5TiA.t) A.n r»i CA.|t|:^f •oa.tti •00 |iA.it) ponn peinne 5^0'^A.t 5A.i|i con If bA.n if 'OA.oine •6a. lof5A.'6 Y A.5 eA.5cA.01ne 100 C|\eA.t) A.n ce6-fo cu5A.inn A.niA.f DO f -6.1*6 ponn ftA.ic nA. bpA.nn If ceo eA.5cof5A.f CA. '6a. cuf no ci5e •6a. 5eA.f lof5A.'6 UtJ5A.mA.f t6im ion5A.ncA.c -6.15 105 f A.5bA.mA.oi'o A.f feit5 5A.C 6.11^0 'f ni bftiA.t\A.mA.f •6A.f ccigcib foif A.CC bun 5A.C cleice a. ccA.lnitJin X)o cuiiA 5A.C fef cf A.nn a. fleige fA.n mbA.ncfA.cc if fA.n moif cine no Y ni bftiA.f A.'OA.f -DA. mnA.ib 5f a.'6a.c A.CC oifoini-o 'oubA. c6iceA.in 81. geallaim seems to mean sometimes,. *I exact a pledge,* *I accept a price.* Thus, in the dindsenchas of Findglais, RC xv. 448, Is i rogell Coinculainn surely means * she took a pledge of Cuchulainn ' : not, as Dr. Stokes renders, * she pro- mised ' : so Keating, in telling the story, says naisgis air Ucht, * she bound him to come ' (Trin. Coll. H. 5. 26, p. 79). 83. b/eca] hfeacaidh B ; hfeiceadh C. Garaid*s object is to see how many of the women are in the house, 84. mnaot^ nith B ; nidh C. 90. I print B*s reading. A has 6 chuir si cdch na chenn ; C reads 6 cuir si catha na cceann, which I cannot translate. None THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE 23 Garaid accepted a fair price from the women (yet kept not his promise to them), till he saw a lock of hair from each woman in the shapely palm of the chief lady. As soon as Garaid, never mild of mood, saw how many of the princely families were within, once the powerless throng was gathered, he shut the door boldly. " May Garaid live no longer till the day of doom, since ye are fast inside, if he lets a soul in or a soul out, of all that are there." Garaid made haste into the glen, as the house was falling ; in Glen Cuaich away in Munster slept he thereafter. " A strange thing has been revealed to me," said Finn of the Fiann of the Gaels ; " the outcry of dogs and women and men a-burning and a-wailing." " What is yon smoke that comes towards us from the west ? " said Finn, prince of the Fianna : " it is the smoke of havoc a-doing, or of a house cruelly burned." We made a wondrous leap for battle ; on all sides we leave our chase ; and we found of our houses eastward nought save the stump of each stake in earth. . Each man thrust the shaft of his spear among the women-folk, amidst the burning heap : aad they found of their winsome wives nought save fragments black and charred. of the three gives a rhyme to hrdth, 94. hht\ do bhi A. 96. 'na dheghaidh'Stn] go medhonlan B ; gcr meadhon laoi ghlan C. 97. The scene changes. tarfds] atdarfds K, 98. Gaodhal] gan on, &c., BC. 99. ban'\ Uim B. loi. chugainn] chugaibh AB. 104. gearlosgadk] losgadh ar daoinibh A, against the rhyme. 106. gach dird"] uile do dhianamh A, against the rhyme and metre. ill. ghrddhacK^ gruadh- grddhach (?) B ; gruagack C. But these readings are against grammar and metre : itsAdha grdd^mndibh, 112. oirdini£\ oirthnibh'By dirdinibhC; rt&dotrdng. dubhd] beaga BC. tditedin] toitedn K\ thotdinB; tuatdinC. 24 E. J. GWYNN nio|t bAf ctiefo^ '00 ctiitA.i'6 -^ ^A.5 -oo cuniMt) ^ ninA 115 Lt15A.1t) 5§A.]t TtiAc l/UcojAtnAin n^ jAA^ib fionn n^ f^inne 'ha. becA.i'o 56 bi 'OA. h6if e neitc mtiA. fe6tcA. f a n-A. c6ile ni t^Mb fA.Ti bpl-MC f^inne 120 l/Oifjteji A^nnpii mbittiipn fiA.]t ben If |:eA.|Ap 'oobi A.5 pionn |aia.iti Ailbe AttJinn 5|AtiA.i'6b|iec "Oo loifjet) A.nn t)-^ eA.c pnn 125 ^5^r ^ c-^t^bA.t) A^^tt) A^oibmn but) m6\\ efh^ -mi cige t)o niA.c Ctini-Mlt Atnitiine X)o toifjcd ceA.t) fgiA^c t)UA.lA.c If ceA.t) coctin C4ScbuA.t)A.c 130 If "OA. ce^^t) ttiicf ec if "oa ceA.t) t-Min If "6^. c^A.t) f5A.b-6.l If cAcb^f f X)o loifget) c^A.t> ec "oioIa. ipfy CA^cuib ^n Aift)-|ti05A. 5onA. n-ticc-6.cuib gloine 135 5011^. fpiMitiib 6p-*6Aite 'Oo toifget) c|ti c^At) cuiteAn con f A mop An efb^w lA.'O-f An Ve gAjiAit) A mbfuijin ^Mon t)o conuib Aitle thic CuitiAill 140 'Oo toifget) c|ii ceAt) cifoe m6\i ■00 coimeAt)Ac Aifigit) if oi^t •00 toif 50*6 Y ^^ ^peA5 A f At) c|ii c^At) cof n 'f cf 1 c^At) cop An 117. niraibh'] niorbhiK, ti8. bhethatdk] bhetha, &c. AB. 1 19. mndseolta] cf. 6^ ^«V/, Ir. T. iii. 226. 