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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITH LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. )
CONDUCTED BY
CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esq., M.A., F.B.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., JOHN EDWARD GRAY, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S. &e., WILLIAM S. DALLAS, F.LS.,
AND
WILLIAM FRANCIS, Ph.D., F.1.S.
VOL. XV.—FOURTH SERIES.
LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS.
50LD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO,; KENT AND CO.; WHITTAKER AND CO.: BAILLIERE, PARIS: MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : HODGES, FOSTER, AND CO., DUBLIN : AND ASHER, BERLIN,
1875.
“ Omnes res creatse sunt divine sapientis et potentiz testes, diviti felicitatis human :—ex harum usu 4onitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ; ex ceconomid in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper sstimata ; A veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”—Linn2&vs.
“Quel que soit le principe de la vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour voir qu'elle est le chef-d’euvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- tent toutes ses opérations.”—Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 1767. .
Se acer The sylvan powers Obey our summons; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute.
J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XV.
[FOURTH SERIES. ]
NUMBER. LXXXV.
FE I, Observations on Hiickel’s Gastrea Theory. By Dr. W.
Somers betes ey 28 8 ae akeett ok Winns arabs
II. Notices of British Fungi. By the Rev. M. J. BerKxerey, M.A., F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Esq., F.L.S. (Plates I. & fi Doe
III. Descriptions of two new Species of Crustacea from New Zea- land. By Captain F. W. Herron, C.NOZG. v2 ce em Nel
IV. Note on a new Provisional Genus of Carboniferous Polyzoa. By R. Ernermer, Jun., F.G.S. (Plate IV. B. ng 8 Reeeaae
V. On the Madagascar River-Hog (Potamocherus), and on the Skulls of the three Species of the Genus, By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Meee AP PS Sos tl den Ge
VI. On new Speaiee of Bivalve Mollusca found at Cumana, Vene- zuela. By R. J. LecuMErr Guppy, F.LS., F.G.S., &c. (Plate VII. Maa aiashea le he KtginGidededs), oh crutstirs Shei ons e..i.
VII. Notice of some Marine Shells found on the Shores of Trinidad. By R. J. Lecuwerr Guppy, F.LS., F.G.S., &e. (Plate VIL Ee eet rt ae ej eniag Mh Ors
VIII. Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalyed Entomostraca. No. XI. Some Carboniferous Ostracoda from Russia. By Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., F.G.S., &., and JamEs W. Kinky, Esq. (Plate VI.)
IX. Notes on Coleoptera, with Descriptions of new Genera and Species.—Part II. By Francis P. Pascox, F.L.S. &e. (Plate VU.)
X. On the Genus Bathyporeia. By the Rev. Tuomas R. R. Stepping, M.A. (Plate SS ORES Aa nee
XI. Descriptions of five new Species of Fishes obtained in the New-Zealand Seas by H.M.S.~‘ Challenger ’ Expedition, July 1874. By James Hecror, Eg ar wale haa cc 2s vlc dain
XII. On a new Motella from Norway. By Roperr Cotuerr ,.
age
41
49
iv CONTENTS.
Page
On the Embryogeny of the Rhizocephala, by Prof. C. Semper; On , the Circulatory Apparatus of the Echinida, by M. E. Perrier ; Embryology of the Ctenophora, by Alexander Agassiz; Notice of Papers on Embryology by A. Kowaleysky, by Alexander Agassiz ; On the Relationship of the V ertebrata and Annelida, by
C. Semper; Segmental Organsin adult Selachia, by C.Semper, 83—95
NUMBER LXXXVI. XIII. Zoologico-Embryological Investigations. By M. Ussow.. 97
XIV. On the Genus Rossella (a Hexactinellid Sponge), with the ove ae of three Species. By H. J. Carrer, “RS. &e. (Plate RK)... si ves se cee cols eo 6a we yoo mains om rie em 113
XV. Descriptions of Species of Hippothoa and Alecto from the Lower Silurian Rocks of Ohio, with a Description of Aulopora arachnoidea, Hall. By H. Atteynr NICHOLSON, M.D., D.Sce., F.R.S.E., Professor of Biology in the College of Physical Science,
Newcastle-on-Tyne. (Plate XD.) ... es cece cece seen erence eeees 125 XVI. Deseription of a supposed new Genus of Ceylon Batrachians.
By W. FEerGuson, LS Ac eet pane 128 XVIL On the Genus Deidamia, y. W.-S. By James Woop-
Mason, of Queen’s College, Oxford .....+ 0+. +e sees eee ee reer 11
XVIII. Notes on certain Genera of Agaristide, with Descriptions of new Species. By ARTHUR GARDINER BuTLER, F.LS., F.Z.5., &e. (inte RUD .4 Pe ogo eins nun se ale We +h ple meses 275 pI 135
XIX. Descriptions of new Species of Gobitde in the Collection of the British Museum. By A. W. E. O’SHauGHNEssy, Assistant in the Natural-History Departments.......+.ee sess c reece eee eeees 144
New Books :—Anon. The Excavation in the Kesslerloch near Thay- ingen.—Prof. Albert Heim. On a * Find,” of the Reindeer Period, in Switzerland.—H. Karsten. Studies of the Primeval History of Man in a Cave of the Schaffhausen Jura.—Recherches pour servir 4 l'Histoire Naturelle des Mammiféres, comprenant des Considérations sur la Classification de ces Animaux par M. Hl. Milne-Edwards, des Observations sur 1] Hippopotame de Liberia et des Etudes sur la Faune de la Chine et du Thibet oriental par M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards ..........-++: 148—152
Proceedings of the Royal Society. ..-.++-s++++seecrrrresseeeses 155
On some points in the Anatomy of the Common Mussel (Mytilus edulis), by M. A. Sabatier ; Note on Herpeton tentaculatum ; Notice of some Freshwater and Terrestrial Rhizopods, by Prof. Leidy ; On Leucochloridium paradoxum and the Development of the ie contained in it into Distoma, by Dr. Ernst Zeller;
The Diatomew of the Carboniferous Period, by Count F. Cas-
tEACHUO, 0 scer ceases eee vine esis 0 | clic Ooo ean 157—164
NUMBER LXXXVU.
XX. On Pelagonemertes Rollestoni. By H. N. Mose.ry, Naturalist on board H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ (Plate SVB) olvia i eR vith’ 165
CONTENTS, Vv
Page XXI. Submarine-Cable Fauna. By J. Gwyn Jerrreys, LL.D., F.R.S., and the Rev. A. M. Norman, M.A. (Plate XIL)........ 169
XXII. Descriptions of new Species of Polyzoafrom the Lower and Upper Silurian Rocks of North America. By H. ALteynr Nicuo.- son, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Professor of Biology i in the Durham Uni- versity College of Physical Science, Newecastle-on-Tyne. (Plate XIV.) 177
XXIII. Oa some new exotic Sessil-eyed Crustaceans. By the Rev. Tuomas R. R. Sreppine, M.A. (Plate XV. A.).......00 sec ees 184
XXIV. Descriptions of some new North-American Lithobioide. By ANTON STUXBERG
XXV. Do Varieties wear out, or tend to wear out ? By Professor Asa GRAY
Vie Reiss Sein 6s CC Ce C0185. 0.0 8 6's e pois ¢ p 88 08 2 ee s)he pS Bie ele Se
XXVI. Oceanic Sediments, and their Relation to Geological For- mations. By Professor WiLLi1am Kine, Se.D. &e.
* XXVII. Remarks on Professor Owen’s Arrangement of the Fossil Rencearnus.- bay GRAB ICR RWET, «ys im assy) paps a.o04.04 9/5 «2.85! 204
XXVIII. Zoologico-Embryological Investigations. By M. Ussow. 209
XXIX. On some new Species of Butterflies from Tropical America. By ArtuuR GARDINER but er, F.L.S., F.Z.5., &e. 222
Proceedings of the Royal Society.............. On the Gammaride of Lake Baikal, by Dr. B. N. Dybowsky ; On the Mode in which Ameba swallows its Food, by Prof. J. Leidy ; On the Discovery of true Batrachians in Paleozoic Roc ks, by M. A. Gaudry ; On the Motive Power of Diatoms, by P ays Wi Leidy; On “the Peripheral Nervous System of the Marine Nematoids, by M. A. Villot a PE ite Ms GONE | ERG 230—235
NUMBER LXXXVIII.
XXX. On the Structure and Systematic Position of the Genus Cheirolepis. By R. H. TRAQUAIR, M.D., F.G.S., Keeper of the Natural-History Collections in the Edinburgh Museum of Science are ati pie tats SX. VATS) Foi senne idles.
XXXII. On a new Seevice’ of Liphistius (Schiddte). By the Rey. Perera BAe rapes NL ON Peo: clssaswin sabi eieia a gine ajviovgh-a dl oe 249
XXXII. On the Geographical Distribution of Fishes. By THxEo- porE Giux, M.D., Ph.D
XXXUI. On an undescribed Organ in Limulus, supposed to be Renal in its Nature. By A. S. Packarb, Jun................00 255
XXXIV. On some Fossil Fishes from the neighbourhood of Edin- burgh. By R. H. Traquarr, M.D., F.G.S. , Keeper of the Natural- History Collections in the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art. (Plate iW. is ) Neto oP odnia tat nea tolial aie oe, RUei ale ole) at. O'wiwla: dele, wieka Rint a Mm lemmia al bisa te 258
XXXV. Descriptions of new Species of Fish in the Collection of fd tannmemeascnint, Tey A. ELAIY: 65:6,0.5 or-sh0 rhepaid sig tum, sipewitvn,« 268
vi CONTENTS.
Page XXXVI. List and Revision of the Species of Anolide in the British-Museum Collection, with Descriptions of new Species. By A. W. E. O'SuauGuyessy, Assistant in the Natural-History
SPAR in. 0 > dine Xv 5's 2h + asics xg A ee Ek 270 XXXVII. Biographical Notice of the late Dr. Joun Epwarp MEM Nags ese cn ASS SU ves ch's Sones 2k ane ae ate ae 281
New Books:—Zoology, by Alfred Newton, M.A., F.R.S.—The Student's Guide to Zoology, a Manual of the Principles of Zoo- logical Science, by Andrew Wilson ................00e eee 285
Proceedings of the Royal Society ......-.s.sesesncecveseastvuas 286
On Pinaxia, by Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., Zoological Department, British Museum ; On the general Phenomenon of the Embryo- geny of the Nemertians, by M. J. Barrois; On the Reproductive Organs of the Eels, by M. Syrski; Revision of the Nematoids of the Gulf of Marseilles, by M. A. F. Marion ; On a new Order of Eocene Mammals, by Prof. 0. C. Marsh ; On the Mediterranean Species of the Genus Eusyllis, by M. A. F. Marion ...... 300—307
NUMBER LXXXIX.
XXXVIII. On the Articular Bone and supposed Vomerine Teeth of Ctenodus obliquus; and on Paleoniscus Hancocki,n. sp., from the Low Main, Newsham, Northumberland. By Tuomas ArrTHeEy. (Plate SER.) ee OE se Oe ie Oe eee nes oe 809
XXXIX. Noteson some Young Stages of Umbellularta, and on its Geographical Distribution. By R. v. WimLeEmMors-SvuuM, Ph.D., Naturalist to the ‘Challenger’ Expedition. (Plate XVIII. A.) .. 312
XL. Ona third new Tertiary Species of Trigonia. By FrEpERIcK M ‘Coy. Professor of Natural Science in the University of Melbourne. (Plate VEEL B.) ccisiccse s,cosse xe ated arn whe ae ee 316
XLI. Zoolegico-Embryological Investigations. By M. Ussow .. 517
XLII. On new Carboniferous Polyzoa. By Professor Jonn Youne, M.D., and Mr. Joun Younc, Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow. (Plates 1X..& IX: Bis.) 0)... i: 0,09. = x0 ees ee 353
XLII. Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Temno- cephala chilensis of Blanchard. by James Woop Mason, Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Medical College, Calcutta................ 336
XLIV. Descriptions of new Species of Lepidoptera from Central America. By ArTHUR GARDINER BuTLeER, F.L.S., F.Z8., &e. .. 338
XLV. Tylenchus millefolii, n. sp., a new Gall-producing Anguil-
inlide. By Dr. Feawei@w's os: 005s c+5 2s be te eee ee 342 XLVI. Experiments on the supposed Auditory Apparatus of the Culex mosquito. By ALFRED M. MAYER ..........00-:eeecerss 349
Proceedings of the Royal Society ....... 00h csereccnceesacsneewn 364
CONTENTS.
Ceratodus Forsteri and C. miolepis, by Dr. A. B. Meyer ; On an Ap- paratus of Dissemination of the Gregarineg and the Stylorhynchi, and on a Remarkable Phase of Sporulation in the latter Genus, by M. A. Schneider ; Researches into the History of the Rhizo- pods, by G. C. Wallich, M.D. ; On the Habitat of Peristethidion prionocephalum, Dum., by Dr. A. B. Meyer; Anatomy of a Remarkable Type of the Group of Nemertians (Drepanophorus spectabilis), by M. A. F. Marion; Dimorphie Development and Alternation of Generations in the Cladocera; On the Actinie of the Oceanic Coasts of France, by M. P. Fischer; Action of
Page
Light on the Development of the Young of Frogs ...... 368—376
NUMBER XC.
XLVI. On two Hexactinellid Sponges from the Philippine Islands in the Liverpool Free Museum. By Tuomas Hiaatn, of Huyton. With Remarks by H. J. Carrer, F.R.S. &e. (Plates PCR DESY 6. geo os S vd 2 vice 9 8 yp ara ye sen ems Bora tae were A
XLVIII. Descriptions of some new Asiatic Species of Rhynchites.
0 SUS MG GT TeS A DS Se ep ote fe 391
XLIX. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Lepidoptera in the Collection of the British Museum. By Arrnur GarDINER SA 0S AS a2 a eel Py eh
L. Descriptions of some undescribed Species of Birds discovered by Lieutenant Wardlaw Ramsayin Burma. By Arruur, Viscount em Maree EE SE: 25.2 aay Breese SONNY oni ei otgaihe 6 oe ws
LI. Descriptions of some new Genera and Species of Coleoptera from South Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Seychelle Islands. ee anes CO. WATERHOUSE Fo... v6 aaaieh Chaadls wees «pea o>
LI. A List of the Gasteropoda collected in Japanese Seas by Commander H. C. St. John, R.N. By Ep@ar A. Suir, F.ZS., Zoological Department, British Museum......... .....0--ee eee
LUI. Notes on Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata. By R. Erue- Remmi ys PC Pate As) i. « see LS SN ee event
New Book :—Fossil Inland Shells from Dalmatia, Croatia, and Sla- yonia, by Spiridion Brusina, Director of the Zoological Depart- ment of the National Museum of the Triune Kingdom, &c.....
On Ctenodus cristatus, by L. C. Miall ; Observations on the Period of the Extinction of the ancient Fauna of the Island of Rodriguez, by M. Alph. Milne-Edwards; On the Development of the Ptero- poda, by NM H. Fol; Notes on an Examination of four Species of Chitons, with Reference to Posterior Orifices, by William H.
oe
400
454
Dateewborcalrang Arctic Shells... . 3... 6s. ec cc cers ne 436—443
Prater L 10 B
Il. IV. bh Wi. Wit VII. IX, IX.
X.
XI
XII. XIII. XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII.
PLATES IN VOL. XV. New British Fungi.
Bathyporeia pilosa. Potamochcerus Edwardsii—Hyphasmopora Buskii. Developmental phases of Mollusks, Insects, and Ascidians. New Carboniferous Ostracoda. West-Indian Mollusca. New Genera and Species of Coleoptera. Rhabdomeson rhombiferum. bis. Thamniscus Rankini. New Species of Rossella. New Species of Alecto and Aulopora. New Hydrozoa. New Agaristide. New Polyzoa. New Exotic Sessile-eyed Crustaceans — Pelagonemertes Rollestoni. New Fossil Fish. Cheirolepis Cummingiz. Young Stages of Umbellularia—New species of Trigonia. Ctenodus obliquus. Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata. - Hyalonema cebuense, Labaria hemispherica.
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. [FOURTH SERIES.]
po PA AGS per litora spargite muscum,
Naiades, et circitm vitreos considite fontes: Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas; Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco a ag e rupibus, et aes eg
erte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.”
ine ‘ v. Parthenii Giannettasii Ecl. 1.
No. 85. JANUARY 1875.
I.— Observations on Hiéickei’s Gastrea Theory. By Dr. W. SaLEensky*.
[Plate V.]
HAcKEL’s investigations on the Calcispongie, which are brought together in his admirable monograph, have led him to a theory to which he ascribes great importance for the con- ception of the phylogenetic relations of the types of animals, ~ and which he calls the Gastrwa theory. This theory was first presented in its chief features in the portion of the monograph treating of developmental history ; but Hiickel has since pub- lished a special memoir upon it and expounded it much more in detail and with relation to the germ-lamella theory T. In its principal features this theory may be summed up very ely. It consists chiefly in the statement that in the ontogenetic development of all the representatives of the vari-
* Translated by W.S. Dallas, F.L.S., from the ‘Archiv fir Natur- geschichte,’ 1874, pp. 137-174.
+ Hackel, ‘ Die Gastrzea-Theorie, die phylogenetische Classification und die Homologie der Keimblitter.’
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xv. 1
2 Dr. W. Salensky on Héckel’s Gastreea Theory.
ous ha of animals an embryonal form occurs which pease an elongate-oval shape, consists of two layers (exoderm and entoderm), and encloses a cavity, the stomachal cavity. Hiickel discovered a larva of this construction in the Calcispongiz and called it the “ Gastrula.”
“From the identity of the Gastrula in representatives of the most different types of animals, from the Sponges to the Vertebrata,’ Hiickel deduces, “ in accordance with the bio- genetic fundamental law, a common descent of the animal ifs from a single unknown stock-form, constructed essen- tially in the same way as the G'astrula: the Gastrea’’*.
In the monograph of the Calcispongizw, however, Hiickel adduces but few facts in evidence of his theory. He indicates only a few animals in which, in his opinion, this form occurs in the cycle of embryonal forms. It would naturally be ex- pected that in the memoir Sp icese published and specially devoted to this theory such facts would be carefully cited ; but this is by no means the case. All that he has done for the factual establishment of the Gastraa theory is that he gives eight partially diagrammatic figures, and, in the case of certain types, mentions some animals in which the Gastrula-stage is supposed to occur (see ‘ Die Kalkschwiimme,’ Band i. p. 467, and ‘ Die Gastrea-Theorie,’ p. 18). The new additions to the facts indicated in the monograph of the Calcispongiz relate to various types of animals. According to the monograph, among the Vermes the G'astrula-stage occurs in Phoronis, Sa- gitta, Euaxes, Ascidia, &c., and according to the ‘ Gastrea- Theorie” in the Platyelmintha (Turbellaria and Trematoda), the Nematelmia (Nematoda, Sagitta), in the Bryozoa and Tunicata, in the Gephyrea and Aeneha (Phoronis, Euaxes, Lumbricus, Chetopoda). Of the Echinodermata, Hiickel, in the “ Gastrea-Theorie,” cites, besides the Asterida, the Holo- thurida. Of the Arthropoda he says, in the monograph, “ Kmbryonal forms which are easily derivable from the Gas- trula occur also among the Arthropoda”’ (Crustacea and Tra- cheata). In the “‘ Gastreea-Theorie ” he gives the figure of a Gastrula deduced from the earliest developmental form of the Nauplius. In the Mollusca, the Gastrula is confined, in the monograph only, to the development of Limnaus ; in the “‘ Gastrea-Theorie ” the Gastrula appears “ to be widely dif- fused in the classes of Bivalves and Univalves.” Among the Vertebrata Hickel cites only Amphioxus in both works, al- though he remarks that “ the continuity which exists between the ontogeny of Amphioxus and the other Vertebrata leaves no
* Die Kalkschwimme, Band i. p. 467.
Dr. W. Salensky on Hiéickel’s Gastrea Theory. 3
room to doubt that the ancestors of the latter also, at earlier periods of the earth’s history, passed through the Gastrula in the commencement of their ontogenesis.”” Of course this can- not be proved by facts.
If the theory be correct it must be in accordance with the facts and explain them. If it is of so much significance in the elucidation of the phylogenetic connexion of animals, we must expect:—1. That the Gastru/a-stage should actually occur very frequently in the ontogenetic development of animals ; or if it is not of such general occurrence (for example, if it is over- leaped in the ontogeny of certain animals) some of the conse- quent phenomena and the analogies in the development of different animals must at once show us that this stage really formerly existed and has merely been overleaped. 2. If the theory is of so much significance for the elucidation of the true interpretation of the ontogenetic import, the development of those animals in which the Gastrula-stage does not occur as such must be deduced and elucidated from this; for the im- portance of the Gastrwa theory is by no means proved only by our detecting the G‘astru/a-stage in some representatives of the different types of animals. What is required of the Gastrea theory must therefore consist (1) in the actual proof of the occurrence of the Gastrula-stage in the ontogeny of different animals, and (2) in the actual proof of its significance in the explanation of the ontogenetic phenomena. If this were the case, all complicated phenomena with which we are acquainted by observation must find a much better explanation in this theory than in previous conceptions.
Let us turn first to the facts which, according to Hickel, demonstrate the occurrence of the Gastrula-stage in different animal types.
I. Factual demonstration of the Gastrea theory.
The Gastreais defined by Hickel in the following words:— “'The Gastrea is a spherical or elliptical body, with a stoma- chal cavity and a mouth-opening, the stomach-wall of which is formed by two different cell-layers, the inner, non-vibratile gastral lamella or entoderm, and the exterior, vibratile dermal lamella or exoderm.”” This definition is so clear and distinct that we may at once recognize the (rastrula-stage if it exists in the ontogeny of an animal.
Let us commence our revision of embryological facts with the ontogeny of the Ccelenterata. That in these the Gastrula- stage is remarkably widely diffused and plays a very important
part follows & priort from the fact that the Ccelenterata 1*
4 Dr. W. Salensky on Héickel’s Gastrea Theory.
(hydroid polyps, sponges), even in their developed state, di- verge very little from the Gastrea form. But even in this animal type the Ctenophora are distinguished from the other Ceelenterata by some very important embryological pheno- mena, since in them, according to the well-known investiga- tions of Kowalevsky*, the gastrovascular system is first pro- duced from the ee. ce in the form of a solid cellular cord or of a cylinder, which only acquires a cavity at a later period, after the meridional rings are indicated. ‘The very important objection which this case offers to the Gastra theory consists in the fact that it cannot be referred to either of the two modes of development of the Gastrula indicated by Hiickel, and that here no Gastrula-stage exists.
Vermes.— In the stock of the Vermes the Gastrula (the so-called ‘ infusoriiform embryo ’) occurs sometimes in exactly the same, sometimes in a more or less modified form in the Platyelmintha (Turbellaria and Trematoda), in the Nematelmia (Nematoda, Sagitta), and in the Bryozoa, Gephyrea, and An- nelida (Phoronis, Euaxes, Lumbricus, Cheetopoda).”