121. bruighin'\ bruithchim A. 124. aluimt] BC add (t^A. 131. is (i)] om. BC. dhd{2)1 om. BC. THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE 25 That death which Lugaid found, it was no seemly death for a hero, to die of grief for his wife — ^keen Lugaid son of Luchorman. Finn of the Fiann was alive no longer, though he lived after- ward : the strength of a travailing woman was not in the chief of the Fiann among his comrades. There was burned in that hostel in the west the best wife Finn ever had: bright was her cheek and her hand — ^beautiful dapple-cheeked Ailbe, There were burned there Finn's two horses and his high splendid car : great was the household loss for the son of Cumall of Almain. There were burned a hundred shields cunningly wrought and a hundred conquering targes and two hundred corslets and two hundred blades and two hundred mail caps and helmets. There was burned a stud of a hundred horses, of horses belonging to the over-kingship, with their breast-ornament of crystal, with their gilded bridles. There were burned by Garaid in Finn's hostel three hundred whelps of mac Cumaill's beautiful dogs, a great loss were they. There were burned three hundred great chests for hoarding silver and gold : there were burned — and it is no lie to say it — three hundred horns and three hundred cups. 133. diola] dioladh AB ; minghlan C : cf. ech dile Wi. 136. gofia'\ comidh A. dr'dhaithe] drduightheBC. 142. airgidisdir] cUrgiodis 6r &c. AC. 144. corn\ corrdn B ; corann C. 26 E. J. GWYNN 'Oo'bei|tini b|AiA.CA.]t t^m 'Oi^ 145 f-itn ctoi-deth ^gtif yi^m fgi^c •oeic jc^A.t) TnA.]t t/UJA.i'b tAini5eA.t t)o toif5et> A.nn cj^tiic tDAiite ■DO toifge'o fu^tiAn SA^igne 150 At! r^n 'oo feinnd ia^t) 5^.11 geif fiA.nn^ Pnn -oo ccbl^ teif Xyo toifge'd cjAi c^-cT) fen6i]t fetig •00 itiog-rriA^icib "Pi^nti 6i|Aenn ■00 clA^nntiib J-pi 05611 iTiMlle IS5 •00 clA^nntiib b]iio5mA.fA. b-^oifgne 'Oo toifje^ t\^S c6A.t) CA^illec fA.n mb|ttii5iTi AlA^inti A.jv'obl^'o^d If ^tc]tom mA.c 1^15 f A. teic ^|t niA^c CutTiA^itt Atni^iTie 160 t)o toifge'b cf^ c6A.t) ingen tn-6.ol bu-o folti-poA. ucc A.5tif cA^ob : but) i6.ttiinTi 6^n bA.nc|AA.cc CAin •6^ Ibifget) If •6a. n-ioni5A.in tl^oi ti-oi'6ce •ouinne iA.]tf A.n 165 If pnne ^5 to^tgA^if lodc $A.f A.'d Annpn gc^f ]tuic 6f Cf A^oibliA^c TnA.]t donnA.|tcA.'o^]t 6. c6ite jAf M-o If "pionn tiA. "P^inne 170 vS^Y f A. c^tmA. A^it 5A.6 cA.f An -6.1115A.it ctigf A.C A^ctntif -in S5AC tiA^inne if A.icif of c ^ fiji ( ^ l^^\i6^^'6 5-M]tb jnuifgil ■DO toif5if A.]t mni. fefOA. 175 •ouic if A.ibeif A. c]toiiYiceA.fDA. 149. cruit Dhaire, A Daigre cruitire is mentioned in the Acallam : see IT iv. 6079 ; also in another Ossianic poem in RIA 33 L 34, p. 293, line 24. I know nothing of the suandn Saigne, 150. do loisgedh'] doloisgedh ann A. 151. do seinntt^ do seinnthighe X; do sheinnthigh B. 152. chodhlaiox chodhladh, 153. seng is an adjective constantly applied to warriors, and means here perhaps rather *wiry,* * lithe' than *lean.' 156. hrioghmhara THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE 27 I pledge my word before God, by my sword and my shield, that there died of grief for their wives three hundred like white- handed Lugaid. There was burned there the harp of Daire : there was burned the lulling pipe of Saigen : when they were played, without a spell, the Fianna of Finn fell asleep thereat There were burned there three hundred lithe elders of the princely nobles of the Fianna of Erin, both of the Clann Griogoil and of the vigorous Clann Baoisgne. There were burned three hundred old women, fair and famous in the hostel (the princelings are nurtured apart) to the loss of mac Cumaill of Almain. There were burned three hundred shorn maidens, that were brightest of bosom and side : lovely were the pure women folk that were burning in agony. Nine nights we spent thereafter and we on Garaid's track : we found Garaid, grey and fierce, in the rock above Craobh- liath. When they saw each other — Garaid and Finn of the Fianna, the two that were boldest on any path — bitterly they set to chiding. •* Hate and reproach on thee from us, thou fierce white-bearded Garaid ! thou hast burnt our women but now : their sore suffering is thy boast. Baoisgne] Baoisgne brioghmhara A ; mera brioghmhara, &c. BC. 158. As bruighen is fern., the adjectives must refer to the caUligh. 159. fa leithl fale AB. I cannot make grammar of the line as it stands : read perhaps eUtronn, g. pi. of altru ACL, * and nurses of the princelings.' 162. solusda] solas A. 163, 4, cdin, iomgdin B. 165. dhtiinne"] dhtiinn A. 167. gairbh' liath] an gharbhghnimh C ; gairbhdian B. 169. chonnarcadar] ckonnarcamarB. 172. amgar] angarB, 173. sgdth] sgiathBC, aithis] faithchios BC, 28 E. J. GWYNN ■0110115 itoni6]t -oVji fttiA.5A.1b 5A.bA.i'6 A.11 feicec pontiA.c If CA.b]tA.i'6 A.niA.c A.ti feiTifionTiA.d 180 6f cl5 f^n A.ci •6oni feit5 A. '6ei5niic CtitTiA.itt A.if m'6ent5 CA.]! ipn tiA.niA.15 •6A.ni fionnA.t) If 5A.'b 50 cjttiA.i'o mofeitifiontiA. t)o f A-d "fionn flA.ic f^inne f^il 185 CA.bf A.it) 5^r^i'<^ tib A. lAini 'o^A.TiA.i'o A. ttiige If A. tecc niA.]t -oo loif5e6 leif A.n bA.nc]tA.cc t)eieA)\ - nAf. "Uoi-O Sauai-O." COaIca niAt\ t)o gAb ^Awonn 65 IUac An $oitt An ce6t.) 5l6Af t). {I 8 ; m I 8 ; m I 8 . 8 i m I 8 .'-.m } i 1^ B teig A - niA6 beAn Con - Am An Ai$, HA THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE 35 P J J I ^' m I 8 . 8 : m.m | d ; d | d^:-.,8 | T; m } ^ beAti ^Aoit-ce lMo<> a' — * — # C|i6 - tiAti : beAti Iflic I I 8 i-.m I 8 m 8 . 8 I d : d 1} ^ ^ y f nei coi^A ; CiitM - Aiiti ctei - ce tit teA\C f<. " The poems known as Ossianic or Fenian are sung to airs which are quite unique in the native music of Ireland, whereof they undoubtedly form the most ancient class. In his Preface to TAe Ancient Music of Ireland^ Dublin, 1840, Edward Bunting remarks : * The extreme antiquity of the first class, consisting of caoinans or dirges, and of airs to which Ossianic and other very old poems are sung, is proved as well by the originality of their structure (being neither perfect recitative nor perfect melody) as by the fact of their being still sung with the same words in different parts of the country, these words in many instances corresponding exactly with poems of an extremely early date preserved in ancient manuscripts'; and again: * The Ossianic airs have been noted down from persons, singing very old fragments of this class of poems, both in Scotland and Ireland/ He says further : * Satisfied, on these grounds, that the airs of the first class are all of very great antiquity, the editor has taken pains to examine and analyze their structure ; and the result has been that in them he can trace a characteristic style which prevails more or less throughout all genuine Irish music, and constitutes the true test by which to distinguish our native melodies from those of all other countries/ " Neither Bunting nor any other musician appears to have noted down the air of the present poem. It is much simpler and more monotonous than any other recorded of the same class. Whether this should tell in favour of a higher antiquity or not, I leave to more competent — to musical — authorities to decide. I have thoroughly satisfied myself that this air is associated with the words of the poem ; for Eamonn 6g Mac an Ghoill (AngHce Magill), who sang the poem (fifty-five stanzas) frequently for me, D 2 36 J. H. LLOYD told me that both his father and grandfather had the very same tradition. " It is not, however, so much through a desire to preserve an ancient relic of the kind that I hand this air into the safe-keeping of Mr. Gwynn, but rather with the hope that it may throw light on the ancient method of reading poems in deibhidhe metre (in the present case dgldchas). There can be no doubt but that musical accentuation is more enduring than prosodic stress. The latter is always liable to suffer alteration even from the mere shifting of accent due to a more recent pronunciation of a word, an extreme case of which in Connacht, for instance, would be such as A.n c-^^ri, which must have been preceded by ^.n " Not so with the musical stress. Airs certainly do get cor- rupted and altered in course of time ; but it will be found that their accentuation, which is really vital to them, is scarcely ever lost Should this ever take place, and the air suffer corruption also in other ways, the result would practically be an entirely different tune. This, I think, should act as a powerful check on corruption of musical accentuation. " It is better, however, that such questions should be left for musicians to discuss. Our concern here is merely with ^t^om Sa.Ia^i'o ' as a means of ascertaining original prosodic accent " Probably no two stanzas of the reciter's version of the words were quite alike as regards the number of syllables, so much do these poems suffer through oral transmission. He often had as many as ten syllables, sometimes even twelve, in a line. Hence his singing of the stanzas differed slightly with each, owing to the necessity of either crowding in a redundancy, or slurring a paucity of syllables. As a specimen of his method I give one stanza exactly as sung. " The correct heptasyllabic version of the same stanza, and also of the opening one, are set to another form of the air. This form is that heard when the air is lilted, being thus without any corrupted lines to break up its proper time ; such also is the impression made on one's ear after hearing the poem sung throughout. It will be seen that there is here a thorough agree- ment between bars and syllables, that is, fourteen bars (« twenty- eight notes) = twenty-eight syllables. This agreement is all the more remarkable on account of the music having been THE BURNING OF FINN'S HOUSE 37 preserved in recent times quite