From the fact that embryos of very different organization are comprised under the so-called ‘ infusoriiform embryos,” we may assert & priort that these embryos are like the Gas- trula in some cases and different from it in others. Such differences often occur between the embryos of one and the same class of Vermes, as, for example, between the various Trematoda. In some of the digeneous Trematoda, the mouth and intestine have been demonstrated in the embryonic state ; in others (and indeed in the majority) they have not. In the subsequent stages of development, as is well-known, the redia are distinguished from the sporocysts by these characters f. The development of the monogeneous 'T'rematoda is so little known that we are not at present in a position to say, from the ascertained facts, whether or not a stage resembling the Gas- trea occurs in these animals. ‘The most complete investiga- tions in this direction, namely those of E. van Beneden f, Zeller §, and Willemoes-Suhm ||, furnish so little information as to the embryonic history of these Trematoda, that we only learn from them the fact that the animals on escaping from the egg already possess all their organs (except the sexual organs).
* Mém. de l’Acad. Imp. de St. Pétersb. tom. x.
+ Leuckart, ‘ Die menschlichen Parasiten,’ Bd. i. p. 491.
t ‘Recherches sur la composition et la signification de l’ceuf,” Mémoires couronnés de l’Acad. Roy. de Belg. tom. xxxiy.
§ Ibidem.
|| Zeitschrift fiir wiss. Zoologie, Bd. xxii.
Dr. W. Salensky on Hackel’s Gastreea Theory. 5
Of the embryonic development of the Turbellaria also we know very little; and what we do know does not prove that these animals pass through a Gastrula-stage. As far as I know, there exist only two investigations which show thoroughly and in detail the embryology and especially the production of the organs, of the Turbellaria. In the memoir of E. van Beneden (Recherches &c.) the process of segmentation is chiefly con- sidered. The two other investigations are due to Keferstein* and 1 t. According to the last author the vitelline mass undergoes segmentation and then separates into a cen- tral and a peripheral layer, of which the latter, by repeated division, furnishes an animal lamella, which becomes converted into the body-wall with the muscular layer and epithelia, and a vegetative lamella, which is developed into the intestinal mem- brane. ‘There is little in this memoir upon the production of the buccal orifice and intestinal cavity. Keferstein’s investi- gations agree pretty nearly with those of Knappert, as he also represents the body-wall and the intestinal wall as produced by the division of a layer, the upper layer. It seems to me, how- ever, that in the Turbellaria we may with great certainty as- sume the Gastrula-stage, because in the sexually immature state they differ very little in their organization from the Gas- trula type.
It is otherwise with Nemertina, in which, by the remarkable investigations of Mecznikofft, the earliest developmental pro- cesses have been elucidated. From these interesting researches we learn the important fact that the larva is excluded in the form of a vesicle of one layer and that it leads a free life. According to Mecznikoff a vesicle of one layer is first produced from the egg of the Nemertian; this becomes covered with cilia and then escapes from the egg. This vesicle then under- goes an introversion, which subsequently becomes differentiated into two parts, the anterior intestine and the stomach. Here, therefore, we have a Gastrula-stage. The Nemertina, how- ever, must be separated from the other Turbellaria, as they must be referred to the Ccelomati, and the others to the Accelomi.
Whether a Gastrula form exists in the ontogeny of the Ne- matoda is not yet proved. From the researches of Leuckart §
* Beitriige zur Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte einiger See- planarien von St. Malo, 1868.
+ “Embryogénie des Planaires d'eau douce,” Archives Néerlandaises des Sci. &c. This memoir is known to me only by the reports of Keferstein and Leuckart.
{ Mém. de l’Acad. Imp. de St. Pétersh. tome xiii.
§ Leuckart, ‘ Die menschlichen Parasiten,’ Bd. ii. Lief. 1, p. 93. E. van Beneden (Recherches, &c. p. 102) regards the interior opaque mass of the embryo as nutritive vitellus; but this appears to me to be by no means proved.
6 Dr. W. Salensky on Léickel’s Gastreea Theory.
we may suppose such a stage to occur in Strongylus filaria and Cucullanus. In all Nematoda an embryo consisting of two layers is formed after the conclusion of the process of seg- mentation. From the outer layer is formed the body-wall, from the inner one the intestine. The production of the in- testinal cavity occurs at the time of the formation of the body- cavity.
The researches of Kowalevsky on the embryology of Sagitta* establish beyond doubt that in the penticyilocs? of this worm we may admit a Gastrula-stage.
The statements of Hiickel that a Gastrula-stage occurs in the Bryozoa do not agree with the known investigations. From the researches of Nitsche+, Claparéde}, and Mecznikoff we know that at any rate in the Bicellarie (Bugula) no stomachal cavity is formed in the larva. As to the embryonic development of the Cyphonautes-like larvee, which, as is well- known, possess an intestinal canal, we have no information. In the postembryonic developmental history of the Bryozoa, which has been better investigated than their embryonic de- velopment, we find no state which has any resemblance to the Gastrula-stage. It is well known that here the intestinal canal (polypide) is developed in a very different manner from other animals.
In the class Gephyrea, if Phoronis is to be referred to it, a Gastrula-stage occurs in that worm.
Hiickel’s statement that Hwaxes in its ontogeny passes through a Gastrula-stage, is decidedly not correct. The re- markable investigations of Kowalevsky, upon which Hiickel depends, best prove this. rom the embryology of the Oli- gocheta we learn that cases may occur in which, in the same group of animals, one animal passes through a decided Gas- trula-stage in its ontogeny, while another does not. This fact alone sufficiently proves that, in the demonstration of the Gastrea theory, we can by no means be contented with a few representatives of the animal types. The two Oligocheta which Kowalevsky has selected as the subject of his researches, Euaxes and Lumbricus (the ontogeny ot Tubifea is like that of Huaxes) show very essential differences in their first em- bryonic stages. In Huazxes the segmentation takes place in the way which is so characteristic of some Vermes and Mol- lusca. After the first cell-division four large spheres of seg- mentation are formed, upon which a great quantity of smaller
* © Embryologische Studien an Wiirmern und Arthropoden,” in Mém. de l’Acad. Imp. 53 St. Pétersh. tome xvi.
+ Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. Bd. xx.
{ Ibid. Bd, xxi.
Dr. W. Salensky on Héickel’s Gastrea Theory. 7
ones soon make their appearance. ‘The former afterwards form the entoderm, the latter the dermal lamella. Between these two foundations of the germ-lamelle a third layer of cells is immediately produced, and this forms the middle germ- lamella. From this it follows that in Huazes there is no stage which has any resemblance to the Gastrea, and, indeed, that no such stage can occur, because the Gastrula should consist only of two layers. But here, even before the conclusion of the Sa of segmentation, all three germ-lamelle are founded. n Lumbricus, however, which is systematically very nearly allied to Euaxes, a Gastrula-stage occurs.
In the ontogeny of the Cheetopoda there seems to be no Gastrula-stage. From the investigations of Claparéde and Mecznikoff* it appears that, after the segmentation of the egg in the Chetopoda, an embryo consisting of two germ-lamellz is formed, and that this soon acquires the bands or tufts of cilia &c. and then quits the egg without possessing any stomachal cavity. ‘Then the eyes are formed in the embryo, the seg- ments of the body become differentiated, and finally the sto- machal cavity with mouth and anus is produced. The latter consequently takes place long after the time when the embryo already possesses its larval organs (Spio fuliginosus, Lumbri- conereis sp., and Dasychone lucullana).
I need hardly mention that the Ascidia pass through a Gas- trula-stage in their ontogeny. This is fully proved by the well- known researches of Kowalevsky.
According to this examination of the stock Vermes, we can with certainty detect the Gastrula-stage only in Sagitta, Pho- ronis, Lumbricus, the Ascidia, and the Nemertina. In the other Vermes the existence of the Gastrula-stage is by no means proved by embryological researches. We have seen that it does not occur in the ontogeny of most Trematoda, and probably of most Nematoda, Bryozoa, Huaxes, and the Cheetopoda. Perhaps the Leeches might be added to the Vermes which pass through a Gastrula-stage (Leuckart, ‘ Die menschlichen Parasiten,’ Bd. i. p. 689).
Before we pass to the other types of animals, we must refer to an important phenomenon which is of much significance in the correct estimation of the factual evidence. The mode of formation of the buccal aperture and of the anterior part of the intestinal canal must be mentioned, as in it phenomena occur which might lead to the assumption of a Gastrula- stage in cases in which really no such stage exists, In the ontogeny of all: animals (except the Sponges and some
* “ Beitrige zur Erkenntniss der Entwickelungsgeschichte der Che- topoden,” Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. Bd. xix. pp. 169, 182, and 197.
8 Dr. W. Salensky on Hiéickel’s Gastrwa Theory.
Ccelenterata and Vermes) the buccal aperture originates as an invagination of the upper germ-lamella, and, indeed, first of all in the form of a little tube closed posteriorly, which only opens into the subsequently formed intestinal cavity at a very late period (in many, if not in all cases, after the formation of the anus). I mention this only because this buccal invagina- tion may in some cases be confounded with the invagination of the superior germ-lamella of Amphioxus, the Aacliee and other animals, which leads to the formation of the stomachal cavity. The two processes, however, are essentially different. The invagination in Amphiowus and others is a process by which the two germ-lamelle acquire a definite form and position and the intestinal cavity is formed; at the time of that invagination which leads to the formation of the anterior intestine and buccal aperture, on the contrary, the two germ-lamelle have already oe attained to their form and position, and by this latter invagination only the anterior intestine (cesophagus, gizzard, &c.) is formed. Undoubtedly Hiickel has this cir- cumstance in his mind when he says that the buccal apertures of the Vertebrata, Arthropoda, and Echinodermata (to which the Mollusca may be added) are peculiar new formations and certainly not homologous with the primitive mouth. The confusion appears to me, however, to have been made by Ray Lankester * when, in speaking of the developmental history of the Nudibranchiata, he says, “‘ and its occurrence (7. e. the invagination or in-pushing of cells at one pole, just as Kowa- levsky has drawn it in Amphioxus and Phallusta) in a similar stage in certain marine Lamellibranchs is clear from Lovén’s admirable figures, though he has mistaken its significance,” According to the statements of Lovén and the figures given with his researches we see at once that in the Lamellibran- chiata investigated by him the buccal aperture and anterior intestine are formed by invagination ; me therefore these in- vaginations cannot be compared to those which were de- scribed by Kowalevsky. To make the circumstances clear I give figures (Pl. V. figs. 1-3) of three stages in the develop- ment of the oyster which are characteristic in this respect.
As regards the Echinoderms we must conclude, from the beautiful investigations of Agassiz +, Mecznikoff {, and Kowa- levsky §, that the Gastrula-stage is very prevalent in the de- velopmental history of these animals.
“Tn the stock of the Arthropoda the Gastru/a is indeed no- where any longer preserved in its original pure form ; but itis
* Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist., February 1875.
+ Contrib. to the Nat. Hist. of the United States, vol. v. t Mém. de l’Acad. de St. Pétersh. tome xiii.
§ Thid. tome xi.
Dr. W. Salensky on Hiickel’s Gastreea Theory. 9
very easy to reduce the earliest developmental forms of the Nauplius (as the common stock-form of the Crustacea) and of many other Tracheata to the Gastrula”*. In this connexion Hickel refers to the ontogenetic works of E. van Beneden and Bessels and to the writings of Weissmann. The comparison of the earlier developmental stages of the Nauplius with the larvee of Annelids has been carried out by E. van Beneden in his investigations of the development of Anchorella, Bran- chiella, and Hessia. Unfortunately I have been unable to pro- eure this work, which is known to me only by Nitsche’s re- ports. From the embryological facts known to me with regard to the developmental history of the Arthropoda, and with these also the statements of EK. van Beneden upon the develop- ment of the above-mentioned Crustacea, there is no indication of the existence of the Gastrula-stage in the ontogeny of these animals. The developmental processes of the lower Obie: and, indeed, of the Arthropoda in general, agree with those of the Annelida in this respect, that the first stage after the com- pletion of the process of segmentation in the representatives of these two animal types constitutes a body which consists of two layers but possesses no cavity in its interior. The sub- sequent phenomena are as follows: in the Annelida, as in the Crustacea, the organs of motion appear on the surface of an embryo thus constructed—in the former the rows of cilia, in the latter the limbs ; then the mouth and anus are invaginated, and finally the intestinal cavity is formed. We have noticed the same series of developmental phenomena in the Cheetopoda. Exactly the same series has been demonstrated in the various Arthropoda ; and this may be proved especially by the investi- gations which go in some detail into the history of the forma- tion of the internal organs. With respect to the Nauplius it is proved by the researches of E. van Beneden and Besselst, and especially by the figures to the developmental history of An- chorella uncinata and Clivella hippoglosst, and also by my own researches { upon the development of Spheronella Leuckartt. With regard to the higher Crustacea it may also be regarded as demonstrated by the investigations of E. van Beneden and Bessels (ibid., Gammarus locusta, where a stage is figured pl. ii. fig. 6 at the commencement of the formation of the tail), by A. Dohrn § (Ase//us aquaticus), by Mecznikoff || (Nebalia) , and by Bobretzky j (Astacus fluviatilis, Palamon).
* Hiackel, loc. cit.
+ Mémoires couronnés de l’Acad. Roy. de Belg. tome xxvi. t Archiv fiir Naturg. 1869.
§ Zeitschr. fur wiss. Zool. Band xvii.
|| Zapiski Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk, 1869.
{| Zapiski Kievskago Obshchestva Estestvoispitatelei, 1875.
10 ~Dr. W. Salensky on Héickel’s Gastrea Theory.
“Tn the stock of the Mollusca the Gastrula seems to be widely prevalent, especially in the classes Conchifera and Gas- teropoda, and probably also in the Spirobranchiata; among the Gasteropoda it was first observed in Limneus’*, In proof of this statement Hiickel appeals to the memoir by Ray Lan- kester (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., February 1873, pp. 86, 87). As regards the observations of Ray Lankester on Aplysia, which are described in most detail, we cannot see there a Gas- trula-stage, as, according to the statements of that naturalist, the external organs (mantle &c.) make their appearance very
ly, and it is not stated when the stomachal cavity appears. ie as regards the other Mollusca, Doris, Tethys, Pleurobran- chus, Polycera quadrilineata, and Lolis exigua, which are also briefly referred to by Ray Lankester, it must be admitted that these few words, ‘“ I was able to determine in these that the first step in development, after the formation by cleavage of the mass of embryo-cells or ‘ polyblast,’ is the invagina- tion or in-pushing of these cells at one pole, just as Kowa- levsky has drawn it in Amphioxus and Phallusia, and as seen also in the heteropod mollusk Atalanta,” do not prove very much. These statements are supported neither by figures nor by a detailed description of the observed facts. Iam far from doubting the correctness of Ray Lankester’s statements, and indeed cannot do so, because we already know many cases in which in animals systematically nearly related the invagination (and, indeed, the Gastrula-stage) occurs in some and not in others (e. g. Huaxes and Lumbricus). But for me they have too little force as evidence to enable us to rest the existence of the Gastrula-stage in the Mollusca upon them. It is the more necessary to describe such observations in detail, because, with respect to the developmental history of the Mollusca, there exists a mass of statements which are mu- tually very contradictory. With regard to the Lamellibran- chiata the statements of different naturalists are tolerably con- cordant. For the greater part of the observations we are in- debted to the remarkable, although already old, investigations of Lovén, which give the most complete picture of the deve- lopment of several marine bivalves. From these observations and the figures accompanying them we see that the first stage of the development is an embryo which consists of two layers and has no cavity in its interior, that then various external organs and a buccal invagination are formed, and finally an intestinal cavity is produced in the interior of the entoderm. The phenomena are closely in accordance with what we have sievadly had occasion to mention in other animals. They are
* Hackel, ‘ Gastrea-Theorie.’
Dr. W. Salensky on Hédckel’s Gastreea Theory. 11
elucidated by the three figures already given (PI. V. figs. 1-3), which represent three characteristic developmental phases of the oyster.
But as regards the Cephalophora, the greater part of the ob- servations on this class of the Mollusca agree in showing that, after the segmentation, the egg of these animals becomes con- verted into a body which consists of two different elements— namely, coarsely granular, which lie in the interior of the em- bryo, and paler, which surround the preceding. Such deve- lopmental stages have been demonstrated in the Pteropoda (Liedemannia and Cavolinia) and Heteropoda (Pterotrachea coronata) by the very complete and remarkable observations of Gegenbaur* ; the same conditions are presented, according to J. Miiller +, by Hntoconcha mirabilis ; and Dentalium has a similar development, according to Lacaze-Duthiers f. I have myself described the same Planula-stage occurring first after segmentation in the Prosobranchiata (Calyptraa, Nassa, and Trochus§). Inall the animals mentioned also the subsequent phenomena occur in a nearly concordant manner. First the organs of locomotion are formed, then the foot ; the mouth and cesophagus are invaginated, and finally the intestine is formed.
Ampullaria (according to Semper), Ancylus (according to Stephanoff), and Limneus (according to Lereboullet) are deve- loped somewhat differently from these Mollusca. If we com- pare the statements of these last-mentioned naturalists, we arrive at the conviction that the Gastrula-stage occurs only in the ontogeny of Limneus, according to the observations of Lereboullet ||. But these observations are opposed by the very recent beautiful observations of Ganin §] (which unfor- tunately are published without figures). From these last it appears that the invagination of Limnaus does not correspond to those of Amphioxus, the Ascidia, &c., but is rather homolo- gous with the invagination of embryos of Calyptraa, which in Calyptrea separates from each other the rudiments of the vela, foot, and cephalic vesicle. At the bottom of this invagi- nation, in Limneus as in Calyptrea, the cesophageal invagi- nation is formed.
In the Cephalopoda there can certainly be no question of a Gastrula-stage.
* Untersuchungen uber die Pteropoden und Heteropoden.
+ Ueber Synapta digitata, und iiber die Erzeugung der Schnecken in Holothurien.
{t Memoirs in Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1854-57.
§ Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. Bd. xxii.
|| Recherches sur le développement de la truite, du lézard et de la limnée.
§{ Warschauer Universitats-Nachrichten ; also Nitsche’s Reports, 1872.
12 Dr. W. Salensky on /dckel’s Gastrea Theory.
In the stock of the Vertebrata a Gastrula-stage occurs only in Amphioxus lanceolatus.
From this brief summary we may conclude that the diffusion of the Gastrula-stage in the ontogeny of animals is limited to the following—the Ccelenterata (with the exception of the Ctenophora), the Echinodermata, probably some Nemertina, Lumbricus, Sagitta, the Ascidia, perhaps some Mollusca (?), and Amphioxus lanceolatus.
Il. The significance of the Gastrula-stage.
Having shown, in the preceding section, that the Gastrula- stage is not so generally diffused in the ontogeny of animals as Hiickel asserts, we have already in part furnished evidence that its importance in ontogeny is not so great as Hiickel states. Nevertheless it may be very justly objected to this notion that, although the Gastrula is not of such general oc- currence, it may yet, as a stock-form, play an important part in the elucidation of the phylogenetic relations of animals. The Gastrula-stage might be overleaped in some animals, or obscured by some secondary ontogenetic phenomena. We ought then to recognize this overleaping of the Gastrula- stage from some other embryonal phenomenon. ‘The Nau- plius-stage, which may with perfect justice be regarded as the stock-form of the Crustacea, may be seen in the most different orders of that class; in the most diverse representa- tives of these orders we may, with the greatest certainty, derive from this stage the further changes, the progressions and retrogressions of development. Such are the require- ments that we must lay upon the Gastrula-stage if we are to regard the Gastrea as the stock-form of the Metazoa. We ought therefore to recognize its occurrence in many animals, and be able to read in the development of the animals the history of gradual changes from this stock-form. This, however, we cannot in reality do. We know no single case in which, the Gastrula-stage being wanting, the later em- bryonal phenomena can be elucidated by it; we do not even know of any instance in which the primitive intestine is re- placed by a later one. On the contrary we always see that, in those cases in which the Gastrula-stage occurs, this primitive intestine becomes transformed into the permanent intestine, and the primitive mouth remains in these forms (except in Sagitta) as the permanent mouth. Why are we to charac- terize this intestinal cavity as the primitive intestine, when in no instance can we see a secondary intestine? But in those cases in which we cannot detect any Gastrula-stage (e. g. in the Arthropoda, Mollusca, most Vermes, &c.) we witness the
Dr. W. Salensky on Héckel’s Gastrea Theory. 13
production of the intestine at a much later stage, when several germ-lamelle already exist, and the embryo already possesses the characteristic organs of its type, or at least their founda- tions. Why are we in these last cases to assume the Gastrula- stage, when we can discover no traces of any thing of the kind ? This could aid us in the comprehension of the developmental
rocesses only if we could derive these instances of the later formation of the intestinal cavity through a series of transitions from the stage which possessed a primitive intestine and had two germ-lamella—that is to say, from the Gastru/a. But we can trace this gradual differentiation only in the animals which = through a true Gastrula-stage (e. g. Amphioxus, the Asci-
ia, &c.). In most others we cannot bring the embryonal pro- cesses into connexion with the Gastrula, we cannot regard them as dependent upon the Gastrea (in many Vermes, Mol- lusea, Arthropoda, and most Vertebrata). This shows at once that the Gastrula-stage is proper only to a few animals, and does not occur in the others; and these other animals pass through their embryonal development, their subsequent dif- ferentiation of the intestine, in a somewhat different manner from the former. Can such a form be regarded as the stock- form of all the Metazoa? At least we have no facts in proof of this assertion.
On theoretical grounds we cannot expect to find the Gas- trula-stage universally diffused :—in the first place because the intestinal cavity is developed in different animals at different periods of their development; but this intestine is the same as the intestine of those animals which havea Gastrula-stage, and yet it is not bound to a definite stage, 7. e. to definite tem- porary conditions of the embryo (as, for example, the existence of two primary germ-lamelle). Secondly, we cannot expect the Gastrula-stage to be universally diffused, because there are animals which never arrive at the development of an in- testinal cavity. I do not refer to the parasites which have lost their intestinal cavity in consequence of retrogressive me- tamorphosis, although this loss cannot be regarded as ontoge- netically proved in all parasites (e. g. in the Cestodea). I refer to the acelous Turbellaria, which live under the same condi- tions as the Rhabdocela and Dendroccela, which move in the same manner as these and yet possess no intestine. Ulianin has with perfect justice separated them from the others as Accela*. Instead of the intestine these Turbellaria have a
* Such as Convoluta, Schizoprora, Nadina, &c. See O. Schmidt, “ Un- tersuchungen iiber Turbellarien von Corfu und Cephalonien” (Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. Bd. xi.) ; Claparéde, ‘ Beobachtungen iiber Anatomie und Entw. wirbelloser Thiere ;’ and especially Ulianin, ‘ Turbellaria of the Black Sea’ (in Russian).
14 Dr. W. Salensky on Hiickel’s Gastrea Theory.
sarcode-like body-mass, into which various small organisms find their way as nourishment and are there digested in the same way as in the Infusoria. They have consequently a mouth and the intestinal foundation (Darmanlage), but are des- titute of the stomachal cavity. We have no grounds for ex- plaining the absence of the intestinal cavity in these animals as a consequence of retrogressive metamorphosis *,
These two circumstances (namely, 1, the diversity of organi- zation of the embryos of different animals at the time of the formation of the intestinal cavity, and, 2, the accelous condition of some Turbellaria) show quite sufficiently that we are not in a position to derive the embryonal processes from the Gas- trula, nor consequently to accept the Gastrea as the stock- form for the phylogenetic development of the Metazoa. They show that animals may possess the intestinal foundations, without arriving at the formation of the intestinal and stoma- chal cavities. From this it follows in general that we hardly have any reason for assuming the presence of the stomachal cavity in the stock-form of all Metazoa.