independently of any metrical tradition. " The theoretic juxtaposition of music and words now made gives some extraordinary results. It is only necessary to point to -^CAit), of which the first syllable, in all probability, always unaccented in ordinary pronunciation, bears the stress, whilst the second syllable, no doubt never otherwise than long and accented, is unstressed ! If the setting be right, we can only infer that ancient Irish prosody recognised an artificial method of accen- tuation, this view being to some extent corroborated by the highly artificial nature of many of the metres employed, of which, last but not least, we may place the kind of deibhidhe scaoilte in which our poem is written." COMAD MANCHIN LEITH. THE only copy of the following poem which I know of is found on p. 95 of 23. N. 10 (formerly Betham 145), a paper manuscript in the Royal Irish Academy. It was written by a scribe named Aodh at Baile in Chumine (now Ballycummin House, over Loch Bo Deirge on the Shannon) in the house of John O'Mulconry, as appears from the following entries : — p. 48. At the end of a copy of the Aipgitir Chrdbaid: Finit dsnen o Aodh forsan aipgi/^r sin- Baile in Chuimine m'airm a n-ailt tSeain hi Maoilconaire. p. 66. Aodh sin 7 Dia Hum. p. yy. In satharn rfa bfeil in Tailgienn anieua. Miesie Aoudh. Bauilei in Chuoiminei muo mheiandaot a n-ailt Sheiaauin hf MhAouilchounauoierei. 7 daur muo dheurou is truaogh in ries sin adchlouaim adhon Semuos mhauc Muoiries ag imtheaoucht doun Spained amailde fri na tseitche 7 fri na chlaouind fous. 7 is eadh is daomhna . . . cheimnighthe dhouiu adhon do nembhfhaghuai[l] . . e onna wtdthdMh fein {id est Geroit .i. iarla). 7 is eadh douruimnim-si gurop olc fuaoir* .... The end of the entry has disappeared with the edge of the paper. Manchfn Ldith (i.e. of Llath), to whom the poem is ascribed, was founder of the monastery which is from him called Liath Manchdin, now Lemanaghan, in the King's County. According to the Annals, he died in 665, from the plague called tn Buide Conatll, The language of the poem dates, perhaps, from the ninth century. The same manuscript contains another poem ascribed to Manchfn. It is entitled Anmchairdes Manchain Leith, and begins : Nech atcobra dul ar nemh. atacosna in flaith seched rfagail [in]na naem. tathai eolus maith. \ » The Saturday before the feast of the Adzehead (i.e. St. Patrick) to-day. I am Aodh. Baile in Chumine is my place in the house of John O'Mulconry. And by my God's doom ! pitiful is the story I hear, viz. that James Mac Munis is going to Spain together with his wife and with his children also. And the cause of their going is his not having found . . . from his own brother, viz. Earl Gerald. And this is what I think, that he has found evil ... . COMAD MANCHIN LEITH 39 What the exact meaning of comad in the title of the poem may be I do not know.* O'Reilly has the meaning * elegy ' ; but the word more usually denotes the second or closing couplet of a quatrain. See O'Donovan's Grammar, p. 413. The metre in which the poem is written varies in the single quatrains and couplets between the scheme 7* + 5* (i.e. cumasc etir randaigecht mdir 7 lethrandaigecht), 7' + S\ 7^-^$^^ while the sixth stanza shows the metre 6* + S\ COMAD MANCH//^ LEITH ANNSO. 1. Diithracar, a mate De bl, a rl suthain sen, bothan derruid dit[h]rabha comad hi mo t^r^b. Du. 2. Huisin treglas tanuide do buith ina taib, linn glan do nig[e] peacda tria rath spirta' naimh. Du. 3. Fidbuid aluinn imfoccus impe do cech leith re haltrom ^n [n-]ilgothach ria clithar dia cleith. Du. 4. Deisebair re tesogad, sruthan dar a laind, talam toga co m^id rath ba maith da gach clainn. Du. 5. Huathad oclaoch innide, innesem al-lln,^ it e umle irlataidh d'urguidi ind Righ. Du. 6. Ceit[h]re trir, tri cet[h]ruir, cuibde re ga^A les, da seiser i n-ecluis ittr tuaith* is tes. Du. 7. Se desa do \miorct^. imum-sa fadein, i[c] guide tre bithu sfr in Rig ruithness grein. Du. 8. Eclais aibinn anartach, atreb De do nim, _ sutrall soillsi lar sin uass sctlptuir glain gil. Du. 9. Oenteg[d]ais do aithigid fri deit[h]ide cuirp, cen druid[e], cen indladuth, cen imradud uilc. Du. 10. Is e trebad nogebainn, dogegainn cin cleith, fir-caindenn cumra, cerca, bradain, breca, beich. Du. 11. M' [fjolortadh brait ocus bidh on Rlgh is cain clu, mo bith-se im suide re re [ic] guide De in nach du. Du. ' The word also occurs in the title of another poem printed infra on p. 41. * spirat MS. « illin MS. * tuaidh MS. 40 KUNO MEYER Translation. 1. I wish, O Son of the living God, O ancient eternal King, for a hidden little hut in the wilderness, that it may be my dwelling. 