This applies also to the two primary germ-lamelle, which constitute the second important character of the Grastrula-stage. Is the middle germ-lamella only developed when the two pri- mary germ-lamellz, the exoderm and entoderm, are already at least perfectly formed, even if they do not together consti- tute a Gastrula-form? By no means. We can only say that the middle lamella originates somewhat later than the other two germ-lamelle ; but in the majority of cases it originates long before the stomachal cavity is formed, and it may even originate at a time when the process of segmentation is not quite com- pleted. After this differentiation of the first segmentation- cells, the segmentation may still go on in all these layers of cells. We know of such cases with the greatest certainty, from investigations which have been carried on with perfect accu- racy. One such instance we know in Luazes, from the inves-
*It might be objected that retrogressive metamorphosis is by no means always dependent on parasitism, but that there are animals which pass a free existence and yet undergo a retrogressive metamorphosis, e. g. the males of the Rotatoria. But what is usually regarded as the retrogressive metamorphosis of the male Rotatoria is really only an arrest of develop- ment, and consists in the development of these animals remaining sta- tionary at a certain stage, namely at that stage in which they possess no intestinal cavity, but only the foundation for the intestine. In the females a cavity, the intestinal cavity, is formed in this foundation, but not in the males. This mode of development presents essential differences from re- trogressive metamorphosis, as in the latter the animals first show a higher organization and afterwards lose it. (See my “ Beitrage zur Entwickelung des Brachionus urceolaris,” in Zeitschr, fiir wiss, Zool, Bd, xxii.)
Dr. W. Salensky on Héckel’s Gastrea Theory. 15
tigations of Kowalevsky*. The scorpion also presents similar conditions, according to the researches of Mecznikofft.
If we wish to sum up the various ontogenetic phenomena, draw conclusions as to the developmental processes from ob- servations, and establish these as the basis for our subsequent observations, we must, in the first place, select the most im- ea phenomena common to all animals in the developmental ustory of their organization, and distinguish these from the secondary phenomena, which are manifested later and in a different manner. The developmental processes of all animals consist of a gradual differentiation of the cells first formed, which in many cases commences even at the time of segmen- tation. By the process of segmentation either similar or dis- similar cells are formed. The differences between the seg- mentation-cells may make their appearance in some animals even at the time of the binary division of the egg-cell, in others not until a much later period. This shows that the commence- ment of the differentiation occurs at different periods of de- velopment in different animals. The subsequent phenomena, however, maintain in different animals a similar and definite direction, consisting in the combination (zwsammenlagern) of the heterogenous cells into two or three layers. In these layers the cells are similar. At the conclusion of this first differentiation a definite body-form of the embryo may be pro- duced; from the comparison of these forms in different animals we draw conclusions as to whether this form is or is not com- mon to all animals. If it is common, it is of great importance to our general conceptions. If we can derive from this general form the subsequent phenomena of differentiation in the vari- ous animals, this form has a great phylogenetic value, because this diversity shows us the course of the different divergences from a common fundamental form. If we would be quite consistent in the consideration of ontogenetic phenomena, we must take these most important phenomena alone into con- sideration, without mingling them with other organs of later occurrence. The differentiations of the germ-lamelle are essential for all organisms, because they appear first of all in all animals, and lay a foundation for further organic develop- ment.
Ill. General review of the first embryological processes of Animals.
In order to place ourselves in a right position with regard to the general embryological processes, we must commence from
* Mémoires de l’Acad. de St. Pétersh, tome xvi. + Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. Bd. xxi.
16 Dr. W. Salensky on Héickel’s Gastrea Theory.
the first processes of segmentation. on poate this is difficult. The embryology of animals, and especially of in- vertebrate animals, has only for a short time been the subject of zealous investigation. During the last ten years we have become acquainted, with so great a store of facts in this de- partment of science, and these materials are so scattered in various natural-history periodicals, that a satisfactory colloca- tion of all that has been published during this period on the history of development is attended with much difficulty, And even when this difficulty is overcome, we have to do with contradictory statements by different observers ; so that it is nearly impossible to draw general conclusions from the extant materials.
Let us commence our examination of the process of segmen- tation and the formation of the germ-lamelle with those forms in which the process of differentiation occurs earliest. Such cases occur among the Rotatoria, in which, after the first binary division of the egg-cell, the differentiation of the two germ- lamelle, the animal and vegetative, is already indicated. In each of these first two segmentation-cells, the further segmen- tation takes place in a very different fashion. The smaller cell continually divides and finally coats the larger cell with its derivatives; and the larger cell also subsequently divides into several cells. We arrive at the terminal form of the differentiation into two germ-lamelle, which form is perfectly similar to the Planula. Instances of the differentiation at a somewhat later stage, after the segmentation has advanced to four uniform segmentation-cells, are much more numerous. They are apparently of very usual occurrence. They are met with in the Mollusca (in the Opisthobranchiata, Prosobran- chiata, Lamellibranchiata, &c.), in the Vermes, Turbellaria (Keferstein, Knappert), in some Annelides (Hwaaes and many Annelides observed by Claparéde and Mecznikoff), in several Crustacea, in which, however, very different modes of seg- mentation may be observed in the different genera and even species (Mecznikoff, ‘Embryol. Studien an Insecten’ and ‘ Entwickelung der Nebalia’ [in Russian], Van Beneden and Bessels, Joc. cit.). This later differentiation has the same re- sult as that of the Rotatoria; the smaller cells grow round the larger ones, which are richer in fat. As the result of the seg- mentation of the egg there is produced a two- or three-layered (as in Zuazes), solid, generally ovoid or spherical body, which may also be characterized as a Planula, although m many cases it differs from the true two-layered Planula of the Coelen- terata by the presence of the three germ-lamelle.
This process of differentiation of the germ-lamella may in
Dr. W. Salensky on Héickel’s Gastrexa Theory. 17
many instances occur at a much later period, after the com- pletion of the segmentation. In most such cases the segmen- tation-cells are regularly evolved ; there are 2, 4, 8, 16, &c. cells, which further divide with the same regularity; in a word, a regular segmentation takes ose producing a solid sphere consisting of uniform cells. For this stage we may retain the name of ‘ Morula,”’ by which Hiickel indicates the so-called mulberry-stage of segmentation. The Morula may become differentiated in different ways. It may at once form the embryo itself, becoming covered with a cuticular membrane and cilia, and escaping as a larva—as is the case, for example, in the digeneous Trematoda* (Amphistomum subclavatum &c.), according to the observations of EK. van Beneden. The larva of these animals consists of uniform cells and is covered ex- ternally with a ciliated membrane. The larva of the Trematoda can probably become further differentiated and even acquire a stomachal cavity.
The Cestoda pass through the Morula-stage in the egg. Before the embryo escapes from the egg, the differentiation of its cells commences in it. This differentiation differs in its results from the differentiation of the germ-lamelle, although the processes are the same in both cases. In consequence of the differentiation there is produced a body consisting of two layers (a central and a peripheral one). But these two layers pass through their further evolution in a somewhat different manner than in the analogous processes of differentiation in other animals. In the Cestoda the peripheral layer becomes converted into a ciliary envelope (or its homologue), and the central layer into a six-hooked embryo. From the researches of E. van Beneden we obtain the data for a comparison of the developmental history of the Tenie with that of the Bothrio- cephali. ‘This naturalist has shown that after the egg of the Cestoda (both Twente and Bothriocephali) has passed through a Morula-stage (mulberry form), it becomes differentiated into two layers, peripheral and central t. (Similar processes had been previously observed in the Bothriocephalide by Kélliker, Mecznikoff, and Knoch.) These two layers are then developed in different ways: from the outer one is formed, in the Bo- thriocephalide, the embryonal envelope (in the Tent it en-
* Properly speaking a differentiation has already taken place here, in- asmuch as the peripheral cells have the cilia, which the central ones do not possess. ut this differentiation is essentially distinct from that of the Cestoda and other animals, and it does not lead to the formation of the germ-lamelle.
+ Recherches &c.,in Mémoires couronnés de l’Acad. Royale de Belgique, tome xxvi.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xv. 2
18 Dr. W. Salensky on Héckel’s Gastrea Theory.
tirely disappears) ; the inner one is developed into a so-called Pr a embryo, which consists only of homogeneous cells.
We may certainly compare with a Planula that state of the embryos of the Zaniw and Bothriocephalide in which they consist of a two-layered body (therefore before the development of the embryo and the embryonal membrane).
In the other animals which pass through the Morula-stage the differentiation of the germ-lamellz takes place in an exactly similar manner asin theabove-mentioned cases (some Copepoda, some Gammaride Brbahly the Ctenophora and the Ccelen- terata, Hydroid polypes, and Sponges). After the segmentation the uniform cells divide into two layers, which represent two germ-lamelle, and become further developed into the organs. Unfortunately, in the investigations of the development of many of these animals, the question of the formation of the germ-lamelle has been very little referred to. It appears to me that in many instances the entoderm has been explained as the nutritive vitellus. But until the formation of the intes- tinal epithelium in the lower Crustacea has been further in- vestigated, we may affirm with perfect justice, from the analogy of the developmental processes in animals which have been better investigated, that the central spherules, abounding in fat, of the crustacean embryos really pest the entoderm and not the nutritive vitellus. ‘That in many instances we can see no cells in this part is due to its opacity. In Astacus fluvia- til’s the peripheral parts of the cells of the entoderm, from which the intestinal epithelium is formed, are also very diffi- cult to observe, and only become distinct when they are tinged with carmine or some other colouring-material. At any rate in this instance also we obtain, as the result-of differentiation, the same temporary body-form, consisting of two layers, and possessing no cavity in its interior—that is to say, the Planula.
In some instances, in which we decidedly have the same process before us, it may be obscured by certain subsidiary phenomena. In most cases this masking is caused by the occurrence of the nutritive vitellus, which is accumulated in the egg in larger or smaller quantities. Such cases occur, for ex- ample, in the oath in Reptiles and Birds, and also in Fishes. Here the egg-cell which becomes segmented is situated at one pole of the egg. The segmentation may be campared to the regular segmentation, inasmuch as the cells produced by the segmentation are at first uniform and subse- quently differ from one another. It is only at a later period that the differentiation of the germ-lamelle occurs in this aggregation of cells ; the germ-lamelle are mutually arranged
Dr. W. Salensky on Hiickel’s Gastrea Theory. 19
in a manner differing from the true Planula-form, but yet re- main perfectly homologous with the germ-lamelle of the Plaitelis These processes also appear to take place in the same way in thie scorpion.
Cases may, however, occur in which, after segmentation, a Planula-form is not at once produced. Most of these cases have been recently made known by the researches of Kowa- levsky and Mecznikoff in the Ascidia, Amphioxus, Nemertina, &c. In these animals the egg passes through a so-called re- gular segmentation, and at the close of this becomes converted into a vesicle surrounded by uniform cells, which, to distinguish it from the Planula, may be named the ‘ Blastula.” The di- stinctions between the Planula and the Blastula are that the former already possesses two germ-lamelle, while the latter has still to form them. As the Planula-form in the Celen- terata issues from the egg and passes into free life, so also can the Blastula become free and swim about in the water, as is the case, for example, in the Nemertina (Mecznikoff, ‘ Mémoires de l’Acad. Imp. de St. Pétersb.’ tome xiil.). In such a larval or developmental stage we can say nothing of either exoderm or entoderm. The two lamelle are still quite undifferentiated; this differentiation occurs somewhat later, and leads to a form which differs somewhat from the Planula-form. In some cases, before the differentiation into two germ-lamelle, this Blastula-form may form a thickening at one point of its surface, to which the subsequent differentiation is confined, as seems to be the case, for example, in the Mammalia. Usually the dif- ferentiation commences in the Blastula by a portion of its cells beginning to distinguish themselves from the rest by some character.
Let us commence our examination with the processes which indicate the differentiation in the Blastula of the Ascidia, as these have been best investigated. The first alteration in the Blastula consists in its becoming flattened on one side*. From Kowalevsky’s figures we see that at this stage (see Kowalevsky loc. cit. fig. 5 and Pl. V. fig. 4) the two germ-lamelle are already differentiated. The differentiation occurs in the same way in Lumbricus, where also the same flattening of the Blas- tula is the first thing that makes its appearance. I must spe- cially cite this first form of the differentiation of the germ- lamelle, because in most cases in the above-mentioned animals the differentiation of the germ-lamelle has been confounded with the subsequent invagination; the latter, however, is a
* Kowalevsky, “ Weitere Studien iiber die Entwickelung der einfachen Ascidien,” in Archiv fiir mikr. Anat. Bd. vii. p. 105. Q%
20 Dr. W. Salensky on Héickel’s Gastrea Theory.
secondary phenomenon, as we shall see hereafter. The stage in which the first differentiation of the germ-lamelle occurs is of great importance, because it may serve for comparison with the gyn) stages in other animals which also pass through a Blastu/a-stage in their ontogeny. By the occurrence of the differentiation the Blastula will become equivalent to the Planula. To distinguish this stage from the true Blastula, which consists only of uniform cells, it may be called the “ Diblastula”’ (See Pl. V. fig. 4).
The same process of differentiation seems also to be very common among Insects; but it is in these somewhat masked by the presence of a nutritive vitellus. But if we stick to the principal characters of the case now expounded (namely, 1, the occurrence of a one-layered vesicle, and 2, the mode of differ- entiation of the germ-lamelle), the first processes of insect- development might also be St make in an analogous fashion. These first processes are well known since the works of Zad- dach, Weissmann, and Mecznikoff. The differentiation of the
erm-lamelle in Insects has been carefully investigated by Kowalevaky. Kowalevsky, in his investigations, Seca has arrived at the conviction that the inferior germ-lamella of Insects constitutes a peculiar formation, and cannot be com- pared with that of the Vertebrata. He compares the subse- quently formed dorsal tube of Hydrophilus and the Phryganeide with the intestino-glandular lamella of the Vertebrata. I can by no means share this Sl paapesy To me the phenomena of the formation of the germ-lamelle in the Ascidia appear to be so in accordance with those of Hydrophilus, that ie certainly can find no obstacle to regarding the inferior germ-lamella of Hydrophilus as homologous with that of the Ascidia (and therefore also of Amphioxus). We have seen that in the As- cidia the differentiation of the inferior germ-lamella is effected by some cells of the Blastula (the cells of the entoderm) be- ginning to distinguish themselves from the others (the cells of the exoderm). According to Kowalevsky’s researches this differentiation in Hydrophilus commences in a perfectly similar way. In order to make it easier to see our way with regard to the homology of these two formations, I have given two figures from Kowalevsky’s memoirs (Pl. V. figs. 4 and 5).
In the Ascidia a vesicle consisting of uniform cells is first of all produced from the segmentation-cells; in the Insects also the same vesicle occurs, differing from the former only by its being filled with vitellus. In the Ascidia the differen- tiation of the germ-lamelle is brought about by some cells of this vesicle beginning to distinguish themselves from the others, and thus forming the Gradatian of the inferior germ-
Dr. W. Salensky on Héckel’s Gastrea Theory. 21
lamella; in Hydrophilus exactly the same process occurs in the formation of the germ-lamelle. In the Ascidia the intestino-glandular lamella and the middle germ-lamella are formed from the inferior germ-lamella ; in Hydrophilus the same differentiation takes place in the inferior germ- lamella.
The two forms in which the process of differentiation in the germ-lamelle commences, (namely 1, the planula, in which the two germ-lamelle are already differentiated, and 2, the blastula, in which an indifferent cellular layer, afterwards becoming differentiated, is formed) appear to pass into each other. It is to be hoped that such transitions will hereafter be made known in greater numbers; the development of the Campanularie trom the ova of Eucope polystyla* may at present serve as an example. The ova of this Medusa pass through a regular process of segmentation, which leads to the evolution of a Blastula-stage. This latter form subsequently passes into the Planula in this way: in the interior of the blastula the cells of the inferior germ-lamella (entoderm) are formed; and these accumulate more and more, until finally they entirely fill the cavity of the Blastula. By this mode of deve- lopment there is produced from the Blastula a form which consists of two germ-lamelle and possesses no cavity in its interior, ¢. e. a Planula-form. Palemon also presents a similar transition into the Planula-form in its development; but in it an invagination is formed before the transformation takes place. The stage with the invagination may have a great resemblance to the Grastrula-stage ; but it is essentially dis- tinguished therefrom by the circumstance that the invaginated part in Palemon does not form the entoderm, as is the case in other true Gastrula-forms, but always remains exoderm.
The transitions just indicated may, to a certain extent, explain the mutual relations of the Planula and the Blastula. The Planula-form occurs most frequently in the ontogeny of animals; and for this reason it may be regarded as the funda- mental form. The cases in which the Blastula passes into the Planula appear still further to support this assertion. The other cases in which (as, for example, in Amphioxus, the Ascidia, &c.) a Gastrula originates from the Slastula, are united even by the Blastula-stage with the case of Hucope, and differ from the latter case by the circumstance that they lead very soon to the development of the intestine; here, therefore, the Planula-form (which, as is well known, pos-
* Kowalevsky, ‘ Beobachtungen iiber die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Ceelenteraten’ (Russian).
22 Dr. W. Salensky on Heéickel’s Gastreea Theory.
sesses no intestine) is overleaped. The production of the Gastrula from the Blastula-form may be regarded as an abridgment of development. Nt
Hitherto we have considered the processes of differentiation of the germ-lamellw, and seen that these me be referred to two forms—the Planula and Diblastula. rom this point further processes occur in different manners in different animals, the consideration of which may assist us in obtaining a notion of the import of the Gastrula-stage in the ontogeny of animals.
Let us commence our examination with the animals which in their development pass through a Planula-stage in the pure form—that is to say, in the early period of their development present a body which consists of two or three germ-lamelle and has no cavity in its interior. It is in this form that the embryos of the Coelenterata quit their gj Bertier de and in this stage they have long been known under the above name.
The ei ment of the Gastrula from the Planula has been most sonar investigated by Hiickel in the Sponges, and described in detail in this Monograph. The phenomena of this process are as follows :—First of all a cavity is formed in the entoderm of the Planula; this stage Hickel indicates by the name of ‘‘ Planogastrula.’ The mouth then breaks into this cavity from without, by which the conversion of the Planogastrula into the Gastrula is effected. In the hydroid polypes this conversion has long been known. By the con- version of the Planula into the Gastrula the chief processes of the formation of the body of the Ccelenterate are already completed. The body in these animals (Hydroid Polypes, Sponges, &c.) consists during their whole life of these two layers which cireumscribe the cavity ; only the organs which distinguish the different groups of the Coelenterata from each other (tentacles, pores, skeletal parts, &c.) are afterwards formed.
It is probable that in the Turbellaria also similar simple processes occur in the formation of the stomachal cavity ; but as very little is known about their development, we cannot affirm this. According to Keferstein’s statements, the stomachal wall of these animals is produced by the differentia- tion of the superior layer of cells (exoderm), Unfortunately we do not know the developmental history of the accelous Turbellaria (Convoluta, Schizoprora, &e.). In their organiza- tion these are distinguished from the Planula only by the presence of the mouth. From this it may be supposed that the conversion of these animals from the Planula consists only in the perforation of the buccal orifice.
Dr. W. Salensky on Héchel’s Gastrewa Theory. 23
In all other animals which pass through the Planula-form in their development, the developmental phenomena occur nearly in the following order :—After the Planula-stage the foundations of various external and internal organs, which appear in these animals as typical, persistent, or larval organs, are formed, ¢. g. the limbs, the shell, the velum, &c.; then the anterior intestine and the anus are invaginated; and finally the intestinal cavity is developed in the interior of the vege- tative lamella. This sequence I have endeavoured to represent by the already cited three stages in the development of the oyster (Pl. V. figs. 1-3). With regard to the invagination of the anterior intestine, I have already noted that it is a secondary phenomenon which cannot be compared to the so-called inva- gination of the exterior lamella of the Ascidia, Amphiocus, &c. —that is to say, to the Gastrula-stage of these animals. The middle intestine, which corresponds to the stomachal cavity of the Gastrula (of the Coelenterata), is only ae as in our eases when the typical organs are already formed and the middle lamella is differentiated. We may conclude as to the existence of the latter from statements derived from very thorough investigations (Euaxres, Tubifer, &e.). In these cases, therefore, no Gastrula-stage is formed.
If we take the Vermes first into consideration, we have an example in Euazes, which has already been repeatedly mentioned. As the formation of the intestinal cavity in this animal has already been spoken of, I will only men- tion here that the invaginations for the mouth and anus (anterior and posterior intestine) are produced rather early. The Chzto have also been referred to above. We have seen that in them also the ciliary bands and tufts are first formed, then probably the mouth is invaginated, and finally a stomachal cavity is produced in the interior. (See Claparéde and Mecznikow /oc. cit.)
With regard to the Mollusca, the statements of Lovén, Lacaze-Duthiers, Gegenbaur, and myself have already been mentioned. Although we have seen that the statements of different observers with respect to this type of animals differ somewhat from each other, and that the intestine originates from the exoderm according to some, and from the entoderm
ing to others, it is nevertheless probable that in most animals of this type the sequence of the developmental pheno- mena is accordant. If the development takes place in the same way as in the oyster, the shell, velum, and buceal inva- gination first appear, and it is only afterwards that the intes- tinal cavity makes its appearance. The development of the Pteropoda, Heteropoda, and Prosobranchiata (Calyptrea,
24. ~—-‘Dr. W. Salensky on Haickel’s Gastrea Theory.
Trochus, Vermetus, Entoconcha, &e.) takes place in the same manner.
The further developmental phenomena of the animals which pass through the Blastula-stage in the course of their ontogeny, may occur in different ways. If we commence with the embryonal state of the Ascidia, which constitutes a flattened siesinke (Pl. V. fig. 4), and in which the differentiation into two germ-lamelle has already been effected, we see that the subsequent phenomena consist in the whole embryo acquiring a aug form (fig. 5). ‘This cup, consisting of two layers, afterwards passes into the Gastrula-stage (as 1s well known in the Ascidia, Amphiowus, Lumbricus, &c.). In consequence of these changes (of the invagination) the stomachal cavity of the Gastrula is produced ; but the stomach-wall has been differentiated earlier, during the flattening.
Whilst in the last-mentioned cases the embryo (D¢blastula) is converted into the Gastrula-form, the corresponding Diblas- tula-form of the insect undergoes quite different changes. In these the entoderm sinks into the nutritive vitellus, and is gradually covered from without by the exoderm. The diver- gence of the two corresponding stages of development in the Ascidia and in Hydrophilus, both of which may be derived from a common Diblastula-form, is elucidated by the two figures 6 and 7, in Plate V.*
These differences in development lead finally to the totally divergent conditions of the subsequent embryonal phenomena in these two animals. Whilst in the Gastrula (Ascidia) the intestinal cavity is already sketched out, it will only be formed afterwards in the insect, and, indeed, in quite another manner than in the Gastrula.
From this it is clear that the formation of the stomachal cavity in these two cases is a secondary phenomenon, governed by different later conditions of the exodermal and entodermal layers. The most important phenomenon in both cases is the differentiation of the germ-lamelle from an indifferent cell-layer, therefore that stage of development represented in figs. 4 and 5. They are of great importance, chiefly because they represent the first processes which are common to the two forms (Ascidia and Insecta), and from which the divergence of the subsequent developmental forms starts.