2. An all-grey* lithe little lark to be by its side, a clear pool to wash away sins through the grace of the Holy Spirit. 3. Quite near, a beautiful wood around it on every side, to nurse many-voiced birds, hiding it with its shelter. 4. A southern aspect* for warmth, a little brook across its floor,' a choice land with many gracious gifts such as be good for every plant. 5. A few men of sense — we will tell their number — humble and obedient, to pray to the King : — 6. Four times three, three times four, fit for every need, twice six in the church, both north and south. 7. Six pairs besides myself, praying for ever the King who makes the sun shine. 8. A pleasant church and with the linen altar-cloth, a dwelling for God from Heaven ; then, a shining candle above the pure white Scriptures. 9. One house for all to go to for the care of the body, without ribaldry,* without boasting (?),* without thought of evil. 10. This is the husbandry I would take, I would choose and will not hide it : fragrant leek, hens, salmon, trout, bees. 11. Raiment and food enough for me from the King of fair fame, and I to be sitting for a while praying God in every place. KUNO MEYER. ^tri'glas^ *very grey,' the intensive prefix tre^ answering to Welsh try-. CO ndema tromchiaich treglais, LL. 96 a 11. 2 deisebair or desebar seems to denote the position of the sun in the south, ' a south aspect.' Cf. tairisidh a mhdthair 'na h6enar ina lubhghort fria deiseabhair na gr^ne, Lism. Lives, 1. 1884. desebar gr^ine .i. inat ina deasloebhar ngr€ine, O'Dav. 705. 3 landf f., * a floor, ground,' as in the compound ith'lann, « druidey as I would emend druidy I take as the abstract of dniith^ * a buffoon.' ^ This is a mere guess at the meaning of indlddud. COMAD CROICHE CRIST 41 COMAD CROICHE CRIST ANNSO SIS. MS. 23. N. 10, p. 94. 1. Creidim-si CWi/ israeracht occus roces crann croiche, ocus roboi tri laithi [i]san adhnucol cloichi. Cretem. 2. Dursan do taoib mate Muire ocus dia balluib bdnaib a guin CO laigin biraig* i cinaid pecuid Adaim. C. 3. Tan* rocrochadh mac Muire doluid temel tarsan mbith, in grian imclaomcla [a] dath, talum nl anadh do chrith, Cre. 4. In gnim dorinne ludas ba liach ocus ba galgat, tria saint ocus tria formad mac De do reicc ar argat. Cre. 5. Airet robui mac Muire hi corp co mbetuib buada' indar ra muintir nime nocho_tesarba uada.* Cre. 6. Cech dochruide rodamair 5 sll Adaim cin teirci is diar scarad fri Aiibul, mairg idsum nachatcreidfe. C. 7. A gein, a bathais, a* crochadh, [a] adnocul cin gleitin, a eiserge, a* fresgabail, a tudhacht coir a creitim. Cre. Cr. I. S. R. Translation. This is the comad of the cross of Christ. 1. I believe in Christ who has arisen and suffered the tree of the cross, and who was three days in the stone sepulchre. 2. Sad for the side of Mary's Son and for His white limbs to be wounded with a pointed latice for the guilt of Adam's sin ! 3. When the Son of Mary was crucified, darkness went over the world, the sun changed his colour, the earth did not cease from trembling. 1 mbiraid MS. « intan MS. ' buadaib MS. ^ uadaibh MS. « i MS. 42 KUNO MEYER, COMAD CROICHE CRIST 4. The deed which Judas did was a sorrow and a crime/ through greed and through envy to sell the Son of God for silver. 5. While the Son of Mary was in the body with deeds of glory it seemed to the hosts of Heaven that He was not absent from them. 6. Every hardship which He suffered from the race of Adam with harshness, 'twas to part us from the Devil. Woe then to him who will not believe in Him ! 7. His birth, His baptism, His crucifixion, His burial without strife,* His resurrection, His ascension, His advent — it is right to believe in them. KUNO MEYER. ^For this meaning of galgat compare the following passages: — doringni galgait iarsein Cellach mac Cormaic do guin, LL. 35 a 42. doringni mor de galgat, ib. 44 a 32. m6r n-essad, m6r ndirsan, m6r ngalgat, ib. 123 a 20. Cf. also 0*Mulc. 689 and Corm. Tr. 90, both of whom seem to connect the word with gol^ * lament.' ^ gleten, f., 'strife, battle,' .i. gle6, O'Cl. gleden gluair glainidi claidium, Cog. 180, 9 ; ace. torged gletiit, LL. 181 a 14. cia rosgndthaig gletin ng6ir, ib. 138 a 16. du. nom. d4 gletin Dromma Crieich, ib. 151 b 17. COLMAN MAC DUACH AND GUAIRE. THE following tale, taken from the Yellow Book of Lecan (col. 796 of Codex, p. 133 a of Facsimile), is one of a groups of interesting (ales in which Guaire, a seventh-century king of Connaught, proverbial for his hospitality, is the central figure. The version here given is the only one of which I am aware ; and though copied probably in the fourteenth century, the tale in its original form may be assigned, on