* The developmental states which occur in Hydrophilus at the period of the closing ot the groove (see Kowalevsky, loc. cit. Taf. ix. figs. 21-25) may serve as an inducement for assuming the occurrence of the Gastrula- stage in this animal. But to me this assumption seems to be scarcely justified, because the same process takes place without any such formal condition in Gastropacha pin, (See owalevicy, Taf. xii. figs, 1-6.)
Dr. W. Salensky on Héickel’s Gastrea Theory. 25
If we regard the differentiation of the germ-lamellz as the chief phenomenon, and the formation of the intestinal cavity as a secondary one, it is clear that the Gastrula-form with the stomachal cavity, in these cases also, as in development from the Blastula, cannot be regarded as the fundamental form.
From this brief revision of the first embryonal phenomena in animals it follows that the Gastrula-stage may originate from the Planula or Blastula in consequence of secondary, subsequently occurring alterations of the latter; in most instances it is not produced. After these observations I need hardly ask whether a form proper to only a few animals can represent the stock-form of all Metazoa, it being understood that in other animals we see the development take place quite independently of this form? The reason of the incorrect- ness of the Gastrwa theory consists in the fact that in the stock-form of the Gastrwa a secondary embryonal phenomenon (the formation of the stomachal cavity) is placed in juxtaposi- tion with the primary and most important of these phenomena (the formation of the germ-lamellz). The incorrectness lies in the assumption that the Gastrula is that early state of deve- lopment “ in which the embryonal animal body represents the simplest conceivable form of the person” (‘ Ccdeonsiticanert p- 17). Why are we to accept as the simplest being an animal which is already provided with a stomachal cavity, when we are acquainted with Metazoa (the accelous Turbel- laria) which possess no stomachal cavity? Such accelous Metazoa are represented by the Gastrula before it acquires the stomachal cavity and while it swims about as a Planula-form (in the Coelenterata). Hiackel has placed this Planula among the animals which have no germ-lamelle, among the Protozoa. (See the synoptical table in the ‘Gastreatheorie’). Such a combination is quite unintelligible to me; for Hickel himself says, in his Monograph of the Calcispongiz, that the differen- tiation of the germ-lamellz occurs even in this stage. It proves the artificiality of the idea of the “ Gastrula,” that it should stand as a “dividing boundary” between the Pro- tozoa and Metazoa. When the Planu/a of the Celenterata acquires a stomachal cavity anda mouth, it becomes converted into a Cceelenterate (Metazoon); why should it as a Planula represent a Protozoon, if it possesses the two germ-lamelle which the Protozoa have not, and which are only produced by the process of segmentation, which the eggs or germs of the Infusoria do not pass through ?
In the short revision of the first embryonal processes in animals we have seen that in most instances the two germ-
26 Dr. W. Salensky on Hiéickel’s Gastrexa Theory.
lamelle constitute a form which resembles the Planula-form of the Coelenterata and differs from this form only in certain animals by the further differentiation of the middle germ- lamella. ‘The other form, from which the differentiation first commences, and which consequently is not to be compared to the Planula, I have called “ Blastula,” merely in order to indicate by this name that developmental state of some animals starting from which differentiation of the germ- lamella occurs somewhat otherwise than in the Planula. We have met with this form in various animals, and_ briefly explained their further process of differentiation. The sim- plest differentiation consists in that some cells of the Blastula begin to distinguish themselves from the rest. By this, two germ-lamellz are at once indicated, and the grade of organi- zation equivalent to that of the Planula is attained. ‘The two germ-lamelle may be further developed in different ways : either they may constitute a body, which is the Gastrula (as in Amphioxus, the Ascidia, &e.) ; or the inner germ-lamella may be covered by the outer one, by which no Gastrula-form is pro- duced (as in the Insecta).
In these brief remarks on the Gastrwa theory I have only desired to bring together the facts with which | endeavoured to clear up the significance of that theory for myself. The negative result at which I arrived rests upon facts, especially on these—that the Gastrula is not of general occurrence, and that the embryological phenomena cannot be brought into causal connexion with this fundamental form. Hven if the Gastrula were of as general occurrence as Hiickel states, this would by no means prove that it is truly an ontogenetic fundamental form; for what do we gain by the assumption that the Gastrula is a fundamental form of the development of all Metazoa, if we cannot by this form explain the differences in the development of nearly allied animals (e. g. Amphioxus and other Vertebrata, Ctenobranchiata and the other Proso- branchiata, &c.)? By the Gastrwa theory we cannot explain tle difference in the development of Lumbricus and Euazes. But very many such examples exist; and they show that, between animals standing near each other systematically, essential differences may occur in the foundation of their organs. ‘This fact, however, appears so paradoxical only because we are now accustomed to deduce the relationship of animals only from anatomical facts, and to conclude from similarity of organization that there is similarity of develop- mental processes. But in order to ascertain the mutual rela- tions of organized forms, we should employ all the methods of natural history;° we must regard the structure of the mature organic forms as the result of the ontogenetic pro-
Dr. W. Salensky on Hackel’s Gastrea Theory. 27
cesses, and not judge of the ontogenetic facts merely from the opinion derived from the anatomical facts. If we desire to take an objective view, we cannot say that when two different modes of development ‘‘oceur in very nearly allied forms ” they are of no consequence to us on account of their relation- ship*. If the phylogenetic fundamental law is correct, the relationship of animals must only be ascertained from ontogeny ; otherwise the idea of relationship, which is derived only from tectological facts, is a preconceived opinion.
In now concluding my remarks, [ hope in these few words to have furnished the factual evidence :—
1. That the most important factor in the ontogeny of animals is the first differentiation of the germ-lamelle.
2. That this differentiation commences in different animals at different periods of their development, and in most cases leads to the Planula-form, which occurs in all animals, either in the pure form (in most animals) or in a modified form (Vertebrata and some invertebrate animals), and even exists as free-living animal forms. In many instances the Planula-form may be overleaped and replaced by the Di- blastula.
3. That the development of the stomachal cavity is a later, secondary developmental phenomenon, which occurs in diffe- rent animals in different stages of development, and cannot take a place in the idea of the fundamental form of develop- ment.
4, That therefore the Gastrula-form cannot be accepted as a fundamental form in the developmental history of all Metazoa; and, consequently,
5. That the problematical form “ Gastrw@a’’ cannot be accepted as the “ stock-form ”’ for the higher animal stocks.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Figs. 1, 2,3. Three developmental stages of the oyster (original); Er. exoderm; En. entoderm; V. velum; S. shell; M. invagina- tion of the anterior intestine; D. intestine.
Fig. 4. Diblastula of an Ascidian (from Kowalevsky : ‘‘ Weitere Studien,” &e., in Arch. fiir milky. Anat. Bd. vii. Taf. x. fig. 5): Ex. exo- derm; En. entoderm.
Fig. 5. Diblastula of Hydrophilus (from Kowalevsky : “ Embryol. Studien,” &e., in Mém. de l’Acad. de St. Pétersb. tome xvi. Taf. ix. fig. 20): Ex. exoderm; Zn. entoderm ; Nd. nutritive vitellus.
Fig. 6. Gastrula of an Ascidian (from Kowaleysky, /. c. Taf. x. fig. 6): Ex. exoderm; En. Entoderm.
Fig. 7. Transverse section through the embryo of Hydrophilus (from Kowalevsky, J. c. Taf. ix. fig. 26): Ev. exoderm; £n. entoderm.
* Hackel, Die Kalkschwamme, Bd. i. p. 467.
28 Rev. M.J.Berkeley & Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungi.
11.— Notices of British Fungi. By the Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Esq., F.L.S.
[Continued from vol. xi. p. 349.) [Plates I. & IT.)
1402. Agaricus (Lepiota) cinnabarinus, Fr. Ep. ed. 2, . 36. - This very fine species was sent from New Pitsligo, Aberdeen- shire, by the Rev. J. Fergusson.
1403. A. (Armillaria) subcavus, Schum.; Fr. Ep. ed. 2, ». 46.
Cirencester, Noy. 1873, Miss Broadwood. An entirely white variety.
*4. (Tricholoma) lascivus, Fr. Ic. tab. 38. fig. 1.
Forres, Rev. J. Keith. A specimen, certainly belonging to this species, was brought to Hereford by Mr. Renny, with decidedly decurrent gills.
1404. A. (Tricholoma) paneolus, Fr. Ic. tab. 36. fig. 2.
Street, Somersetshire, J. A. Clark, Esq. Stem longer than usual.
1405. A. (‘Tricholoma) pedidus, Fr. Ic. tab. 46. fig. 1.
Abergavenny, J. Renny ; Wollaston, Norths., Miss Hume.
1406. A. (Clitocybe) diatretus, Fr. Ep. ed. 2, p. 104.
Coed Coch. Gathered at the same time with A. fragrans, from which it was at once distinguished by the total absence of the peculiar odour of that species.
1407. A. (Clitocybe) angustissimus, Ir. Ic. tab. 59. fig. 2.
In woods. Ascot, 1873.
1408. A. (Collybia) museigenus, Schum.
Coed Coch, 1873.
1409. A. (Collybia) ambustus, Fr. Ic. tab. 70. fig. 2.
On burnt earth. Kew; Coed Coch.
1410. A. (Mycena) galericulatus v. calopus, Fr. Ic. tab. 80. fig. 2.
On blocks of wood in a fernery. Coed Coch, 1872. Ex- tremely beautiful. .
1411. A. (Mycena) etites, Fr. Ic. tab. 81. fig. 5.
Ascot, 1873.
1412. A. (Omphalia) philonotis, Lasch.; Fr. Ic. tab. 76. fig. 1.
On Sphagnum. Glamis, Rey. J. Stevenson.
1413, A. (Omphalia) wmbelliferus, L., var. abiegnus.
In considerable numbers on a very decayed fir-stump. Pale yellow.. Coed Coch, 1873.
Rey. M.J. Berkeley & Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungi. 29
* A, (Pleurotus) septicus, Fy.
In great numbers on a turf of Salix polaris from Spitz- bergen in a greenhouse in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge.
*A. (Pluteus) parvulus, Weinm.
A very minute form occurs on the soil of garden-pots in stoves, with a transparent, minutely tomentose stem; volva white, silky.
#4. (Entoloma) placenta, Batsch.
Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson, April 20, 1874. Exactly the plant of Batsch.
1414, A. (Entoloma) resutus, Fr.
Pastures. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson, no. 380.
1415. A. (Nolanea) écterinus, Fr.
Edensor, J. Renny, Esq. Exactly according with a figure from Fries.
1416. A. (Nolanea) celestinus, Fr.
M. Terry, Esq., Oct. 1872.
1417. A. (Hebeloma) Bongardii, Weinm. F 1. Russ. p. 190.
Growing in large quantities on the Culbin sand hills, near the Findhorn mouth, G. Norman.
*A.(Flammula) scambus, Fr.
On an old stump. Moccas, Herefordshire, 1873.
*A. (Flammula) cnopus, Fr.
On decayed stamps of fir or larch, Hereford, J. Renny. Ascot, 1873. The specimens agree exactly with Bolton’s figure, which was previously the only authority for the species being British.
1418. A. (Hypholoma) storea, Fr.
This curious species occurred last year at the base of different trees at Ascot and at Coed Coch; and it has also been found by Mr. W. G. Smith, and was exhibited at South Kensington, October 1873. It is considered very rare by Fries; but it is probably one of those species which are abundant in some one year, and are not found again for a generation.
1419. A. (Hypholoma) e/wodes, Fr.
Slough, M. Terry, Esq., 1873.
1420. Hygrophorus fornicatus, Fr.
Holme Lacy, Moccas Park, Herefordsh.; Batheaston, 1873.
1421. Cantharellus albidus, Fr. Fl. Dan. tab. 1293.
Coed Coch, Sept. 1872, and in the same spot, Oct. 1873. Exactly agreeing with the figure in ‘ Flora Danica.’
1422. C. Stevensoni, B. & Br. Pileo orbiculari umbilicato, pallido glabro; margine inflexo ; stipite cylindrico, subtiliter
ulverulento albo dein obscuriore ; lamellis decurrentibus pal- lidis antice fuscatis.
30 Rev. M.J. Berkeley & Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungt.
On very rotten wood amongst moss. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson, March and April 1874.
Pileus about 2 lines across ; stem } inch high, } line thick, with a little white mycelium at the base. Very near to C. cupulatus ; but that is very strongly umbonate when young, and the umbo is always visible at the bottom of the umbilicus ; the habitat, moreover, is different.
1423. Lentinus scoticus, B. & Br.; Fr. Ep. ed. 2, p. 485. Inodorus ; pileo glabro hygrophano multiformi, reniformi ex- panso ; stipite omnino obsoleto, brevi vel longo deorsum fusco- vestito, pleruamque umbilicato; margine lobato sinuato; lamellis dentatis decurrentibus ; mycelio repente fusco.
On decayed Ulex and rotten wood. Glamis, Rev. J. Steven- son; Menmuir, Rev. M. Anderson.
Inodorous or, at any rate, without any odour of aniseed ; extremely variable; pileus $-14 inch broad, smooth, hygro- phanous, pallid, at length brownish, either quite stemless and reniform, or variously stipitate, solitary or cespitose, some- times deeply umbilicate, lobed at the margin, and sinuate or plicate ; stem, when present, varying from 2 lines to as many inches ; gills rather distant, strongly toothed, decurrent when the stem is developed. Very rarely two pilei are joined. The nearest ally to this curious species is Lentinus omphalodes.
1424. Boletus sulfureus, Fr.
This fine species was found in great abundance on sawdust at Forres by the Rev. J. Keith.
1425. B. ereus, Bull.
Surrey, M. Terry, Esq.
Spores oblong, oblique at the base, -0004—-0005 inch long, ‘0002 wide.
1426. B. carnosus, Rostk.
Stoke Pogis, M. Terry, Esq.
* Polyporus lentus, B.
On Ulex. Glamis, Rey. J. Stevenson, no. 58.
1427. P. floccopus, Rostk. St. Deutschl. Fl. no. 28, tab. 13.
On dead wood. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
1428. P. trabeus, Fr.
Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson; Menmuir, Rev. M. Anderson.
1429. P. borealis, Fr.
Slough, M. Terry, Esq.
1430. P. (Anodermei) Ketthi?, B. & Br. Conchatus ; pileo rubro-fusco, processibus dentiformibus hispido; hymenio pallido ; dissepimentis laceratis.
On dead wood. Forres, Rev. J. Keith.
About 4 inch across ; conchiform, stemless, decurrent behind,
Rey. M.J. Berkeley& Mr. C. E. Broome on British Fungi. 31
bright red-brown, rough, with rigid processes; hymenium - pallid; dissepiments lacerated.
1431. P. callosus, Fr.
On dead wood. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
1432. P. (Resupinati) collabefactus, B. & Br. Strato gla- berrimo corticioideo ; poris primum e subiculo collabendo ex- cavatis brevibus ; margine obtuso.
On dead wood. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
The barren parts resemble exactly a very smooth Corticium after the fashion of C. caleeuwm ; the pores seem first to arise from the mere collapsing of the substance, always shallow ; margin obtuse.
1433. P. (Resupinati) Renny, B. & Br. Subiculo crasso, pulvinato, pulverulento ; poris parvis, elongatis ; dissepimentis tenuibus.
On wood, and running on to the ground. Hereford, J. Renny, Noy. 1873 ; Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
Forming a thick, at first somewhat frothy, then pulveru- lent mass, white, turning to lemon-coloured when ; pores sparingly produced, white, elongated. A very aia species.
1434. P. (Resupinati) blepharistoma, B. & Br. Totus re- supinatus, niveus; mycelio arachnoideo subfarinoso ; poris parvis ; dissepimentis tenuibus ; margine ciliato-dentatis.
On dead wood. Glamis, 1874.
Very thin and delicate ; the ciliato-dentate margin of the pores is very elegant.
1435. Hydnum squamosum, Fr. Ep. ed. 2, p. 598.
Exhibited by W. G. Smith at the Fungus show, South Kensington, Oct. 1873. A very interesting addition to the British flora.
1436. H. melleum, B. & Br. Melleum, effusum, tenue; margine subtiliter byssoideo; subiculo dentibusque, apice acutis quandoque divisis, deorsum pulverulentis, medio nudis.
On broken rails lying on the ground. Coed Coch, 1873.
1437. H. Stevensoni, B. & Br. Album, effusum, subtus farinaceum, hic illic byssaceum; aculeis cylindricis, obtusis vel truncatis quandoque compressis, apice pulverulentis.
Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson, March 1874.
1438. H. anomalum, B. & Br. Pallide flavum; strato tenui gelatinoso ; dentibus primum granuliformibus, dein stipi- tatis sursum obtuse divisis.
In the inside of a very rotten ash tree. Near Langridge, Somersetshire, C. E. B., March 9, 1872.
Substance of teeth tough, with large ovate or globose vesicles immersed in it; spores globose, shortly pedicellate.
32. Rey. M.J. Berkeley & Mr. C. E. Broome on British Fung?
Resembles ppamanrse Corda, Anleit. fig. 71; but the substance is very different. to Fries’s genus Mucronella.
PraTE I, fig. 1. oP cgi ant magnified; 4. horizontal section ; c, spores, both more highly magnified.
1439. Radulum tomentosum, Fr. _ ed. 2, p. 624.
On Pyrus aucuparia. Menmuir, Rev. M. Anderson.
1440. R. deglubens, B. & Br. Orbiculare, ferrugineum, subdiaphanum; tuberculis erectis, sen 5 AT irregularibus, sparsis ; interstitiis levibus, e sporis albis pylverulentis.
On ash, Jan. 30, 1874. Forres, Rev. J. Keith ; New Pit- sligo, Rev. J. F ergusson. About ' inch across.
1441. R. corallinum, B. & Br. Effusum, album ; subiculo nitido tenuissimo pelliculoso ; tuberculis fasciculatis deorsum divisis, obtusis, coralloideis.
Scotland. Effused for 3 inches over oak-branches partially covered with lichens; fascicles of tubercles } inch or more across.
1442. R. epileucum, B. & Br. Effusum, ochroleucum, totum resupinatum ; subiculo niveo, strato ceraceo tecto ; tuberculis sparsis cylindricis, apice sub lente fimbriatis deciduis.
On decorticated wood. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson. Effused for several inches ; tubercles falling out and showing the white mealy subiculum, round which is an annular depression.
1443. Grandinia er ustosa, P.; Fr. Ep. ed. 1, p. 528.
On Polyporus versicolor. Gl amis, Rev. J. Stevenson, Feb. 1874.
1444. Kneiffia subgelatinosa, B. & Br. Tenuis e subflavo cremicolor; granulis minutis subgelatinosis, apice fimbriatis.
On stumps of felled firs. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson, April 1874. Accompanied by a green alga, which penetrates the tissue of the fungus.
1445. Craterellus clavatus, Fr. Ep. ed. 1, p- 533.
In a beech wood. Bisham, Berks, Rev. G. H. Sawyer.
1446. Cyphella fraxinicola, B. & Br. Minuta, otitis extus nivea breviter villosa; disco flavo e sporis fuscescente, prolifero.
On ash. Batheaston, Dec. 20, 1873.
1447. Hyphelia rosea, Fr.
New Pitsligo, Rev. J.F ergusson.
Spores minute, globose.
1448. Clavaria curta, Fr.
On the ground. Coed Coch, Holme Lacy.
* Clavaria tuberosa, Sow.
On sticks. Forres, Rev. J. Keith.
Exactly the long- lost plant of Sowerby, which is perhaps
Rey. M. J. Berkeley & Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungi. 83
too near OC. ardenia; and possibly the same may be said of C. juncea, notwithstanding the great difference of size.
* Hydnangium carneum, Wallr.
This has occurred lately to Dr. Dickson at Edinburgh about the roots of Hucalyptus.
Spores *013—-014 inch in diameter.
1449. Leptostroma.glechomatis, B. & Br. Maculis fulvis ; peritheciis irregularibus, minutis, epiphyllis.
On leaves of ground-ivy. Scotland.
Spores minute, oblong.
1450. Leptothyrium pictum, B. & Br. Maculis rufis hic illic pallidioribus, fertilibus fusco marginatis; peritheciis nitidis ocellatis ; sporis subeymbeeformibus curvulis.
On leaves of Lonicera. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson. A very pretty and distinct species.
#1. Juglandis occurred abundantly last year on the green eoat of walnuts; on examination the spores were just those in Madame Libert’s specimens on ts see ar Spores 0008 inch long, but not (as she says) ellipsoid.
1451. Stilbum cuneiferum, B.& Br. Stipite sursum parce ramoso, vel simplici; capitulis ovatis ; sporis cuneitormibus.
On rotten cabbage-stalks. Batheaston, April 1873. | Men- tioned in Rabenh. no. 1662, as mixed with Periconia brasst- ceecola.
Stems attenuated upwards, simple, or slightly divided, con- sisting of compacted threads, which are free above and bear the obversely wedge-shaped, pale greenish-brown spores, which
are *0004—"00045 inch long. Habit that of S. rigidum.
Prats I. fig. 2. a. plant i situ, slightly magnified; 5. tip, more highly magnified ; ¢, d. spores.
1452. Periconia brassicecola, B. & Br. Sporis irregularibus, ovatis, pallide brunneis, utroque apice plus minus attenuato.
Forming dense masses in the inside of rotten cabbage-stalks. Batheaston, April 1873.
Stem black ; heads globose, at first grey, then black ; spores 0002-0004 inch long, cinereous.
Pratt I. fig. 3. a. plant in situ; b. portion of the head ; ¢. portion of the stem; d. spores. All more or less highly magnified.
1453. P. Phillipsii, B. & Leight. Minutissima ;_stipite sursum attenuato; capitulo globoso; sporis globosis, granu- latis. 12 Trefriw, Rev. W.A. Leighton, 1874. On soil with a minute species of Thelocarpon.
Stem about equal in height to the diameter of the head,- thick for the size of the plant; spores ‘0004 inch in diameter.
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xv. 3
34 Rev. M.J. Berkeley & Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungi.
Looks at first sight like a little Sphinctrina. So minute that it is quite invisible to the naked eye.
1454. Peronospora calotheca, De By.
On Galium aparine. Forden, April, Rev. E. Vyse.
1455. P. interstitialis, B. & Br. Maculis luteis, a venis limitatis ; floccis brevissimis, flexuosis; sporisovatis terminatis.
On leaves of primrose. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson ; Men- muir, Rev. M. Anderson.
Spots hypophyllous, yellow, confined to the interstices of the veins, or very rarely extending slightly beyond them ; spores often seated obliquely, *0006--0007 inch long. Allied to P. obliqua, Cooke.
1456. P.rufibasis, B. & Br. Maculis epiphyllis nitidis fulvis; hypophyllis pallidis ; sporophoris linearibus ; sporis obovatis aoneaevs variis, oblique sitis, brevissime pedicellatis.
On leaves of Myrica gale. Glamis, Rey. J. Stevenson.
The spots on the —o surface of the leaves are very con- spicuous. Closely allied to P. obliqua and the last. Spores very variable in length.
1457. Penicillium megalosporum, B. & Br. Niveum, breve ; floccis fasciculatis ; sporis globosis elongatisque levibus.
In an old chicken-coop. Menimuir, Rev. M. Anderson.
Spores *0005-"001 inch in diameter, or equally variable when oblong.
* Fusarium minutulum, Cd.
On rotten boards. St. Catherine’s, Bath, Jan. 5, 1874.
Spores ‘0002 inch long.
1458. Cylindrosporium rhabdospora, B. & Br. Maculis amphigenis, orbicularibus, brunneis; sporis albis radiantibus, oblongis, triseptatis, obtusis, utrinque paululum excavatis.
On leaves of Plantago. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
Spores forming little radiating fascicles, oblong, slightly hollowed out at the sides, ‘0008-002 inch or more iis. Sometimes a second is developed at the tip of the first.
*(, ficarie, B.
Common on leaves of Ranunculus ficaria.
This is placed by Cooke in Glewosporium ; but the spores are not contained in a perithecium. Cylindrosporium concentricum, Grev., is, on the contrary, a true Glaosporium, and is not un- common on cabbage-leaves.
1459. C. niveum, B. & Br. Maculis fusco marginatis; sporis niveis, oblongis, uniseptatis, breviter pedicellatis.
On Caltha palustris, New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
Spots numerous, crowded, one or two lines across, often a a spores oblong, uniseptate, when fully grown about ‘002 inch long.
Rey. M.J. Berkeley & Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungi. 35
1460. Septoria hyperiet, Desm. Ann. d. Se. Nat. 1842, v. 17. p. 110.
Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
Spores *002 inch long.
1461. S. stachydis, Desm, /. c. 1847, v. 8. p. 19.
On leaves of Stachys sylvatica. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
Spores slender, thread-like, ‘001--0015 inch long.
1462. Melanconium elevatum, Cd.
On oak. Langridge, Dec. 1872, C. E. B.
Spores ‘0005 inch long.
1463. Pestalozzia funerea, Desm.
On dead Cupressus macrocarpa. Hatton, near Hounslow.
1464. Puccinia Andersont, B. & Br. Maculis orbicularibus, brunneo cinctis; soris hypophyllis minutis congestis; sporis oblongis, centro constrictis, obtuse apiculatis.
On the underside of leaves of Cnicus heterophyllus. Falls of Noran, Glen Ogle, June 1874, Rev. M. Anderson.
Spots visible only on the upperside, orbicular, surrounded by a brown border, and a central patch indicating the position ot the minute crowded sori, which are almost concealed by the pubescence of the leaf; spores very like those of P. dis- coideum as figured by Corda. This was originally found at the Den of Airlie by Mr. Gardiner.
1465. P. Fergussonit, B. & Br. Maculis pallidis; soris minutis in orbiculos congestis ; sporis oblongis, obtuse apicu- latis.
On leaves of Viola palustris. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fer- gusson.
This is very different from P. violarum, not only in the minute crowded sori, but in the elongated spores.
1466. P. senecionis, Libert, i. no. 92 ; Cd. fase. iv. fig. 54.
On Senecio aquatica. Noran woods, Menmuir, Rey. M. Anderson.
1467. P. tripolii, B.& Br. Soris magnis ; sporis elongatis, apice truncatis binodulosis, vel appendice crassa mammeform1 preeditis.
On leaves of Aster tripolium. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fer- gusson.
We have no authentic specimen of P. asteris, Schwein ; bu samples from different parts of the United States diffe materially from the plant before us, of which, however, a present we have seen only a single specimen.
1468. Coleosporium pingue, Lév. Var. alchemille. |
This appears not to be uncommon. ‘The sori are crowded, and radiate from the base of the leaf. We have it from Scotland and Wales ; and it occurs in Northamptonshire.
3*
36 Rey. M. J. Berkeley & Mr.C.E. Broome on British Fungi.
1469. Aecidium incarceratum, B. & Br. Soris minutis, in orbes irregulares congestis; peridiis omnino in parenchy- mate foliorum inclusis; sparsis pallidis. Rab. Exs. no. 1492.
On leaves of Sagittaria. Bungay, Mr. Stocks.
The tissue of the peridium is far more delicate than in most of the species.
* EE. berberidis, P.
On leaves of Mahonia. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
Turning black when old. Some of the spores are embraced by the curved tips of the creeping mycelium, exactly after the manner of the supposed sexual phenomena in several Fungi.
* 4. scrophularie, De C.
On Serophularia nodosa. Woods of Fearn, Rev. M. Ander- son.
Very highly developed, looking like a little orange Peziza with an inflexed border. These specimens do not turn brown.
The above was written when we first received the plant from Mr. Anderson; but in subsequent specimens the sori of the etdium were surrounded with flat irregular dark specks, which on examination proved the following species of Uro- myces, which has lately appeared in the ‘Gardener’s Chronicle’ with a figure.
1470. Uromyces concomitans, B. & Br. Soris in annulum congestis irregularibus planis ; sporis obovatis, levibus ; pedi- cellis deorsum attenuatis.
Surrounding eidium scrophularie. Woods of Noran and Fearn, Rev. M. Anderson. ,
1471. Protomyces microsporus, Ung. Maculis candidis sporis globosis, pallidis.
On leaves of Ranunculus ficaria. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
On examining the specimens of Cylindrosporium ficaricee in Berkeley’s ‘ British Fungi,’ we find the same globose bodies, and therefore suppose that there must be some intimate connexion between the two. Dr. Farlow, on his late visit to this country, brought specimens from De Bary which seemed to be identical.
1472. P.chrysosplenii, B. & Br. Maculis albis crassiusculis ; sporis globosis, hyalinis, pedicellatis.
On leaves of Chrysoplenium oppositifolium. New Pitsligo, Rey. J. Fergusson.
1473. P. Fergussoni, B. & Br. Maculis punctisve brunneis, irregularibus ; sporis obovatis, primum hyalinis, brevissime pedicellatis, lowitonas dein fuscis.
On leaves of Myosotis. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
These curious productions of very uncertain affinity are too
Rev. M.J. Berkeley & Mr. C. E. Broome on British Fungi. 37
interesting to pass over, though further information is very desirable.
1474. P. menyanthes, De By. Brandpilz. p. 19; Rab. Exs. no. 1500.
On leaves of Menyanthes. Bungay, Mr. Stocks. On Coma- rum palustre, Scotland.
1474 bis. P. macrosporus, Ung.
On leaves and stalks of Acopodium. Rev. M. Anderson.
1475. Myzxotrichum ochraceum, B. & Br. Flavum, dein virens ; floccis sursum elongatis acutis, ramulis deflexis.
On the shavings of hurdle-makers. Hermitage Woods, St.
_Catherine’s, Bath, March 1874.
Spores ‘00015 inch in diameter. When placed in alcohol they adhere in clusters as if surrounded by a membrane or in- volved in mucus.
In &. eruginosum the flocci are hamate (a character appa- rently overlooked by Montagne, whose specimens we have re- examined), in J. deflecum branched to the extremity. In this they project without any branchlets far beyond the common mass.
Pratt I. fig. 4. a. pee slightly magnified ; b. base of spines, forming a network; c. mass of spores; d. tip of spine; e. spores. All more or less highly magnified.
1476. Gyromitra gigas, Fr.
On the ground. Coed Coch, Mrs. Lloyd Wynne, March 1874. It has also occurred to Mr. Currey.
1477. Vibrissea margarita, White, Scott. Nat. u. 1874,
. 218. ‘ On wet wood. Perth, Dr. Buchanan White; Braemar Mor, Schron.
Distinguished by its very hairy stem.
1478. Peziza (Helvelloidex) cochleata, B. alutacea, Fr. ; Scheeff. t. 150; Berg. t. 173.
Bowood, C. E. B.
1479. P. (Geopyxis) ciborium, Fr.
On the ground. C. Spencer Perceval.
The larger form, which seems quite different from the Peziza figured in ‘ Flora Danica.’ There are a few brown mycelioid fibres at the base, while the earth above is filled with scattered patches of spawn. Sporidia ‘001 by °0004—-0005 inch.
1480. P. (Humaria) exiditformis, B. & Br. Orbicularis, luride purpurea; margine elevato inflexo; stipite sursum incrassato; sporidiis late ellipticis, binucleatis; hymenio eribroso.
* On silver sand. Cork, Mr. D. Saunders, March 1873. On rotten wood, Stannage Park, C. E. B., March 1873.
38 Rey. M. J. Berkeley & Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungi.
Two lines or more wide. Contracting very much when dry. Paraphyses slightly clavate ; sporidia ‘0007 inch long, 0004 wide.
1481. P. (Humaria) fusspora, B. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846 ; var. scotica, Rabenh. Exsicc.
On heathy ground. Berwick, Dr. Johnstone; Menmuir, Rev. M. Anderson, Dec. 22, 1873. On turfy soil, New Pit- sligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
A very pretty species, varying from nearly white to orange or blood-red. Sporidia ‘001-0012 inch long, "0005 wide.
1482. P. (Lachnea) brunneola, Desm.
On oak-leaves, Mr. Phillips.
This is very probably the same as P. fuscescens, P, Des- maziéres says of his plant that the paraphyses are much longer than the asci, straight, fusiform, pointed, and as wide as the asci. In Mr. Phillips’s plant, however, the width of the asci as compared with that of the paraphyses is not exactly the same. The question, perhaps, is whether it should not be referred to Desmazierella.
1483. P. (Hymenoscyphe) strobilina, Fr.
On fir-cones, Sfebtlasid: where it appears tobe common. The whole cone is sometimes covered with a floccose furfuraceous subiculum.
1484, P. (Mollisia) rubella, P.
On decayed wood with P. vinosa. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
1485. P. (Mollisia) Stevenson?, B. & Br. Minuta; stipite brevissimo sursum incrassato; cupulis subglobosis, saccharinis; sporidiis minutis subeymbeeformibus.
On decorticated wood. Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
Minute, subglobose, sugar-coloured, externally minutely granular. Sporidia ‘0005 inch long. This is accompanied by white creeping threads, which give off erect branches bearing obovate spores ‘001 inch long. Probably a conidiiferous state.
1486. Helotium tuba, Fr., b. ochracea.
On a heap of decaying vegetables. Menmuir, Rev. M. Anderson, March 1874.
1487. H. melleum, B. & Br. Pallide melleum; stipite brevi cylindrico; cupulis planis flexuosis; margine elevato inflexo; ascis elongatis, lanceolatis ; sporidiis biseriatis, fusi- formibus, uno latere curvulis, ical orem
On rotten wood. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
About a line broad; stem half as much high; sporidia ‘0012 inch long. Allied to H. luteolum.
1488. H. sublateritium, B. & Br. Pallide lateritium ; sti- pite brevi cylindrico, subtiliter albo-villoso, glabrescente ;
Rey. M. J. Berkeley& Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungi. 39
cupulis planis, subtus venosis; margine elevato; ascis linea- ribus ; sporidiis uniseriatis, breviter fusiformibus, binucleatis.
On stems of herbaceous plants. Glamis, Rev. J. Ste- venson.
Sporidia -001 inch long, one fifth as much wide in the centre.
1489. Psilopezia myrothecioides, B. & Br. Suborbicularis; margine laciniato tomentoso, pallide flavo; disco viridi-atro ; ascis linearibus ; sporidiis ellipticis, margine pellucidis.
On Prunus padus. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
Sporidia ‘0009 inch long.
One of the most curious circumstances about this species is that some of the asci contain a very delicate spiral thread or line, a structure which Fuckel has observed in some other species.
Prate II. fig. 5. a. plant, in situ, of the natural size; 5. ditto, magnified ; ec. asci; d. tip of ascus ; ¢. sporidia. All more or less highly magnified.
1490. Patellaria Fergussoni, B. & Br. Stipite brevi, sur- sum incrassato ; cupulis planis, extus fuscis, granulosis; hy- menio plano vel pulvinato luteo; ascis elongatis; sporidiis filiformibus ; paraphysibus capite globoso.
On Prunus padus. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
Sporidia ‘009 inch long.
Puare II. fig. 6. a. ascus ; b. sporidium; c¢. tip of paraphysis; d. cells of cup. All highly magnified.
1491. Ascobolus consociatus, B. & Br. Cupulis extus ru- gosis, granulatis, pallide flavis vel albidis ; ascis clavatis bre- vibus; paraphysibus linearibus; sporidiis octonis biseriatis, late fusiformibus.
On the remains of Spheria cupulifera. Langridge, C. E. B., April 14, 1873.
Cups ‘003-0105 inch in diameter.
Puate II. fig. 7. a. plant, in situ; b. single cup; ¢. ascus with para- physes; d. sporidia. All more or less magnified.
1492. Nectria citrino-aurantia, Desm. Pl. Crypt. ser. 2, no. 778; Rab. Exs. no. 325.
On willow-twigs. Batheaston, Dec. 1873.
Densely czspitose; sporidia oblong, *0003--00035 inch long.
Puate II. fig. 8. a, 6. plant, im situ; c. asci; d. sporidia. All more or less magnified.
1493. Spheria (Villose) membranacea, B. & Br. Semi- immersa; peritheciis amplis membranaceis, pilis brevibus flexibilibus tectis ; sporidiis breviter fusiformibus uniseptatis.
40 Rev. M.J. Berkeley & Mr.C. E. Broome on British Fungi.
On very rotten wood. Langridge, April 27, 1874, C. E. B.
Walls composed of large cells; sporidia *0015 inch long, ‘0007 wide.
On the same wood with this species, and probably its stylo- sporous state, is a minute Sphwronema, tlask-shaped, with a long slender neck and minute globose spores.
Prats IL. fig. 9. a. plant, in situ ; b. tissue of perithecia; c. ascus; d, sporidia. vi more or less highly magnified.
* Venturia alchemille, B. & Br. Peritheciis minutis in maculas parvas stellatas congestis ; ascis brevibus lanceolatis ; sporidiis fusiformibus uniseptatis.
On leaves of Alchemilla, on which it appears in the form of little jet-black stellate spots. New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergus- son, Dec. 31, 1873.
Sporidia shortly fusiform, narrow, °0005 inch long, uni- septate.
This is Asteroma, Grev., Stigmatea, Cooke; apparently owing its stellate appearance to the perithecia following the veins of the leaves. Fuckel’s specimens have the character- istic short hairs.
* Dothidea betulina, Fr.
Pycnidia of this species have been sent from the Rey. J. Stevenson, and very closely resemble those of D. ulm7, which have also been received from Scotland, and are equally refer- able to the genus Piggotia.
1494. Hysterium arundinaceum, Schr., var. gramineum ; H. culmigenum, var. B, Fr. Syst. v. 2. p. 591; Moug. & Nest.
On leaves of grass. Torres, Rev. J. Keith.
This agrees exactly with H. arundinaceum, and is the plant of Mougeot and Nestler, and not with H. culmigenum, to which the specimen in Cooke’s ‘ Exsiccata’ belongs.
1495. Mucor pruinosus, B. & Br. Pusillus, niveus; vesi- culis globosis, reticulatis ; sporis irregularibus.
Covering with a thin white stratum the soil of garden-pots, the plants in which in consequence perished. Sibbertoft Nov. 1873. Spores ‘(0007-0012 inch long. Some decayed seeds of kidney-beans had been in the soil, and probably were the nidus of the mould.
1496. Thamnidium Van Tieghemi, B. & Br. T. elegans, Ann. d. Se. Nat. sér. 5. v. xvii. p. 321.
On cabbage-stalks.
Clearly quite different from 7. elegans (Ascophora elegans, Cd.), as a comparison of Van Tieghem’s figure and Corda’s
Capt. F. W. Hutton on new Species of Crustacea. 41
will at once show. 7’. elegans has occurred in this country on fowl’s dung.
1497. Agaricus (Collybia) Stevensoni, B. & Br. Pileo semiovato, obtuso, viscido, pallide luteo hic illic e visco macu- lato; stipite tenui fibrilloso sursum pulverulento extus intus-
ue bnfinlo radicato ; lamellis latis adnatis, dente decurrentibus istantibus candidis.
Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson, Aug. Pileus 4 inch across and high; stem 14 inch high, scarce a line thick, composed of fibres.
Allied to Ag. ventricosus, but differing in its slender almost solid stem, viscid semiovate plane and very broad, adnate, somewhat ventricose plane gills.
1498. Agaricus (Hypholoma) si/aceus, P.
Glamis, Rev. J. Stevenson.
Pileus viscid, bright orange rufous; stem 4 inches high, at length hollow, solid and slightly swollen at the base. Smell resembling that of meal. Spores pale purple-brown.
1499. Cortinartus (Inoloma) traganus, Fr., var. finitimus, Weinm. p. 155.
Torres, Rev. J. Keith.
Smell not at all that of the typical form, but pleasant though feta resembling that of gum just beginning to ferment.
ileus silky, at length smooth, lilac, as is the stem, which is yellowish and mottled within, but not saffron-coloured nor brown.
This peculiar form is the more interesting as it has not been met with in Sweden.
1500. Hustegia arundinacea, Fr. Peziza Kneiffii, Wallr.
New Pitsligo, Rev. J. Fergusson.
Quite different from a form of Peziza fusca, which is named in some herbaria P. Knezffit.
[To be continued. |
Il].— Descriptions of two new Species of Crustacea from New Zealand. By Captain F. W. Hurron, C.M.Z.S.
Sesarma pentagona.
Carapace subquadrate, smooth, broader than long ; anterior lateral margin with two teeth ; front nearly vertical, with four rounded projections; lateral regions obliquely striated; a
42 Capt. F. W. Hutton on new Species of Crustacea.
pore mark in the centre, the apex prolonged to the ront, which it divides. Area on each side of the mouth below with moniliform transverse striz. Arms trigonal, striated on the outside ; hands smooth outside, and with a few scattered granules inside; fingers smooth, Legs with the third joint very broad, compressed, acute above, and armed with a single tooth at the apex, smooth; outer joints and claws tomentose. Length *67 inch ; ratio of length to breadth 1: 1°27.
A single specimen in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, locality not stated.
Palinurus Edwardsit.
Male. Carapace beaked, armed with spines and large oval depressed tubercles separated by rows of short hairs. Beak small, compressed, curved upward, and with two small spines at its base; spines on each side of the beak compressed and smooth. Abdomen transversely sulcated, and covered with flat tubercles, each segment with a row of short hairs on its posterior margin; a single tooth on the posterior margin of the lateral lobes of the abdominal segments. Anterior legs with a strong spine on the inferior margin of the second and third joints, none on the penultimate joint; the superior margin of the distal extremity of the third joint of the last four pairs of legs armed with two spines, a smaller one in front of the larger. Length from beak to end of telson 9°5 inches.
Colour. Carapace and antenne dark brownish purple; abdomen the same, marbled with yellow; legs and caudal appendages reddish orange, more or less cs with purple.
In the female the beak is wanting, and there is a spine on the inferior margin of the distal extremity of the penultimate joint of the last pair of legs, making it subchelate.
Locality. Otago Heads, common.
This species differs from P. Lalandii in its much smaller size, in the shape of the beak (which is straight and conical in P. Lalandii), in having no spine on the penultimate joint of the anterior legs, and in having a second small spine at the distal extremity of the third joint of the last four pairs of legs. I have named it in honour of M. Alphonse Milne- Edwards, who has done so much to increase our knowledge of New-Zealand carcinology.
On a new Genus of Carboniferous Polyzoa. 43
IV.—Note on a new Provisional Genus of Carboniferous
Polyzoa. By R. Eruerrpee, Jun., F.G.S. [Plate IV. B. figs. 1-4.]
HYPHASMOPORA, gen. noy. *
Polyzoarium dendroid (?), calcareous, composed of small cylindrical stems, often bifurcating. Cell-depressions arranged in linear longitudinal series, more or less separated from one another by a cancellated network or reticulation, forming the sdiestitial inieiave; and predominating at one part of the poly- zoarium more than at others, presenting a longitudinal zone, devoid, or nearly so, of cell-depressions. The interstitial net- work consists of a series of irregularly formed pores.
The fragments to which I have provisionally applied the above name consist of small occasionally bifurcating stems, with nearly the whole of the surface occupied by six or more longitudinal rows or series of pyriform and (for the size of the organism) large cell-depressions, subalternating one with the other. The imtermediate and remaining portions of the in- terstitial surface, between each longitudinal series and each individual cell, are occupied by small, irregularly formed, but generally elongate pores, forming a reticulated or cancellated network. ‘This is more particularly the case over one part of the surface, generally devoid of cell-depressions, but occasion- ally with a single row running up the centre, or one or two irregularly placed. This space is bounded by the two lateral rows or serles of cell-depressions, one occupying each side of the stem. At times the poral reticulation between the longi- tudinal series of cell-depressions is almost absent, or consider- ably reduced, when, the lateral prominent margins of two contiguous series uniting, a dividing ridge or keel is formed, which, when viewed transversely, gives to the cross section of the stem a slightly multiangular appearance. The cell-depres- sions lead upwards and inwards to the true cell-aperture or orifice, considerably smaller than the larger opening, and ap- parently oval in outline.
The cells are at first vertical, and then curve obliquely up- wards and outwards to the surface, where they open at right angles to the imaginary axis, the pyriform depression in which
* Upacya, tissue or web ; mopos,a passage or pore. [The specimens are in the collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland; and this descrip- tion is published by permission of the Director-General of the Geological Survey. |
44 On a new Genus of Carboniferous Polyzoa.
the orifice is placed having a prominent margin, projecting a little from the surface of the stem at its raat Bhs whilst the true orifice itself projects at its lower margin. At the point at which the cells bend from the perpendicular to the oblique angle at which they pass to the surface, one of the walls is much constricted, that nearest the external surface.
I have never seen this pretty coralline in any other condition than such fragments as are here figured; but a specimen has lately come under my notice in which there appears to be the remains of a lateral branch or dissepiment, after the manyer of Polypora or Fenestella; but on this point I am in doubt. Under these circumstances it would be premature to state whether the habit was simply dendroid, with free stems and branches, or reticulate.
I submitted specimens of the simple bifurcating stems to Mr. Busk, who very kindly informed me that in such a con- dition they resembled the genus Vincularia, Defrance, but that none of its hitherto described species were so pitted or reticu- lated, and that, as the openings of the cells do not appear to be placed on all sides of the stems, as they are invariably in Vincularia, it is probably the type of a new genus, perhaps allied to the latter.
As I am unable to meet with any generic diagnosis which would include the form, I have adopted, provisionally at least, the foregoing name for its reception, and for a specific desig- nation would associate with it the name of Mr. Busk, to whose kindness I am indebted for much information on fossil Polyzoa. In addition to this species, there are one or two others in my possession which will perhaps come under this genus.
Hyphasmopora Buskii, sp. nov.
Cell-depressions pyriform, subalternating with one another, narrowing towards their ventral margins, expanding above, where they project a little from the surtace of the polyzoarium, arranged in about six linear series, the er depressions of each row separated from one another vertically by the in- terstitial reticulation ; laterally the margins of contiguous rows sometimes unite, forming dividing ridges or keels; cell-orifice round, placed within the cell-depression at its upper extremity. The interstitial network encloses a series of irregular poral openings. The sides are occupied by the two lateral rows of cell-depressions. The reverse, over which the reticulation at- tains its greatest development, sometimes has a single row of large cell-depressions placed along the median line, at various distances from one another.
Dr. J. E. Gray on the Madagascar River- Tog. 45
Localities. Limekilns Old Quarry, near Limekilns House, near East Kilbride, from shale between the first and second limestones of the Calderwood series, Lower Carboniferous Limestone group; Calderside Old Quarry, near East Kilbride, from a similar geological horizon: collected by Mr. James Bennie. Mousewater, opposite Lambcatch, near Wilsontown, from shale between two thin limestones of the Lower Carbo- niferous Limestone group; quarry near Hillhead, near Wil- sontown, from shale over the Guildhouse Limestone, Lower Carboniferous Limestone group: collected by Mr. A. Macco- nochie (collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. B. [The figures are all considerably enlarged. ]
Fig. 1. Hyphasmopora Buskit, a bifurcating stem, showing the longitu- dinal series of cell-depressions, with a peculiar swelling of the interstitial surface.