linguistic grounds,' to the Old- Irish period, that is, perhaps, to the tenth century. Keating, in his History,^ gives a summary of the tale, which differs but little from that given here. His account concludes with the following : — " The fact that the five miles of road between Durlus and the wilderness was called Boihar na mias^ i.e. the road of the dishes, seems to support the truth of this tale." In the Acta Sanctorum there is a Latin version which agrees in some respects with the present version, and in some with that given by Keating. J. G. O'KEEFFE. * E.g. King and Hermit, by K. Meyer, Ph.D., Nutt, 1901 ; Battle of Cam Conaillf CZ. iii. 203-219; Guaire and Mac Telene in YBL, p. 133 h and Harl. 5280, fol. 25 a. See also the Mionanndla in Silva Gadelica, vol. i., p. 396, and vol. ii., p. 431. 2 E.g. the neuter biad and the ^tipontntfochesatJiar, 3 O'Mahony's translation, p. 437. 44 J. G. O'KEEFFE COLMAN MAC DUACH AND GUAIRE. Colman mac Duach, diata Cell meic Duach, dochoid i ndlthrobaib i mBoirind Connacht 7 oen-maccleireach leis inn- aimsir Guaire Aidne. Aigen 7 biel leo. Secht mbliadm, doib isin dithrub cen tuara bid 5 dune, cen acallaim duine. Eclass le5 ina caille 7 praintech. Croccind na n-allta is ed etach nobid impu. Biror 7 us^^ 7 lusrad na cailli is ed nochaithdis. In maccleirech, is e ba hairchindech 7 ba secnap 7 ba ferrthigis 7 ba coic isin praindtig. " Maith," or Colman, dia Case far celebrad, " is coir degurd do denam ann indiu. Caisc m5r andso 7 atat int oes uird uile ann issinn eclais .i. misse 7 int archindeach 7 int esp^^ 7 in sacart. Lat-so immorro na huile cowse olchena. Is coir dun larum degurd do denam ar bar mbelaib. Is coir duib-si A\diu maith do denam frinde isin laithiu-sea indiu Isu Christ meic De bl." " Rotbia maith, a clerigh," or in maccleireach, " 7 dena na hurdu CO maith. Acht co nderntar, regthair romut dochum praindtigi. Ata maith and, nl c5ir a cleith ar ind aes graid J. arib-se lor n-6es* cumtha .i. tanic Ion lim-sa don proindtig, 7 berbtaig^r lim-sa ar losaib na caille co mhdi hinmar, 7 biaid ar do chind inn-irlaime." Dognither 5n in proicept 7 int aifreand co digrais. Cele- berthair medon lai. Tiagair don proindtig. " Is mithigh i n-anmain De do thaed do laim,'* or in mac- cleireach. " Is cet," or' se. ** Dob^r e^" or e-seom. Tucadh do-som larum in sere. Is ann tucad a chuidig do Guaire i nDerlus. M5r tra a chuidigh-sidhe .i. cuach Guaire. Muc 7 ag dob^rthea and, ceithri drolaim ass, 7 da sab foe da breith ar a belaib, .i. da airig tuile do chach. 'MS. foranoes. 2 Corrected into ar. ^ Conjectural reading, the MS. has dob-e. COLMAN MAC DUACH AND GUAIRE 45 Translation. Colman Mac Duach, from whom Kilmacduach is named, went into a wilderness in the Burren of Connaught, and a single clerk with him, in the time of Guaire of Aidne. They took with them a cooking-pan and an axe. Seven years they were in the wilderness without getting a meal of food from anyone, without converse with anyone. They had a church and a refectory in the forest. For clothing they had the skins of wild beasts ; and they fared on watercress, water, and the herbs of the forest. The clerk was erenagh, vice-abbot, steward, and cook in the refectory. Said Colman on Easter Sunday after mass : " It is meet to perform the proper service to-day. Easter it is, and all the ordained are in the church, that is to say, myself and the erenagh, the bishop and the priest. All other functions, however, are yours. It behoves us to perform the service well in your presence. It behoves ^e?« to serve us well on this day of Jesus Christ, Son of the living God." " You will be well served, O cleric," said the clerk. " Let you perform the service properly; and as soon as that is done we will proceed before you to the refectory. There is good cheer therein ; and it is not right to conceal it from the ordained, that is, from you, my companions. Food has come to me in the refectory ; and I have boiled it with herbs of the forest, so that is a savoury dish, and it will be ready before you." The sermon is delivered, the mass is performed diligently, the mid-day service is over, and they go to the refectory. " It is time, in God's name, for you to take food (?)," said the clerk. " It is permitted," said he [Colman]. " I will give it." The food was then brought to him. At the same time Guaire was given his ration in Derlus. Great, verily, was his ration, namely, " the bowl of Guaire." A pig and a bull-calf were put into it ; four rings were on it and two shafts under it to carry it along before him, so that all should get their share. 