Fig. 2. The same. In this specimen are visible a few of the true cell-
orifices.
Fig. 3. The same, showing the opposite face or interstitial zone, with its single row of cell-depressions.
Fig. 4. The same, a similar specimen to the last, but the branches with a wider angle of bifurcation.
V.—On the Madagascar River-Hog (Potamochcerus), and on the Skulls of the three Species of the Genus. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.
[Plate IV. A.]
Fxacourt, in his ‘ History of Madagascar,’ notices a wild boar in that island; and D’Aubenton, in his additions to Buffon’s ‘ Hist. Nat.’ xiv. p. 390, describes a dry head of a “ sanglier de Madagascar” in the Cabinet of Paris, which he says 1s that of a ‘‘cochon de Siam ;” but by his description it is evidently that of a river-hog (Potamochewrus). I noticed it as a species of that genus in ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1868, p. 38, more especially as Mr. Sclater informed me that there was a living specimen of the animal from Madagascar in the Garden of Plants at Paris; and in the ‘Catalogue of Car- nivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Animals in the British Museum,’ 1869, p. 344, I named it Potamocherus madagascariensis, observing that I was not aware of any spe- cimen in this country. I now find, which had escaped me
46 Dr. J. E. Gray on the Madagascar River-Hog.
when I gave the name madagascariensis to this species, that M. Grandidier, in the ‘ Revue et Magasin de Zoologie,’ 1867, tome xix. p. 318, had named the wild pig from Madagascar Potamocherus Edwardsii; and I gladly adopt his name, as it was published previously.
All M. Grandidier says respecting this species is :—‘‘P. Edwardsii (nob.). Nom es te Lambou. De la cédte §.0. (Moroundava). Roux-cannelle, criniére blanchatre, épaisse ; membres d’un brun foneé. ‘Taille petite. Les soies sont trés- longues ; les oreilles sont dépourvues de pinceau de poils a leurs extrémités; joues noires, encadrées de longues soies blanches.”’
The British Museum purchased of Mr. Edward Bartlett a young specimen of a wild pig from Ambodiaque, west of
ananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, which he names “ Potamocherus madagascariensis.” I have compared with this specimen a young bosch-vark (Potamocherus africanus) in the British Museum from South Africa, and I can find very little difference between it and the much younger specimen from Madagascar received from Mr. Bartlett.
The latter has the longer white hairs on the chine, which are black at the base and form a black spot between the ends of the bladebones; and it agrees in the general colouring, and only differs from the larger specimen in having the short black stripes on the sides rather less indistinct, evidently the remains of the dark spots with which the very young bosch-varks are marked.
The skull of this specimen, which is probably that of a female, kas the impressions on the side of the nose only slightly defined, and the zygomatic arch is thin and with a rounded outline beneath. ‘The nose is slender and rather flat, and rounded on the sides of the upper edge, but was in too young a state to afford any specific characters.
I was inclined to believe it to be the young of the continental species. I had not seen an adult skin from Madagascar ; and unfortunately the skull was in too young a state to show the characters of the species. But Mr. Edward Gerrard, jun., has since brought to the Museum the skull of an adult male river-hog (Potamocherus) from Tamatava forest in Madagascar, which proves that the Madagascar animal is a very distinet species, characterized by the narrowness of the nose, with a rounded upper edge, the width of the skull at. the zygomatic arch, and the angular outline of the lower edge of this arch, and by the situation of the aperture for the vessel in the lower jaw, which seems to be a permanent character, as it is uniform
Dr. J. E. Gray on the Skulls of Potamochcerus. 47
in the six or eight skulls of P. africanus and P. porcus in the British Museum.
The three species of this genus may be thus characterized by their skulls :—
* Head and face varied with blackish ; fur elongate, harsh. Crest of the sheath of the upper canines elongate in the male.
P. africanus. Nose of skull broad, flat at top, and keeled at sides ; lower edge of zygomatic arch regularly curved. South and Central Africa.
P. Edwardsti. Nose of skull narrow, rounded at top and upper margin of sides; lower edge of zygomatic arch sub- angy a in the middle. (Plate IV. A.)
a
dagascar.
** Head and face varied with white ; dorsal mane white. Crest of the sheath of the upper canines of the male shorter, broad.
P. porcus. Nose of skull broad, flat at top, and keeled on the upper margin. West coast of Africa.
They may be further characterized as follows :—
* The zygomatic arch swollen out, with an irregularly rounded lower edge ; the impression on the side of the forehead broad and trun- cated behind, with a perpendicular edge just before the orbit ; the lower jaw with the perforation for the passage of the vessel under the space between the second and third lower grinders ; the front of the upper part of the nose flat, broad, rather keeled on the sides.
Potamocherus porcus, Gray, Hand-Cat. B.M. tab. 23. fig. 1, ¢,
The lobe over the sheath of the upper canines of the male truncated, spreading outwards, and not reaching the callosity of the lateral ridge on the side of the nose.
Potamocherus africanus, Gray, Hand-Cat. B.M. tab. 23. fig. 2,3. The lobe over the sheath of the upper canines of the male elongate, adpressed to and reaching the callosity of the lateral ridge on the side of the nose.
48 Dr.J.E. Gray on the Skulls of Potamocheerus.
** The zygomatic arch swollen out, broad in the middle, andwith a pro- duced subangular lower edge ; the impression on the side of the forehead rather narrow, obliquely truncated, produced above so as to have an oblique edge, extending forward in front of the orbit ; lower jaw with a perforation for the passage of the vessel under the space between the first and second lower grinders ; the front of the upper part of the nose narrow, flattish, rounded on the sides.
Potamocherus Edwardsii.
The lobe over the sheath of the upper canines elongate, adpressed, and reaching the callosity of the lateral ridge on the side of the nose.
The lobe over the base of the sheath of the canines in the males is elongate and adpressed to the sides of the nose, as in P. africanus, and not short and diverging outwards as in P. porcus. The skull has a much slenderer nose, is much lower behind, and has a narrower occipital end than in either of the continental species, in both of which it is high and broad behind and has a broad square nose.
The skulls of the female river-hogs (Potamocherus) only have a sharp ridge across the base of the sheath of the canines ; and the sides of the nose are smooth, and not callous and warty in the middle part as in the males; and the impressions on the sides of the forehead just before the eyes are not so deep and well marked as in the skulls of the males; and the lobe of the maxillary bone forming the front portion of the maxillary arch is broader than in the males.
The lobe over the base of the canines of the males of P. porcus is compressed, callous, and rugose at the ends. It seems to vary in shape: in two skulls in the Museum from the Cameroons and Gaboon it is moderately broad, with a rounded outer edge and a convex rounded outer sur- face ; and in one from West Africa (believed to be from the Niger) it is flattened, broader, and with a much flatter surface. The lobes over the base of the canines of the males of P. africanus are longer and broader; one has a distinct keel on the hinder part of the outer side; and the other has but very slight indications of such a keel and is rounded.
Mr. R. J. L. Guppy on new Species of Bivalve Mollusca. 49
VI.—On new Species of Bivalve Mollusca found at Cumana, Venezuela. By R. J. LecumMere Guppy, F.L.S., F.G.S., Ke.
[Plate VII. figs. 1 & 2.)
One of the shells now to be described is a large and fine
species of Venus. If I mistake not, this species has been
regarded by some as the V. crenulata of Chemnitz; but the
shell which I have for years considered to be that species is a
smaller and very different one.
The other shell is a Mactra, not belonging to the typical group of that genus, but, on the contrary, somewhat of an aberrant form. It is a large and interesting species.
The recent, not less than the fossil, shell-fauna of Cumana is very interesting. Among the recent shells are several which are by no means common in the West Indies—as, for instance, the true Persona reticularis (Linn.), which, though nearly allied to, must not be confounded with the P. clathrata of Madagascar nor with the fossil P. s¢millima of the West- Indian Miocene. Dipsacus glabratus occurs at Cumana; and I have also from that place an undetermined species of Fusus (which resembles young shells of Fasciolaria gigantea, except that it has a longer canal), and also the following—Solarium tessellatum, Phos gquadelupensis, Venus fleruosa, Calyptrea auriculata (of which apparently there is a good figure in the large edition of Cuvier’s ‘Regne Animal,’ pl. 48. f. 4, under the name of C. Cuvier?, Desh.), Oliva SPY (several forms), and O. monilifera, Reeve (?= 0, mutica, Say, =nitidula),
Venus superba, n. sp. Pl. VII. fig. 2.
Ovate, slightly subtrigonal, a little inequilateral, ventricose ; anteriorly produced and rounded; posteriorly produced and subangulate ; umbones closely approximate; lunule large, striated with irregular diverging lamellae, distinctly defined by a sharp groove; posterior dorsal area large, striate, not distinctly defined. Valves marked with numerous irregular angulate streaks of chestnut or brown, and adorned with numerous concentric crenate ribs, which are rather more distant, thinner, and more distinctly crenate near the anterior and posterior margins ; on the disk the ribs are square, flattened, and polished, and the crenation is less marked. Length 70 millims., height 55, thickness about 45.
Mactra anserina,n. sp. Pl. VII. fig. 1.
Oval, compressed, subequilateral, gaping widely posteriorly ; Ann. d&: Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xv.
50 Mr. R. J. L. Guppy on
anteriorly somewhat produced and subangular; posteriorly high, with a decided obtuse angle formed by a low keel running from the umbo, on the upper and posterior side of which keel the shell is covered with a black epidermis. Valves flattened, white, rather fragile, marked with concentric strize of growth, which are worn smooth on the disk and umbones, but towards the ventral margin are covered with a yellowish- brown wrinkled epidermis. Length 85 millims., height 60, thickness 30.
Closely allied to M. fragilis, which, indeed, appears to have been confounded with it. The details of the hinge are some- what similar to those of the hinge of Hemimactra gigantea ; but the postcarinal area resembles that of Schizodesma. The latter feature is much developed in our shell, and is remark- able for its black epidermis, that of the other portions of the shell being of a light brown.
VII.—Notice of some Marine Shells found on the Shores of Trinidad. By R. J. LecoMERE Gurpy, F.L.S., F.G.S., &e.
[Plate VII. figs. 3 & 4.]
Purpura trinitatensis, Guppy.
A solid, ovate, yellowish, subrimate shell, adorned with numerous rounded spiral ridges, which are crossed by fine imbricating strize: whorls about 6, with four spiral rows of obtuse elongated tubercles, of which the two upper rows are much the largest, the superior one forming the angle of the whorls : suture hidden by a row of stout curved and reflected lamellae, of which there are about three above each of the tubercles on the angle of the whorl: spire conic, sharp: mouth pink within, and often ornamented with two or three more or less interrupted spiral red or chestnut lines correspond- ing to the external rows of tubercles: aperture oval, with a sinall and decided posterior canal forming the successive sutural lamelle; anterior canal open and a little reflected: pillar-lip smooth, flattened or hollowed out, bright pink ; outer lip den- ticulate, obsoletely striate within. Height 40 millims., greatest breadth 27, longest diameter of aperture 26.
Hab, Gulf of Paria.
A species somewhat resembling P. mancinella, but with a sharper spire and a more decided striation. The sutural lamella are well developed, like those of P. coronata. ‘There is a strong’ idge round the base,
Marine Shells from Trinidad. 5)
Cardium eburniferum, Guppy. Pl. VII. fig. 3.
Shell a little angularly suboval, moderately tumid: externally marked with irregular orange-brown spots, and adorned with thirty-five narrow imbricated ribs sleseby covered towards the margins of the shell with numerous porcellaneous semitubular tubercles, which are thicker anteriorly ; posterior edge nearly straight, strongly serrate. Hinge-teeth ——, strong. Interior salmon-colour, growing white towards the strongly dentate margins, which are yellowish. Height 52 millims., length 45, thickness 40.
Hab. South coast of Trinidad (7. W. Carr), Found abun- dantly at Grenada.
Cardium haitense, Sowerby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 52, pl. x. f. 11.
An oblique subovate shell, with 20-24 radiating, nodose, rather square ribs wider than their finely crenate interstices. Allied to C. subovale, Brod.
This was originally described by Sowerby as a fossil from Haiti; but I have dredged two small examples of it in the Gulf of Paria.
Arca centrota, Guppy, Proc. Scientific Assoc. of Trinidad, p- 175 (Dec. 1867). Pl. VII. fig. 4,
This species was described as a fossil; but I have since ascertained that it is likewise living on our coasts, having been collected by myself on the shores of the Gulf of Paria, and by Mr. Carr on the south coast of Trinidad. Its umbones are often pink or red, which colour is visible inside as well as outside ; and the shell has a hairy epidermis, generally worn off at the umbones, Height 17 millims., length 24,
The following is the original description :—“ Transversely subrhomboidal, with a strong wide carination running from the umbo to the posterior angle; ornamented with many (36-38) squamosely nodose radiating ribs, each with a fine subsidiary thread-like rib in the narrow interstice; anterior margin short, rounded; posterior margin strongly sinuate, angulate above with the hinge-line, and forming a more rounded angle with the strongly crenate lower margin, Hinge-teeth small in the middle of the straight hinge, but becoming larger and diverging considerably towards the angles; ligamental area more or less grooved, especially anteriorly.”
4*
52 Prof. T. R. Jones and Mr. J. W. Kirkby on
Thracia dissimilis.
Ovate-oblong, compressed, white, roughened by numerous fine granules, which are generally arranged in lines radiating from the umbo; transversely excentrically plaited ; anteriorly rounded ; posteriorly i aad truncate, with a keel (most prominent on the smaller valve) running from the umbo to the lower posterior angle. Height 27 millims., length 40, thickness 15.
This is nearly allied to 7. plicata, which Reeve (Conch. Icon. Thracia, 7) considered it to be. Our shell is rather interme- diate between 7. plicata and T. magnifica, differing from the former in ornamentation and general shape. On a tablet in the British Museum the name dissimilis is applied to our species; but I have not been able to find any authority for that name, which I adopt for the shell.
The animal is furnished with two long siphons, separate for the whole of their length and coarsely fringed. The epi- dermis along the posterior margin extends beyond the shell and covers the bases of the siphons.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
[ All the figures are of the natural size. }
Fig. 1. Mactra anserina, right valve. Cumana, Venezuela.
Fig. 2. Venus superba, right valve. Cumana, Venezuela.
Fig. 3. Cardium eburniferum, right valve. South coast, Trinidad. Fig. 4a. Arca centrota, right valve, interior.
Fig. 4b. The same, right valve of a large specimen, exterior.
Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, Sept. 1874.
VIII.—Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca. No, XI. Some Carboniferous Ostracoda from Russia. By Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., and James W, Kirxsy, Esq.
[Plate VI.]
In the seventh livraison of the first volume of his ‘ Lethea Rossica ’* M, d’Eichwald figures and describes rent species of Palzozoic Entomostraea, twelve of which are from the
* We refer to the French edition, published at Stuttgart in 1860.
7
'
Paleozoic Bivalced Entomostraca. 53
Carboniferous rocks of Russia. Most of these species had been previously noticed by him, though not figured, in the ‘ Bulletin Soc. mp. Nat. Moscou,’ année 1857, p. 198.
M. d’Eichwald’s specimens are from the Carboniferous Limestone of Borowitschi, in the Government of Novogorod ; from Carboniferous Limestone on the right bank of the Serena, near Goroditz, in the district of Kozel, in the Govern- ment of Kalonga; from Carboniferous Limestone on the river Tscherepete, near Tschernischine, in the district of Likhwine, in the Government of Kalonga; from the Car- boniferous Dolomite of Sterlitamak, in the Government of Orenburg ; from the Cytherina-Limestone near the village of Filimonoff, on the river Oupa, in the Government of Toula; and from the Carboniferous Shale of Sloboda, also in the Government of Toula.
From these materials D’Eichwald deseribes and figures the following species :—
Beyrichia gibberosa, D’Eichwald, Bull S. L N. Muse. 1857, xxx. ii.
p- 312; Ross. 1. v. 1859, p. 309, vii. 1860, p. 1349, pl. 52. f. 11. —— colliculus, D’ Eichvald, Bull S. L N. Mose. 1857, xxx. ii. p. 313; Leth. Ross. 1. v. 1859, p. 309, vii. ee 1348, pL 52. f. 1. —— umbonata, D’ Eichwald, Bull. 8. I. N. Mose. 1857, xxx. ii. p. 312; Leth. Ross. i. v. 1859, p. 29, vil. 1860, p. 1347, pl 52. f. 10. is is
a Kirkbya. —— striolata, D’ Eichewald, Bull S. L N. Mose. 1857, xxx. ii. p. 312; Leth. Ross. i. v. 1859, p. 309, vii. 186), p. 1348, pl. 52. f 14. Whis is
Kirkbya. itia microphtbalma, D’ Eichwald, Cypridina, Bull. 8. L N. Mose. D7, Xxx. it p. 310; Leperditia, Leth. Ross. i. vii 1860, p. 1336. Possibly a variety of L. Okeni.
Bairdia Qualeni, D/ Hichwald, Bull. 3. L N. Mose. 1857, xxx. ii. p. 311; Leth. Ross. i v. 1859, p. 309, vii. 1860, p. 1339, pl 52. f 4.
—— levigata, Dy Ei , Cypridina, S. L N. Mose. 1857, xxx. ii p- 310; Leth. Ross. i. v. 1559, p. 309; Bairdia, Leth. Ross i vii. 180, p- 1542, pl 52. £5; and var. migrescens. Both are Leperditiz, and probably varieties of L. Okens. :
—— xquals, DEichwald, Ball. S. 1. N. Mose. 1857, xxx. ii. p. 311;
309, vii. 1560, p. 1240, pL 52. £ 6.
— excisa, D/ Eicheald, S. LN. Mose. 1857, xxx. ii. p. 311; Leth. Ross. i. v. 1859, p. 309, vii. 1860, p. 1342, pL 52.£8 Possibly Cy-
— S. L N. Mose. 1857, xxx. ii p. 311;
12. Very similar to Bardi
£ mucronata, —— eurta, M‘Coy, D Eichwald, Ball S. L N. Mose. 1857, xxx. i. p 311; Leth. i vii. 1860, p. 1338, pl 52. £ 17, and var. Varieties.
Judging from M. d’Eichwald’s published figures, some of the above species may be more appropriately placed in other
54 Prof. T. R. Jones and Mr. J. W. Kirkby on
genera. Beyrichia umbonata and B, striolata seem to belong to Kirkbya; and Bairdia levigata is a Leperditia.
Soon after the publication of the above-named work we were kindly favoured by M. d’Eichwald with a series of Russian specimens; and these have enabled us to arrive at a better understanding on some points of his Carboniferous species. We have also some other specimens, brought from Boinsis by the late Sir Roderick I. Murchison. Out of the eight species and their varieties (four) which we have identified among our Russian specimens, four have already been described as Carboniferous, two as Permian forms, one as Silurian, and four are new. ‘Three or four named by M. d’Kichwald we relegate to other authors. There remain six or seven of M. d’Eichwald’s Carboniferous species which we have seen in figures only.
We figure the best of our Russian specimens in Plate VI. ; and the following observations will assist in defining the species.
1 & 1*. Leperditia Okent (Von Miinster fT), and var. ¢nornata (M‘Coy). Pl. VI. figs. 1 & 2. Bairdia levigata, var. nigrescens, D’Eichwald, Leth. Ross. i. vii. p. 1842,
pl. 52. fig. 5.
This species, so common in the Carboniferous formations of Britain, Europe, and Nova Scotia, occurs in great numbers in a piece of hard, dark-grey, saccharoid limestone, labelled “Bairdia levigata, var. nigrescens, village of Phillineonowa, in the Government of Toula.” The specimens, rather small, are all single valves, and of a blackish colour. The general contour of the carapace is nearly that of the typical L. Okeni. The eye-spot is not distinguishable. Primitia Eichwaldi, Corals, and Brachiopods are associated.
From near Likhwine, in the same Government, we have a minute specimen of this species, with a well-marked eye-spot and a slight marginal rim (fig. 2). In the former feature it agrees with M. d’Hichwald’s figure of his “Bairdia levigata.” From the same locality, in a piece of soft yellow limestone, other rather larger specimens occur, which we also refer to this species. They differ in having the rear pee less oblique than is usual with L, Okeni, thus having a nearl semicircular hinder end. These might without much dif culty be mistaken for a Cythere, and indeed do occur in a piece labelled “Batrdia excisa.” This variety is not unusual
+ Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 406, pl. 20, figs, 1-5,
Paleozote Bivalved Entomostraca. 5d
in the Carboniferous rocks of Scotland and Ireland; and may be regarded as ZL. Oken?, var. INORNATA (M‘Coy).
M. d’Richwald’s figure of “Batrdia levigata”’ approximates to that of a Leperditia, and shows also the characteristic eye- spot. L. microphthalma, D’ Kichw., also appears to be related to L. Okent as a small variety.
1**, Leperditia Okent, var. obliqua, nov. Pi. VI. fig. 3.
With the typical LZ. Okent from Phillineonowa we find a few specimens of a small Leperditia having a relatively short hinge-line, a long sloping posterior region, and a full ventral curve. Thisisnear L, Okeni, var. acuta (Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 406, pl. 20. fig. 4) ; but it has a shorter hinge- line. In outline it approaches both LZ. Wisingert and L. Wil- liensis of Fr. Schmidt *, but agrees with neither. We propose to name this form var. OBLIQUA, as the greatest length is along a line much higher in front than behind.
2. Beyrichia intermedia, Jones & Holl. Pl. VI. fig. 11.
Length 34; inch, height 34; inch. A minute, subovate, smooth Beyrichia, with a nearly semicircular ventral border and a deep subcentral sulcus, rather posteriorly placed; this sulcus cuts the valve vertically, and extends from the dorsal border to less than halfway across the valve; another, but faint, indentation exists near the smaller (anterior) extremity.
In soft yellow limestone from near Likhwine, in the Govern- ment of Toula.
This is undistinguishable from B. tntermedia, J. & H.+, from the Upper Silurian rocks of Malvern, except that its slightly greater length gives it a rather more oval outline.
3. Primitia Eichwaldi, sp. un. Pl. VI. fig. 12, a, b.
Associated with the Leperditia of Phillimeonowa we have found some specimens of an Kntomostracan corresponding with the description of Primitia given in the ‘Annals,’ ser. 3, 1865, vol. xvi. p. 415, except that it has a reticulate and slightly wrinkled ornament.
It is ~; inch long, = inch high; has elongate, oblong, flatly convex valves, with a straight dorsal border, a vertical sulcus in the posterior half, narrow above and broad below,
* “Ueber die russischen silurischen Leperditien,” Mém. Acad. Imp. Se. St.-Pétersb. ser. 7, vol. xxi. 1873. { + Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, 1869, vol. iii. p. 218, pl. 15. f. 7,
56 Prof. T. R. Jones and Mr. J. W. Kirkby on
and a slight rim bounding the free margin: the surface, in unworn examples, is reticulately ornamented, and is usually marked with numerous rather fine longitudinal wrinkles, due to the thickening of the longitudinal walls of the net- work,
The Upper-Silurian P. variolata, J. & H. op. cit. p. 418, pl. 13. f. 6, is a near ally; but is shorter, has its sulcus more central, and shows only a pitted ornament.