46 J. G. O'KEEFFE '* Maith Xra,'' or Guaire, " robadambuideach-sa do Christ CTjmhd nech lasmbad oc dll' occorso do cheli De nochaithed ; ar fcgi^btha dam-sa a n-irdail-se." A mbadar and, fochesathar in cuach' uaidhib for ind leas, Oaif^hair a eich do Guairiu, Na da aingel imon cuach .1 iar Maf${ Aidnc siar co foro;;/ad in cuach ar belaib Cholmain meic Jjiiach ina praindtig. ** Maith/' or in maccleirech. " ata sund luag th*ainmne-seo. Taith iarum a ndothidnacht Dia duid." " Natho/' or seiscm, " co fesamar can as tucad," 7 adbered- s^im turum la doicsiu in chuaich : •• A chiiachain, cid dotuca dar Luai/te ? ** U. darnln fid ,1 LQaiwc ainm an feada.) " A ernai[g]thi dogni-seo dofug," ar int aingel, " 7 eslabra GOalre/' h and tanic G&aire istech. " Dobroacht, a cleirchiu," ar Guaire. ** HrjH irt Ufa dodroid," ar in Colmdn, " (ja hcrct ataid' sund, a cleirchiu ?" ar Guaire. " Ccthrachait n-aidche ataam and 7 sec/a mblisuina" ** In mithig duib a ndoroided* duib do thomailt" [p. 133^]. " (^la atangladar ? " or Colman. " Inn e Guaire ? " " In h 7 \n uad doroided a mblad 7 is cet duib a thomailt, 7 aft^j mo chorp-»a 7 m'anim duid 7 do Dla 7 mo sil 7 mo sem*ed CO bfiith/' *' Malth/' or in cleirech, " rodbe a luagh la Dla." Dobcrthar arnabarach co mbadar ar Durl«^, 7 doberthar doib tri fichlt loilgcch cotid^ mbligreoraib 7 [con]a mbuachaillib co mbatar ar Aoxus in proindtigi. Conidh isin maigin sin rofothaighedh Cell meic Duach, condsid Icis Aidhne uile 7 clann Guaire meic Colmain ossin amach co brath. Finit. * oc dil added in margin. ' MS. atait. * MS. c^uacA. * MS. anddoroided. COLMAN MAC DUACH AND GUAIRE 47 Said Guaire : " I should be thankful to Christ if there were one who [is wont] to satisfy the hunger of a man of God to eat it, for an equivalent would be got for me." Thereupon the cup moves from them into the yard ; two angels around it [bore it] through the plain of Aidne westward, until it was deposited in front of Colman Mac Duach in his refectory. ** Well," said the clerk, " here is the reward of thy abstinence ; eat therefore what God has sent thee." " Not so," said he, " until we know from whom it has come " ; and then looking at the bowl, he said : *«01itUebowl, What brought thee over Luaine ? " (That is, over the wood, viz., Luaine is the name of the wood.) " The prayer thou makest for it," said the angel, " has brought it, and the liberality of Guaire." Just then Guaire came in. " It has reached you, O cleric," said Guaire. " Perchance it is God who has sent it," said Colman. " How long have ye been here, ye clerics ? " said Guaire. " Forty nights have we been here and seven years." " It is time for ye to eat what God has sent ye." " Who is addressing us ? " said Colman ; " is it Guaire ? " " It is ; and it is from him the food was sent, and ye are at liberty to eat it .; and here is my body and my soul to you and to God and my seed and race till Doom." " Well," said the cleric, " may God reward you for it." On the morrow they are taken to Derlus, and three score milch cows with their milkers and their cow-boys are brought to them, so that they were in front of the refectory. So that in that place was built the church of Mac Duach, to which all Aidne and the offspring of Guaire, son of Colman, belong till Doom. 48 J. G. O'KEEFFE, COLffiLAX AND GUAIRZ NOTES. degitrd"^ take urd to be the \riic^ ortto of the sorice. caisc MK»r— faster Sunday, as distrngaBhed fzom /tuMchaisCj the Sunday after Easter, ffuddm^idi'Sae one of the canomcalhoiiES : called also sest and etsrmdk. ^griftaigpr'-^OT berbaigther ? ^">» — The usual mramng of tteht do Idurn is ' to go to < rmff wiriii .* ** The priest raises his hamt inahsnhitioiu'* Reeves* '* Caldces,'* p. 84. But see Rev. Cdt. ix., p. 24, JoiiOat do Idim occomn atframm,^ ' tbey w luL to cammnnion at the mass * Agnin, cor Icamha aire .2. dui do jiiijiMbii , "R V 18. Can t his meaning be extended to ojnliuary t*ating ? The coBtext (if there be no onusskm from the MS.) regnirea some such meaning. . j^,p£ ^ fUl occorso. — The whole of this sentence is obsinme to me as it stands. The meaning is^ no donbt, that if the food woe giren to a ceU De^ God. ^pould provide an equivalent portioo. HHsr. rrwtf^xt requires a word like ^ to be inserted aftor lasn^fod, .^ ,^ ^ M«iziZ— * an equivalent,* ' as much as * : see '* Fasaons and Himnifies^."^ ^<2^-0. Ir. tol, f. gen- tuUe^ * wfll, pleuuie, deare ' ; hence ' portion^ shaze.*^ St3I used in this sense hi Mayo : ta mo thud agtam^ * I have enough.* >g ,^.iiVp ^Thc T ti""*^ of Gnaire is &nmd in many places in the vicinity of Klnvuua, Co- Galway e,g, Dungaaire Castle, and the townlands of Dimgoiy Wiest aod X>onff>ry F^^*" The annals recor d his death in the 3fear 662 aj>. ^,,^«--Knownas0ii'«a:*«ic*-4tti« Itisintftt (jiocesc of KJImacdoa^ barony of KHtartmi, Co. Galway. Curtanroe, in the pariih of Abbey, in the batniy of Buzrfii, Co. Clare, appears to kxve been the reffldence of O'Hcyne, chief of in Fiachrach. 2>«r/itf— This, diereffldenccofGufflrc,wasmthevicimtyofKinvarra. The fiat of Dnrtas occupkd die ate of the adstmg castle of Dunguane. © ^.,«,j^Xhe present nanc of the b»onyn ni-o does not stand in any grammatical relation, or connexion, whatever with what follows it It is to be hoped that my quotations from the great Scottish writer Carsuel, and from the " Passions and Homilies," will show the writers of both Mac Talla and An Cl^.i'oeA.ni Sottiif the error of their ways. I now come to the forms themselves. In arranging the subjoined list, and numbering the contents thereof, I have been guided rather by a modern standpoint, as this appeared to me the most suitable for all the members of a comparative table of the kind. It was no easy task to arrange all to correspond ; for usage in the Irish verb has shifted enormously, and is still E 2 52 J. H. LLOYD shifting. Etymological considerations will naturally be found to have prevailed. The forms in square brackets are indicative forms that have invaded subjunctive usage, owing to a general tendency in Mod. Ir. The only really distinct subjunctive form now commonly used is the present tense (with ro-), which is more often employed optatively than otherwise.* Quotations from Scottish writers under the third column appear in Roman type. Examples. In order to show clearly the kind of phraseology and idioms in which the impersonal passive is used, I have in some cases given more of the text than was absolutely necessary. Also, in quoting from published texts, I do not always follow the exact words of the translations, O. Ir. 3. CA.ch^|A : — Adre no-pridchtm diib-si^ is hed ddthar (i. e. dtdthar for n-tathar) dom^ * because I preach to you, there- fore I am in evil plight,* Wb. 21 c 9 ; w hed ddthar diin^ * therefore we are in evil plight,' ib, 28 d 4. * 3. and 4. *plce]i : — cf, •oo-plceiA cucuc on ^115 "00 coi^ciAAt) •DO cije 7 'DOC b|\ic cuci ^p eijin, ' people are at hand to thee from the king to wreck thy house and to bring thee to him by force,* YBL 91 b 29 ('oo-plce]i, from 'oo-pl, *is at hand,' cpd. vb.). 4. c-d.ch^]! : — If cuf A. injion hi t)tilf A.ine oca CAch^.]! 'o*1A|^- jAA.i'o^ f echnon he|^en'o 7 Alp^n, *thou art the daughter of Ua Dulsaine for whom there is searching throughout Ireland and Scotland,' Betham MS. 23, No. 10, p. y6, 1. 16, R. I. A. (S^^riAf Co^iTTiAic, voce p^ull). 5. bichi]i : — htiare is hi fochtdib bithir hi suidib^ * since it is in tribulation that men are for them,' Ml. 56 b 15 ; ocus bithir oca horairiy * and men watch him,' Cor. Gloss., voce Imb^^f po]iofnA.i. 5. bichejA : — is and asgniintar in char ait ^ intan m-bither in periculis, * then friends are known, when men are in perictUisl Ml. 108 b 4. 5. |\tibchA.]i : — air miit ind huachta ni rubthar indtb, 1 S tHo|\ AifigcAf |\iAtfi * |\AbceA|\ ' Y^ d^ilpti. "OeiixceAix * |\AbceA|\ * Agtif •jtAbAt) ' ntiAif A t>6iiiceA|\ gtifte." — Letter from Father 0*Leaiy. ' [Other MSS. point to occa tdthar cuinchid as the original text. — ^J. S.] THE IRISH SUBSTANTIVE VERB 53 * through the greatness of the cold, no one may be (= dwell) in them/ Ml. 94 b 23. 6. boch^ : — poi'oi'o Cucut^int) A.1che]l|^^ch t^oeg "oi^ py ci^s cjtuc mbochA ipn •oun^t) octi|" im bo beo fe^ t)^ec, 'Cuchulaind sends Loeg again to learn what way things were in the camp and whether Ferbaeth was alive/ YBL 31a 50-52. 6. boch (rel.): — c^tn both oc taisbenad naflede dSib, 'while the feast was being spread for them/ Fled Bricrend, 12, 30 ; ciin both oc aurgnom dStb^ ' while they were being prepared for/ ib., 70, 8. [Altered from O. Ir. ciin m-bothae.] 6. |io-boch : — ts hed ro-m-both dom, * this is why I have been in evil plight/ Wb. 23 a 24 ; is hed inso ro-m-both dossom^ * this is why they were angry with him/ ib. 19 ap; atnal ro-both and, * how things were/ Fled Bricrend, 16, 22 ; gin ro^m-both ar in Tdin Bd Ciiailgni i nHirinn^ * whilst they were engaged in the cow spoil of Cuailgne in Ireland/ U^in bo f^i-^ich, 47, 31 ; ba maiih ro-m-bothfriu, *they were treated well/ ib., 57, 20 [cf, i^w C|i-6 by R. A. Foley (in Press). 5. b'ioc^]i : — ^^\ye^ymo "oiccitt ni .bice^^it (pr. biocA|A)bA.ox)A.c t)iom, * I do my best, but no thanks do I get/ G. J. No. 35. 6. "00 biot) : — ^biot) ^n^-iTiAic "oi, *she was very well treated' (R. A. Foley) ; b'lce^t) ^5 cvi]\ cp^ob "oe ConrnA^t) n^ S^^'oitge ^]i bun, *a branch of the Gaelic League was being established/ An Sl6ibce-6