Some small bivalve carapaces from the Carboniferous strata of West Scotland t, and others from Shropshire, are allied to the form under notice, having suboblong outline, longitudinal wrinkles (stronger), and some fine reticulation ; but the sulcus is contracted to a central p7t, such as is found in some Primitic. We have also a small smooth form from Lanarkshire.
4, Bairdia equalis, D’Eichwald. Pl. VI. fig. 4.
We identify a specimen from the yellow limestone of Likh- wine with this species. It is 7, mch long, 7, inch high, smooth, swollen, of a subtrapezoidal outline, with the pos- terior extremity blunt, and with a strong dorsal and ventral overlap.
5. Bairdia ampla, Reuss. Pl. V1. fig. 5.
Two very fine examples of a Bairdia sent us by M. d’Eich- wald as B. curta, from Sloboda, in the Government of Toula, appear to us to belong to B. ampla, Reuss, known in both the Carboniferous and Permian formations.
The perfect shape of B. curta, M‘Coy, has been given by one of us in plate 61. fig. 1, ‘ Monthly Microsc. Journ.’ vol. iv.
1870.
6*. Bairdia plebeia, Reuss, var. rhombica, Jones.
Pl. VI. fig. 6.
Included with the specimens of the last species is a single example of what seems to be, if not a distinct species, a rhombic variety of B. plebeta, described and figured in the ‘Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field-Club,’ vol. iv. 1859, p. 42, pl. 11. figs, 10, 11,12, B. plebeta is common in both the Carboni- ferous and Permian formations ; var. rhombica is Permian also,
+ “Kirkbya scotica,” J. & K. MS., ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow,’ vol. iii. Supplem. Carb. Foss. p. 28. Unless specimens with concentric longitu- dinal ribs occur, this species will have to be allocated to Primitia.
a
Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca. 57
6**, Bairdia plebeia, Reuss, var. munda, nov.
Pl. VI. fig. 7.
We have one specimen of another variety of B. plebeta from the yellow limestone of Likhwine. It is rather more oblong than the usual form of the Permian B. plebeta, and its posterior angle is less developed. See Reuss, ‘‘ Ueber Entom.” &c., Jahresb. Wetterauer Ges. 1854, p. 67, f. 5.
7. Cythere (Potamocypris?) bilobata (Von Minster). PL. Wi, figa..8, 9,10; Bairdia excisa (?), D’Kichwald, Leth. Ross. i. vii. p. 1342, pl. 52. f. 8.
We have three specimens of this species from the yellow limestone near Likhwine. ‘They were sent to us by D’Eich- wald labelled as “Bardia excisa.”” They nevertheless un- doubtedly belong to Von Miinster’s “Cythere (2?) bilobata’’t, to which we now refer them.
D’Eichwald’s figures show a much greater constriction on the subconcave border than we find in our specimens.
The recent Potamocypris fulva, G. 8S. Brady (Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, iu. pl. 18. figs. 1-4, and Nat. Hist. Transact. Northumb. and Durham, iil. p. 366), presents an external ap- pearance remarkably similar to that of Cythere (?) bilobata,
8. Cytherella Murchisoniana, sp.n. Pl. VI. fig. 13, a, d, fig. 14, a-c.
In a fragment of brown crystalline limestone, from a locality 30 wersts east of Bugulina, collected by the late Sir Roderick Murchison, we have numerous specimens of a small Entom- ostracan, which probably belongs to the genus Cytherella.
It is 5 inch long, and half as high. The carapace-valves (always separate) are oblong in outline, with the dorsal and ventral borders nearly parallel; the ends are rounded; the posterior extremity is most obtuse; and from the region ad- joining it the carapace contracts so as to give rather a wedge- shaped dorsal aspect. In casts a slight constriction crosses the valves near the posterior third (fig. 14,5). The shell is thick, and the surface apparently smooth.
+ Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 409, pl. 20. f. 10. This species, not uncommon in some Carboniferous rocks of Britain and Europe, was described by us (loc. cit.) as a Cythere ; it is most probably either a Pota- mocypris or a Bairdia.
58
On Palwozoic Bivalved Entomostraca.
List of the Carboniferous Ostracoda of Russia.
Beyrichia gibberosa, D'Eichw. Sloboda.
colliculus, D’Eichw. Tschernischine. intermedia, Jones & Holl. Tschernischine.
Kirkbya umbonata (D’Eichw.). Sloboda.
Prim
striolata (D’Fichw.). Sloboda. itia Eichwaldi, Jones §& Kirkby. Phillineonowa.
Leperditia Okeni (Von Miinster). Phillineonowa, Sloboda.
, var. inornata (.W‘Coy). Tschernischine. , var. obliqua, J. & K. Phillineonowa. , var. microphthalma, D’Eichw. Goroditz and Sloboda.
Cythere (?) bilobata (Von Miinster). 'Tschernischine and Sloboda. Bairdia excisa (?), D’Lichw. Tschernischine and Sloboda.
—
——
Go
a Sloboda *.
eia, Reuss, var. rhombica, Jones. Sloboda.
, var. munda, J. & K. Tschernischine.
equalis, D’Lichw. Sloboda.
distracta, D’Fichw. (=? mucronata, Reuss). Borowitschi and roditz.
Qualeni, D’Eichw. Sterlitamak.
ple
Cytherella Murchisoniana, J. § K. Near Bugulina.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
[All the figures, except fig. 12 b, are magnified 20 diameters. }
Fig. Ki
my aioli lie ay AD % moot
Fig. 11. Fig. 12.
Fig. 13. Fig. 14.
* Un
. Leperditia Okeni (Von Miinster) : right valve of small individual.
Leperditia Okent, var. inornata (M‘Coy): left valve.
. Leperditia Okeni, var. obliqua, nov. : left valve.
Bairdia equalis, D’Eichw.: a, right side; 6, dorsal; c, ventral edge ; d, end view.
. Bairdia ampla, Reuss: a, right side; }, ventral edge; c, end
view.
. Bairdia plebeia, Reuss, var. rhombica, Jones: left valve.
Bairdia plebeia, var. munda, noy.: left valve.
9. Figs. 8 a, b, c, 9a, b, 10a, b,c. Cythere (Potamocypris?) bilobata (Von
Miinster). Three individuals in various aspects.
Beyrichia intermedia, Jones & Holl: left valve.
Primitia Eichwaldi, sp. noy.: a, left valve, with wrinkled orna- ment; 5, ornament, from a reticulated portion, magnified 84 diameters.
Cytherella Murchisoniana, sp. noy.: a, left valve ; 6, edge view. Cytherella Murchisoniana (cast): a, right valve; b, edge view ; c, end view.
der the heading “Bairdia curta” in ‘Lethwa Rossica,’ loc. cit.,
M. d’Eichwald gives Tschernischine, Goroditz, Borowitschi, and Sloboda as localities for at least three varieties, and he quotes it also from the ‘Old Red Sandstone with Fucoids.”’
On new Genera and Species of Coleoptera.
IX.—Notes on md age w
and Spectes.—Part I
List of Genera and Species.
PRIONID/#. PRIONINZ.
Miocydus (x. g.) prionoides.
CLOSTERIN2. Elaptus brevicornis, CoOLPODERIN2.
Eudianodes Swanzyi.
CERAMBYCID®. CEMIN& ? Ectinope (n. g.) spinicollis.
PHORACANTHIN2. Tryphocharia Mastersii.
STRONGYLURINE. Lygesis mendica.
URACANTHINE. Uracanthus strigosus.
Emenica (n. g.) nigripennis.
PyTHEINZ ? Titurius (7. g.) calcaratus.
LAMIID&. DORCADIONIN®.
Corestetha (n. g.) insularis.
MonocHAMIN2.
Monochamus fulvicornis. acanthias.
CEROPLESIN.
59
ith Descriptions of new Genera
I. By Francis P. Pascor, F.L.S. &e. (Plate VIII.]
Eunithera (n. g. for Thysia
viduata). Ceroplesis sumptuosa. aulica.
PHRYNETIN2.
Psycholupis (. g.) Fahrei,
HEBESECIN2.
Hebesecis anisocera. —— cristata.
PROTORHOPALINZ. Protorhopala elegans,
NIPHONIN2.
Praonetha Dohrnii. Chetostigme (n. g.) casta. Corrhenes grisella,
fulva.
— cruciata. Symphyletes torquatus.
Achniotypa (x. g.) basalis.
Rhytiphora latifasciata,
Penthea melanosticta. PERICOPTINZE.
Bebelis picta.
acuta.
Miocypws. (Prionine.)
Priono affinis, sed clypeo fronte continuato, labro inviso, antennis
serratis, et tarsis brevioribus. The BP» except a few stiff hairs fringing its anterior margin,
is quite hidden by the clypeus, which is not marked off from the front by any line or impression as in Prionus. The an- tenne have all the joints from the fifth to the tenth inclusive
dilated on one side towards the apex.
to be a male.
My specimen appears
60 Mr. I*. P. Pascoe on new Genera
Miocydus prionoides. Pl. VIII. fig. 9.
M. nitide castaneus, subtus rufo-brunneus, supra irregulariter sat dense punctatus ; vertice capitis longitudinaliter canaliculato ; prothorace latitudine duplo longiore, utrinque bispinoso, angulis anticis rotundato, basi apiceque evidenter marginato ; scutello sat brevi, subscutiformi; elytris lateraliter gradatim angustioribus, tenuiter elevato-lineatis, apice late rotundatis ; antennis pedibus- que rufo-brunneis, illis corpore brevioribus ; sternis fulvo-hirsutis. Long. 9 lin.
Hab. West Australia.
Elaptus brevicornis. Pl. VIII. fig. 8.
E. fuscus, vel rufo-castaneus, omnino tenuiter pubescens; an- tennis (¢) dimidium elytrorum paulo superantibus, (2) multo brevioribus ; oculis infra haud approximatis; prothorace tenuiter punctato; scutello apice late rotundato ; elytris sat vage punctatis, singulis lineis tribus modice elevatis munitis ; corpore infra pedi- busque pilis fulvescentibus longiusculis vestitis. Long.(¢) 8, (2) 9 lin.
Hab. South Australia (Gawler).
This species differs from . stmulator in the smaller eyes, less approximate beneath, in the shorter antenne, which in the male of that species extend to the end of the elytra, and in the much broader prothorax.
Eudianodes Swanzyt. Pl. VIII. fig. 7.
This species was shortly described by me in the ‘ Proceed- ings of the Entomological Society,’ 1868, p. xiv. Itis about 11 lines long, glossy black, inclining to a very deep chestnut- brown, with a fulvous trilobed patch on the prothorax. It differs generically from Colpoderus, inter alia, in its broader flat mesosternum and simple tibiz; that is to say, they are not carinated along the external edge, nor is the external apical angle bidentate as in Colpoderus. I owe my specimen (the only one I have seen, and apparently a female) to Mr. Swanzy, whose collector took it at Cape-Coast Castle.
ECTINOPE. (Cmine ?)
Caput breve, inter antennas excavatum ; clypeus latus, apice trun- catus ; labrum transversum. Oculi laterales, suboblongi, medio- criter emarginati. Palpi maxillareslongiores. Antenne setacese, corpore vix longiores ; articulo basali brevi, subcylindrico, tertio longiusculo, ceteris brevibus, subequalibus. Prothorax elongatus,
and Species of Coleoptera. 61
supra inequatus. Scutellum scutiforme. E/ytra angusta, pro- thorace paulo latiora, Pedes mediocres ; femoru incrassata, inter- mediz et posticee subpedunculatee ; tibie apice calcarate; tarsi breves. Coac antice et intermedie subglobosze, haud contigue. Mesosternum horizontale. Abdomen corneum, segmentis longi- tudine fere sequalibus.
Mr. Masters has sent me a single specimen of this new form, apparently a male. So far as I have been able to ex- amine it without dissection it appears to me to belong to the CEminz, a subfamily whose genera are mostly highly special- ized. I can say nothing of its affinities, except that its eyes are like those of Ciopera, and that in habit it resembles Neo- corus tbidionoides. Its anterior cotyloid cavities appear to be open behind; but of this | am not quite sure: a remarkable peculiarity is the erect spine on each side of the prothorax at the base, (owing to its direction) not noticeable in the figure.
Ectinope spinicollis. Pl. VIII. fig. 3.
E. anguste elongata, fulvo-testacea, sparse pilosa ; capite prothorace- que creberrime punctulatis, hoc latitudine fere duplo longiore, postice paulo angustiore, dorso tuberculis quinque, scil. duobus pone medium sitis, duobus prebasalibus, altero intermedio, basi utrinque spina valida erecta armato ; elytris paulo depressis, confertim punctatis, spatiis inter puucta subgranuliformibus, apicibus rotundatis ; corpore infra subnitido. Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Sydney. Tryphocharia Mastersii,
T. depressa, rufo-brunnescens, pone basin elytrorum subfasciatim fulvescens, vage pilosa; capite sat rude crebre, occipite sub- corrugato-punctato ; antennis ( 2 ) corpore manifeste brevioribus ; prothorace minus depresso, subtransverso, supra leviter vel fere obsolete punctato, tuberculis quinque indeterminatis instructo, lateraliter leviter tuberculato; scutello subtriangulari; elytris subnitidis, sat crebre punctatis, punctis ad apicem gradatim fere evanescentibus, apice singulorum breviter bispinoso; corpore infra pedibusque sat sparse griseo pilosis; femoribus in medio parum incrassatis. Long. 19 lin.
Hab. Victoria (Melbourne).
The genus 7ryphocharia was not adopted by Lacordaire, who, as he afterwards wrote me, was completely mistaken in his identification of the species on which it was founded *,
* In another case I noticed that in his collection at Liége the genus Allotisis was represented by a small specimen of Phoracantha senio; there were two or three other Longicorns (and there might have been more) which were also wrongly named.
62 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
and whose intention it was to publish omissions aud corrections in a Supplement *. This fine species finds its nearest ally in T. Odewahnii, from which it differs in its bispinous and less closely punctured elytra, the slightly thickened femora, the tubercle (not spine) at the sides of the prothorax, &c. Judging from 7. Odewahnit, there is not much difference in the length of the antenne in the two sexes.
Lygesis mendica.
L. nitide castanea, postice pallidior, sparse griseo-pilosa; capite antice leviter producto; prothorace latitudine sesquilongiore, sat sparse irregulariter punctulato; scutello dense griseo-villoso ; elytris longiusculis, basi sparse punctatis; femoribus modice cla- vatis. Long. 4-43 lin.
Hab. New South Wales (Rope’s Creek).
Closely allied to L. cylindricollis ; but the elytra consider- ably longer, and the prothorax much less punctured; the punctures, however, are only to be seen in abraded examples.
Uracanthus strigosus.
U. silaceus, pilis fulvo-griseis vittatim vestitus ; capite modice elon- gato; mandibulis apice nigris; palpis ferrugineis; prothorace latitudine paulo longiore, utrinque in medio fortiter calloso ; elytris prothorace fere quinquies longioribus, apicibus introrsum emarginatis bispinosis, spina suturali et exteriore fortiter productis ; corpore infra pedibusque sat dense adsperso-villosis. Long. 9 lin.
Hab. New South Wales (Rope’s Creek). -
This species is readily distinguished by its fulvous-grey hairy stripes, the intervals naked; the prothorax is shorter than in the other species, and with a larger lateral callus.
EMENICA. (Uracanthine.)
Caput antice elongato-quadratum, inter antennas sulcatum ; clypeus magnus; labrum breve. Oculi mediocres, leviter emarginati. Antenne lineares, subvalide, corpore longiores, articulo basali breviusculo, tertio longitudine fere squali, ceteris longioribus, apice (ultimo excepto) obliquis. Prothorax oblongus, subcylin- dricus. Scutellum triangulare. lytra elongata, basi prothorace vix latiora, lateribus subparallelis, apicibus rotundatis. Pedes
* In the ‘Genera’ (ix. p. 411, note) we are told that we should find this Supplement at the end of the volume; but at his lamented death it could not have been in a state for publication.
and Species of Coleoptera. 63
breves ; femora modice incrassata ; tarsi lineares. Coa antice subglobosie, haud contigue. Mesosternum horizontale. Abdomen elytra superans.
Lacordaire places Uracanthine in one and Stenoderinz in the other of the two “sections” into which he divides his “Cerambycides vrais Sylvains,” the former having coarsely, the latter (with certain exceptions) finely faceted eyes ; Emenica, therefore, will go with the former.
Emenica nigripennis. Pl. VIL. fig. 2.
£. brunneo-rufa, pedibus infuscatis, elytris (basi exceptis) nigris ; capite confertim punctato ; antennis fuscis, articulis tribus basa- libus nitidis, ceteris tomentosis ; prothorace confertim rude pune- tato, in medio linea longitudinali impresso ; elytris crebre punc- tatis, singulis lineis duabus parum elevatis munitis ; corpore infra fulvo-testaceo ; metasterno infuscato. Long. 6 lin.
Hab. West Australia.
TITURIUS. (Pytheine ?)
Caput subverticale, productum ; frons lata, planiuscula. Oculi pro- funde emarginati. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo fusiformi, apice obtuso. Antenne corpore breviores, ]1-articulate, ex- trorsum crassiores; articulo basali obconico, tertio quartoque eequalibus. Prothorax vix transversus, utrinque callosus, supra zquatus. lytra subdepressa, elongata, parallela, prothorace paulo latiora. Pedes breves; femora parum incrassata; tibie teretes ; tarsi subangusti, articulo ultimo elongato, unguiculis divaricatis. Cove antice globose, sejuncte, vix exserte. Pectus ante coxas transverse constricto-sulcatum. Corpus angustum, pilis volatilibus munitum.
I have only a single specimen of this interesting Longicorn, which I refer, although with some hesitation, to the Pytheine. I adopt the term “ pili volatiles” after Schiddte for the long, slender, erect hairs sometimes found clothing the body, and often also the legs. The Danish author is of opinion that they facilitate flight by giving a greater circumference without increasing weight in the same degree. Would they not rather have a contrary effect ? The spur on the hind tibiz is possibly a sexual character.
Titurius calcaratus.
T. elongatus, capite antennisque chalybeatis, illo rude erebre punc- tato; prothorace sneo-micante, rude punctato; scutello nigro, transverso, apice rotundato ; elytris chalybeatis, basi rufis, irregu- lariter rude punctatis ; corpore infra nitide zeneo, vage punctulato ;
64 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
femoribus rufis; tibiis tarsisque subchalybeatis ; tibiis posticis apice supra spinoso-productis. Long. 3} lin.
Hab. New South Wales (Rope’s Creek).
CorESTETHA. (Dorcadionine.)
Caput parvum, inter antennas latum, fronte transversa ; labrum amplum, antice rotundatum. Oculi late emarginati, fortiter granulati. Antenne corpore vix longiores, articulo basali sub- pyriformi, tertio longiusculo, recto, ceteris gradatim brevioribus. Prothorax oblongus, cylindricus, capite haud latior. Scutellum nullum. Elytra oblonga, prothorace haud latiora. Pecles breves ; femora valida ; tibie omnes breves, intermedi profunde emargi- nats, posteriores haud compresse. Core antice globose, sejuncte. Pro- et mesosterna elongata. Abdomen segmento basali duobus sequentibus conjunctim longiore.
Closely allied to Mesolita; but while the posterior tibiz are scarcely as long as the tarsus, and terete, in Mesolita a are twice as long and compressed. The eyes have fewer facets than in any other species I have examined: in Mesolita trans- versa they are rather finely, while in JM. lineolata they are somewhat coarsely faceted. This is therefore one of those genera in which the facets of the eyes have only a specific value. The species described below varies in the testaceous becoming more or less of a smoky brown, like the general colour.
Corestetha insularis.
C. angusta, infuscata, subtiliter pubescens, supra confertim tenuiter punctulata; capite antice transverso; antennis testaceis, nigro annulatis, articulo basali oblongo-pyriformi ; prothorace latitudine sesquilongiore ; elytris fere obsolete striatis, fasciis duabus sub- testaceis, aliquando ad suturam interruptis, una basali, altera pone medium, obsitis ; pedibus subtestaceis, vel infuscatis. Long. 13-2 lin.
Hah. Eclipse Island.
Monochamus fulvicornis.
M. angustus, fuscus ; antennis ( ¢) corpore plus duplo longioribus, clare fulvis, articulo basali excepto; capite griseo-pubescente, impunctato, in medio longitudinaliter sulcato ; tuberculis antenni- feris validis ; prothorace transverso, in medio leviter punctulato, spina laterali minus robusto; elytris modice elongatis, postice angustioribus, apicibus rotundatis, supra fere sequatis, modice punctulatis ; corpore infra pedibusque breviter griseo tomentosis ; tibiis anticis haud elongatis, flexuosis. Long. 8 lin.
Hah. Japan (Nagasaki).
and Species of Coleoptera. 65
This species was taken many years ago by Mr. Whitely, and was unknown to Mr. Lewis, who has formed extensive collections in Japan. I think it may be placed after IZ. vario- laris.
Monochamus acanthias.
M. robustus, pube sericante griseo-fulvescente tectus; capite antice punctis perpaucis impresso; antennis (¢) corpore plus duplo longioribus, 12-articulatis, pallidis, nigro-annulatis ; prothorace valde transverso, sparse punctulato; elytris ampliatis, postice angustioribus, apicibus angulo exteriore spina elongata armatis, supra inequatis, oblique biplagiatim saturatioribus, irregulariter sparse punctatis; corpore subtus pedibusque dense flavidulo- pubescentibus; tibiis anticis vix elongatis, flexuosis. Long. 12 lin.
Hab. New South Wales (Manning River).
The nearest allies of this species appear to be M. argutus and M. solatus ; the latter, which has a dull mottled greyish pubescence, has I believe been also taken at Cape York. The other Australian species have the apices of the elytra rounded. In this species the spine is comparatively unusually long and slender, and is directed towards the median line of the body. The tendency of the antenne to form a twelfth joint by the division of the eleventh is shown in many species by a dark ring, at about two thirds of the length of the latter, simulating a joint; in this case, though it may not be invariable, the separation is well marked. I have adhered to the original generic name as it was used by Latreille, Serville, and others. Monohammus (from povos and dupa) has no application, and is only misleading; and if such be its derivation, I take it that the orthography should be Monammus.
E\UNITHERA. (Ceroplesinz.)
A Thysia differt articulo basali antennarum cicatricoso, unguiculis divergentibus ; mesosternum elevatum, antice productum.
The type Thysta viduata* (PI. VIII. fig. 4) is apparently so closely allied to Thysia that, notwithstanding its differently formed mesosternum, I had no hesitation in placing it in that genus. Since, however, the appearance of Lacordaire’s ninth volume I have reexamined it, and find that two important characters in the classification of that author, viz. the relative position of the claws to one another and the cicatrix of the basal joint of the antennz, would not strictly permit it to
* Ante, Annals, ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 208. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xv. 5
66 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
remain even in the same subfamily. There are, however, in my opinion cases, as in this, in which a character becomes almost purely arbitrary: in the species before us the ex- ae characters are sufficiently recognized by generic distinction *.
Ceroplesis sumptuosa,
C. oblonga, nigra, supra pube tenuissima alba parce adspersa, infra nitida, pilis brevibus volitantibus induta; capite inter oculos pro- funde suleato, tuberibus antenniferis alte elevatis ; antennis ( ¢ ) corpore sesquilongioribus, (2) parum longioribus ; prothorace transverse tumido, utrinque in mare subbituberculato, punctis paucis irregulariter adsperso, tomento brunneo-miniato dense tecto; scutello valde transverso, postice rotundato ; elytris pro- thorace plus triplo longioribus, bronzino-nigris, basi rugoso- punetatis, postice punctis sensim minoribus et minus confertis, fasciis duabus determinatis integris invicem atque a basi equaliter distantibus, margineque apicali roseo-miniatis ornatis ; tibiis an- ticis ( ¢ ) longiusculis, apice parum arcuatis. Long. 14-15 lin.
Hab. Cape (Grahamstown).
From C. tricineta, Ol., the nearest ally, this handsome species differs in the diverging antennary tubers, the trans- verse bulging of the middle of the prothorax, which is covered with a dense maroon or claret-coloured tomentum, the glossy bronze (almost golden) hue of the elytra, except the pinkish or dark rosy bands, and the anterior tibiz of the males longer and less curved. C. marginalis, Fahr., seems to me scarcely distinguishable from C. ferrugator, Fab. I have recently received C, dicincta from Angola, hitherto only recorded from the Cape.
Ceroplesis aulica.
C. nigra, subtus prothoraceque sparse griseo-pubescentibus ; capite pilis griseis sparsis induto, tuberibus antenniferis divergentibus,
* The Munich Catalogue erroneously makes Thysta tricincta, Cast., synonymous with 7. Wailichii, Hope. The errors in this most useful and extensive work (it already reaches to 3478 pages) seem to be fewer than could reasonably have been anticipated; but the authors in some cases seem to have wilfully gone out of their way to create mistakes, as for instance, in referring Pascoéa Ide to Tmesisternus mirabilis, Anthores leuconota to Monohammus asperula, &c. The great defect of the work is the restoration of names that have been dropped in consequence of their being preoccupied elsewhere. Dr. Gemminger and the Baron de Harold have adopted a very narrow rule. So long as names have not been used for a Coleopterous genus, it matters not that they have been used in other orders of insects; but on this principle, carrying it a step further, the specialist in Carabide, for example, would be justified in taking the names of any other family of Coleoptera, and the same generic name might be used in every family of the animal kingdom.
and Species of Coleoptera. 67
haud productis ; prothorace modice transverso, utrinque tuberculo fere obsoleto, pone medium munito; elytris cylindricis, fasciis tribus equalibus nigris, quarum una basali, una media, una pre- apicali, apice ipso fasciisque duabus intermediis lete fulvidis ornatis ; pedibus pilis brevibus adspersis. Long. 8 lin.
Hab. Angola.
A comparatively small and somewhat aberrant species ; it stands in Dejean’s Catalogue under the name here adopted.
PsyCHOLUPIS. (Phrynetinz.)
Frons convexa ; vertex elevatus, supra antennas excavatus ; clypeus brevissimus, valde transversus, a fronte sulco recto discretus. Oculi maximi, lobo inferiore quadrato, ad oram approximati. An- tenne lineares, breves, articulo basali longiusculo, tertio usque ad quintum gradatim brevioribus, ceteris brevibus eylindricis, Pro- thorax transversus, apice basique equalis, utrinque spina valida armatus. Elytra oblonga, subparallela, modice convexa, basi bi- sinuata, humeris paulo porrectis. Pedes validi, antici breviores ; femora brevia; tibie breviter calcarate; unguiculi divergentes. Prosternum postice in dente acuto productum ; mesosternum apice
callosum.
The only species of this genus, although well known, does not appear to have been described; but I believe it is some- where mentioned by M. Reiche under the above name. From Pachystola aud other genera it is known by its short, linear, not setaceous antenne, and from the former also by entire intermediate tibie. What I take to be the male has somewhat longer antenne. I have named the only known species after the learned Swede Ol. Im. Fahreus.
Psycholupis Fahrei.
P. elongatus, fuscus, omnino dense griseo-pubescens, fere obsolete silaceo-maculatus; capite sat magno, inter antennas leviter ex- cavato, antennis 9 corporis dimidio paulo longioribus; prothorace antice transversim flexuoso-sulcato, in medio paulo depresso, tuberculis tribus planatis munito ; scutello subtransverso ; elytris elongatis, parallelis, dimidio basali, regione suturali excepta, sat confertim fortiter punctatis, apicibus sutura leviter productis ; abdomine marginibus segmentorum nitide nigris. Long. 15 lin.
Hab, Angola.
Hebesecits antsocera.
H, robusta, nitide nigra, pube fulvo-grisea sat sparse tecta; capite confertim punctulato, antice oblongo, linea elevata utrinque 5*
Gs Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Geiera
munito; antennis(¢) corpore duplo vel fere triplo longioribus, 12-articulatis, articulis sexto et octavo cinereis; prothorace sat valde transyerso, crebre punctulato, spina valida pone medium utrinque armato; elytris sat grosse et modice confertim punctatis, fasciis duabus arcuatis notatis, una ante altera pone medium obsitis; corpore infra interrupte griseo-pubescente ; pedibus parce pilosis, subtiliter pubescentibus. Long. 5-72 lin.
Hab. Queensland.
The 12-jointed antenne of the male is a character occurrin also in the following species ; and I find it as well in HZ. basalis. It may be noticed that the apical portion is thickened in some individuals, owing to the penultimate joint being of the same size as the one preceding, and both, as well as the last, being closely fringed. In general appearance this species might be taken at the first glance for H. australis; but the transverse face of the latter, without the raised lines at the sides, will readily differentiate it.
Hebesecis cristata.
H. nitide nigra, pube inequali fulvo-grisea sat sparse tecta; capite rugoso-punctato, antice transverso, linea elevata utrinque munito, tuberibus antenniferis remotis ; antennis ( ¢) corpore plus duplo longioribus, 12-articulatis, articulis sexto, octavo, nono basi, et tribus ultimis cinereis; prothorace modice transyerso, subcrebre punctulato, dorso utrinque calloso, lateraliter fortiter conico- spinoso ; elytris subtrigonatis, sat sparse punctatis, costulis magis elevatis, basi singulorum piloso-cristatis, pone medium fascia nigra notatis ; corpore infra abdomineque lateraliter albido-pilosis ; pedi- bus parce pilosis, subtiliter pubescentibus. Long. 43-53 lin.
Hab. Queensland (Gayndah).
There is a dark stripe bordered with white externally on each side of the prothorax of one of my specimens; the elytral crest is also black, and the pubescence of a whitish grey ; the amount of ashy colour on the antenne is also vari- able. This species is allied to H. basalis; the latter, inter alia, has the antennary tubers more produced and approximate, and the terminal joints of the antenne nearly as short again.
Protorhopala elegans. Pl. VIII. fig. 1.
P. testaceo-rufa, pube alba tenuiter sat dense vestita, maculis elytro- "rum exceptis; antennis attenuatis, corpore longioribus, articulis tertio quartoque zequalibus longiusculis, hoc subarcuato; prothorace transyerso, utrinque in medio tuberculo parvo munito; seutello transverso, apice rotundato, dense albo-tomentoso; elytris basi rude punctatis, singulis maculis tribus denudatis nitidis irregu- laribus munitis, sci/. una basali, una media majore, una versus
and Species of Coleoptera. 69
apicem sita; corpore infra pedibusque minus pubescentibus. Long. 8 lin.
Hab. Madagascar.
This is a very distinct species, and may be hereafter con- sidered to be generically distinct from P. sex-notata.
Praonetha Dohrnii.
P. breviuscula, piceo-fusea, umbrino, postice variegatim albido pubescens ; antennis subannulatis, articulo tertio quam primo vix longiore ; prothorace subtransverso, vage punctato, in medio bi- calloso; scutello transverso ; elytris sat brevibus, utrinque gra- datim angustatis, apicibus rotundatis, vage punctatis, versus apicem subsulcatis, basi et pone medium (fere obsolete) nigro- , cristatis, illa fasciolata; abdomine leviter maculato. Long. 4 lin.
Hab, Ceylon.
This little ven belongs to my fourth section of the genus (Longic. Malayana, p. 174), characterized by the basal crests and by the gradually declivous posterior portion of the elytra; but it differs from every other species of the section in the presence of two well-marked tubercles on the prothorax. In so large a genus, where the coloration is confined to various shades of brown with obscure or indefinite spots or markings of greyish or whitish (and even in individuals of the same species there is sometimes a considerable modification caused by the predominance of one or the other of these colours), it becomes very difficult to give an accurate idea of the characters in these respects: in the specimen before me there are two or three concentric black and white lines on the posterior half of the elytra, the innermost black line at its commencement anteriorly marking the position of the postmedian crest (or tubercle). I owe my examples to the well-known polyglot
resident of the Entomological Society of Stettin, after whom I have named it *.
CHA&TOSTIGME.
(Niphonine.)
Caput in medio longitudinaliter suleatum ; frons convexa. Oculi profunde emarginati. Antenne setacee, corpore longiores, pilis volitantibus adsperse, articulo basali longiusculo, tertio quartoque longioribus, zequalibus, hoc arcuato, ceteris dimidio brevioribus. Prothorax latitudini longitudine equalis, lateribus inermis, basi
* Dr. Gerstiicker (‘Die Gliederthier-Fauna des Sansibar-Gebietes,’ p. 261) enumerates P. melanura,a Malayan species, among the insects of Zanzibar. His Phoryctus mucoreus is evidently Enaretta Castelnaudi, Thoms. ; and his Rhopalizus sansabaricus is a Callchroma.
70 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
bisinuatus. Elytra prothorace duplo longiora, basi latiora, postice gradatim angustiora, humeris rotundata. Pedes mediocres, fere wequales. Pro- et mesosterna inter coxas elevata, haud producta.
This genus may be placed near Micracantha, Montr.; but, inter alia, it wants the prothoracic tubercle, and the antenne have a longer basal joint. The outline of the prothorax and elytra is different ; and hence the affinity of the two genera is not at once obvious. ‘The species described below is covered with a whitish pubescence, the elytra having scattered bristle- like hairs, each arising from an areolated puncture. The an- tenne, owing to the disposition of the pubescence, have an annulated appearance.
Chetostigme casta. Pl. VIII. fig. 5.
C. fusca, pube griseo-alba dense tecta; antennis apice articulorum excepto sparse pubescentibus ; prothorace antice paulo angustiore, utrinque modice rotundato ; scutello transverso, postice rotundato ; elytris disperse punctatis, punctis fusco-marginatis, singulis in medio pilum longiusculum emittentibus ; corpore infra pedibusque minus dense vestitis. Long. 4 lin.
Hab, West Australia (Nicol Bay).
Corrhenes grisella.
C. fulvo-ferruginea, sat rude griseo-pubescens, pilis erectis albidis adspersa ; antennis nigris, basi articulorum, ultimo excepto, al- bidis, articulo primo quam tertio breviore ; prothorace cylindrico, latitudine vix longiore ; elytris angustioribus, parallelis, maculis nudis minutis adspersis; corpore infra pedibusque albido-pubes- centibus; abdomine segmento primo fulvo-marginato. Long. 33 lin.
Hab. Australia (Nicol Bay).
Much narrower than C. paulla, of a more uniform colour, the antenne with a shorter basal joint, and the elytra finely speckled.
Corrhenes fulva.
C. valida, ferruginea, omnino dense fulvo-pubescens, supra pedibus- que pilis erectis nigris numerosis adspersa; capite antice valde transverso, vertice elevato ; oculis parvis, antice remotis ; antennis erassiusculis, fuscis, articulo primo quam tertio evidenter breviore ; prothorace modice transyerso, versus apicem leviter constricto ; elytris subtiliter punctatis, maculis saturatioribus adspersis. Long. 5-6 lin.
Hab, Australia (Rockhampton). A stouter species than C. paulla, with a proportionally larger head, more transverse anteriorly &c. ;
and Species of Coleoptera. 71
Corrhenes cruciata.
C. valida, ferruginea, supra pube griseo-fusca dense tecta, pilis minus numerosis subadpressis adspersa ; capite antice transverso ; oculis mediocribus ; antennis ¢ corpore paulo longioribus ; pro- thorace subtransverso, cylindrico, disco vittis duabus indeterminatis munito ; elytris basi paulo latioribus, humeris prominulis, apicibus oblique truncatis, lineis duabus albis vel fulvis a basi usque ad tertiam partem, figura X-formi, ornatis; corpore infra pedibusque minus dense pubescentibus. Long. 6-10 lin.
Hab. Queensland.
A very distinct species, originally found by Mr. Masters at Gayndah. Symphyletes torquatus.
S. fuseus, pube plerumque fulvo-grisea dense tectus, supra maculis fulvis minutis adspersus; capite infra et pone oculos fulvo- pubescente ; antennis ( ¢ ) corpore sesquilongioribus, infra leviter ciliatis ; prothorace latitudine vix longiore, tuberculis laterali- bus distinctis; scutello subscutiformi; elytris sparse granulatis, postice gradatim angustatis, plaga fusca arcuata, in medio fulvo- notata, parte quarta basali ornatis, singulis basi tuberculis spini- formibus circa octoin seriebus duabus—interiore quinque, exteriore tribus—instructis, apice truncatis ; corpore infra pedibusque griseo- pubescentibus, segmentis abdominis pilis fulvis fimbriatis. Long. 9-10 lin.
Hab. Queensland (Gayndah).
In the male the anterior coxe are armed with a curved spine, as in many other species of this large genus; the female is stouter, and the antenne are not quite so long. This very distinct species may be placed after S. cinnamo- meus.
ACHRIOTYPA. (Niphonine.)
Caput mediocre, inter antennas latum, excavatum. Oculi subdivisi, grosse granulati, lobo inferiore rotundato. Antenne setacee, articulis quatuor ultimis equalibus. Prothorax cylindricus, late- raliterinermis. Zlytra parallela, prothorace paulo latiora. Pedes perbreves; tarsi articulo ultimo valido. Pro- et mesosterna simplicia.
An elongate, cylindrical form, with unusually short legs and slender setaceous antenne with the last joint not hooke or curved at the tip. The pro- and mesosterna are as in Symphyletes, to which genus it may for the present be ap- proximated, in habit approaching such species as S, variolosus and its allies.
72 Mr. F. P. Pascoe on new Genera
Achriotypa basalis.
A, elongata, subcylindrica, fusca, pube grisea sparse tecta ; elytris sat disperse punctatis, margine exteriore in medio niveis, basi macula nigra notatis, apicibus late emarginatis ; antennis articulis tertio quartoque, hoc apice excepto, niveis; prothorace dense punctulato, margine basali nigro-binotato ; corpore infra castaneo, parce pubescente. Long. 44 lin.
Hab. New South Wales (Rope’s Creek).
Rhytiphora latifasciata.
R. omnino nitide nigra, pube silacea interrupta vestita; capite antice valde transverso, fronte lata, tuberibus antenniferis remotis, vertice elevato, in medio postice sulcato, pube lineatim notato ; prothorace transverso subcylindrico, utrinque tuberculo parvo in- structo, supra pube vermiculatim disposita ; scutello semicireulari ; elytris paulo depressis, singulis lineis tribus obsoletis notatis, fascia lata fulvo-albida submedia, antice arcuata, postice flexuosa, ornatis, apicibus subtruncatis; metasterno ad latera tumido ; tibiis brevibus. Long. 11 lin.
Hab. Australia (Cape York).
An aberrant species, having a certain resemblance to Huclea capito. Penthea melanosticta.
P. omnino dense albido-pubescens, nigro-maculata; capite antice transyerso, tuberivus antenniferis remotis ; antennis ( 2 ) corpore brevioribus, nigris, basi subalbidis; prothorace subtransverso, cylindrico, utrinque dente parvo instructo; scutello semilunari ; elytris basi paulo latioribus, dorso utrinque dimidio anteriore leviter lineatim elevato, apicibus subemarginatis; pedibus yix maculatis. Long. 6 lin.
Hab. West Australia (Nicol Bay).
This species is allied to P. miliaria, which, with scenica, picta, sectator, and crassicollis, seem to constitute a group some- what different from the ordinary Penthee. Lacordaire (Gen. x. p. 560) says the genus is easily known by two tomentose depressions of the abdomen in both sexes; and in a note he adds, ‘‘ No author that I know of has mentioned this cha- racter.”’ I had, however, previously called attention to it in a species of a closely allied genus, Symphyletes pubiventris (Journ. of Entom. i. p. 339), but in which the two patches were so close together as to cover nearly the whole of the segment. Subsequently I found that this character might or might not exist in the same species, or in either sex ; and it seemed to me so unsatisfactory, that, as a rule, I have ceased to mention if.
and Species of Coleoptera. 73
Bebelis picta.
B. breviuscula, fusca, griseo-pubescens; antennis crassiusculis, linearibus, longitudine corporis; prothorace subcylindrico, vittis indeterminatis sex, quatuor nigris, duabus lateralibus albis, ornato ; scutello albo-griseo ; elytris brevibus, apicibus subtruncatis, lineis obliquis curvatis basalibus, maculis lateralibus, aliisque apicalibus, albis, nigro-marginatis, ornatis ; corpore infra pedibusque brun- neis, sparse griseo-pubescentibus. Long. 34 lin.
Hab. Rio Janeiro.
Considerably shorter than B. lignosa, Thoms., and with stouter antenne ; the stripes at the base, black, white, grey, with white and black again, are curved, and with their fellows enclose a heart-shaped space in the region of the scutellum ; the lateral and apical spots have a similar coloration, but much less distinct.
Bebelis acuta, Pl. VIII. fig. 6.
B. elongata, fusca, griseo-pubescens; antennis setaceis, corpore brevioribus; oculis parvis; prothorace subcylindrico, macula A-formi, externe albo-marginata, basin versus notato; scutello albo-griseo; elytris postice sensim angustioribus, apice extus in spinam dentiformem productis, et ut in precedente fere ornatis, sed lineis basalibus minus obliquis. Long. 43 lin.
Hab. Rio Janeiro.
In the figure the elytra are represented too much rounded at the sides, and they are not sufficiently elongate. In this genus the eyes are coarsely granulate ; and in the former as well as in the typical species they fairly answer M. Thomson’s designation “‘submagni ;”’ but in this species they are decidedly small, and the connexion of the upper lobe to the lower is in- dicated only by a very long narrow line. I owe all my spe- cimens to Mr. Fry.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1. Protorhopala elegans.
Fig. 2. Emenica nigripennis.
Fig. 3. Ectinope spinicollis.
Fig. 4. Eunithera viduata.
Fig. 5. Chetostigme casta.
Fig. 6. Bebelis acuta.
Fig. 7. Eudianodes Swanzyi.
Fig. 8. Elaptus brevicornis.
Fig. 9. Miocydus prionoides.
Fig. 10. Hind leg of Titurius culcaratus.
74 ~=Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing on the Genus Bathyporeia.
X.—On the Genus Bathyporeia. By the Rev. THomas R. R, Steppine, M.A.
(Plate III.]
To Lindstrém’s original species, ee pilosa, two other species, Robertson’ and pelagica, have been added by Mr. Spence Bate. Of the last, however, he had seen but a single imperfect specimen, and none but dead imperfect speci- mens of the other two. As I have been more fortunate, and have been able to examine perfect and living specimens of these beautiful little creatures, I have no hesitation in re- ducing all three forms to a single species, the original Bathy- poreia pilosa. There can scarcely be a doubt that what has been figured as B. pilosa is the female, that B. pelagica is its male, and that B. Robertsoni is also the male not yet arrived at maturity.
I have taken all three forms on, or rather in, the sands at Llanfairfechan. One specimen of the male I took at low tide near Bangor, one of the female at Pwllheli; so that the species is probably to be found all round the coast of North Wales. It burrows in the sand to the depth of half an inch or a little more, and exhibits very great activity in this pro- ceeding. When in water it is equally vivacious, darting about in all directions.
The eyes are faceted, red, and in the mature animal large and kidney-shaped, but small and round in the young. The eyes increase by addition to the number of facets—a mode of growth well known in regard to these organs in the Amphi- poda, and only requiring notice here because the eyes are given as round in the figure and description of Bathyporeia Robertsoni.
The upper antenne do not supply, as was ge hae a mark of distinction between the form given as B. pelagica and the other two, since in all alike the secondary appendage to the flagellum has one large articulus followed by a very slender small one. They are also alike in other respects, and notably in the shape of the large first joint, which stands boldly out in a line with the head, but forms a considerable angle with the two following joints, very diminutive by comparison, and attached to an excavation some little way from its compressed distal extremity.
The lower antenne do undoubtedly differ in the three forms ; and it is upon these organs that most stress has been laid in distinguishing the supposed species. The principal difference, however, is in the length of the flagellum, which is very short
Rey. T. R. R. Stebbing on the Genus Bathyporeia. 75
in the figure of B. pilosa, very long in that of B. pelagica, and of intermediate size in that of B. Robertsont. But in the order Amphipoda, as with the facets of the eyes, so with the articuli of the lash of the antenne, an increase takes place with advancing age. This part of the animal will not, there- fore, of itself suffice for the establishment of a specific distinc- tion. Still the figure with the lash of intermediate size has a character not attributed to either of the other forms. The distal end of each articulus of the flagellum is surmounted by an ornament in the shape of an elongated horse-shoe, to which Mr. Stimpson has given the name “‘calceola,” informing Messrs. Bate and Westwood that it is a character of the male sex. In their description of Lystanassa longicornis these authors express the opinion that the “ calceole ” have the power of in- creasing the sense of smell to a more acute degree. In de- scribing Bathyporeia Robertsonit they mention the additional circumstance that in the upper antennz each articulus bears “a short auditory cilium of an oval form.” Fritz Miiller mentions, in his ‘ Facts for Darwin’ (Translation by Dallas, p- 20), that he considers these “ auditory cilia” of the upper antenne to be olfactory organs, fortifying his opinion by the fact of their stronger development in the males than in the females of certain species, as in other cases male animals are not unfrequently guided by the scent in pursuit of the females. Whether Bathyporeia appreciates scent and sound by the lower and upper pairs of antenne respectively or vice versd, or whether to each or either of these purposes it applies both of them or neither, is a question for nice and careful experi- ment. This much, however, is certain, that the “ calceole,” whatever their use may be, were present in those specimens which had the antennz about as long as the animal itself, thus bringing B. pelagica one step nearer to B. Robertsont. Between the short flagellum and the long one the difference is considerable, the former having only some seven or eight articu- lations, while in the latter I counted thirty-two. It should also be stated that on none of the short flagella did I observe the slipper-shaped appendages, although the specimens of this form were considerably more numerous than those of the other two. On the other hand, I took the form that has short antenne with the young upon it, establishing the point that this is a female form, though leaving it an open question whether its mate in all respects resembles it. ‘The young just born had a strong family likeness to their mother. ‘There did not seem to be any long antenne among them; nor were they to be expected.
Of the other parts of the animal one description will equally
76 Rey. T. R. R. Stebbing on the Genus Bathyporeia.
apply to males and females, adults and juveniles. The legs of the first pair were wanting in all Mr. Spence Bate’s speci-, mens. These are very small and delicate, and, both in living and dead specimens, are cuddled up within the coxe, as if they were too tender and precious for use. The wrist is long, and at its distal end as broad as the hand. The hand is nearly as broad as it is long, diminishing towards the finger, which is short and curved. The legs of the second pair are beautiful
objects under a good lens or microscope. ‘The wrist is larger
than the hand, but of the same shape. Both are adorned with long plumose hairs; and the hand is fingerless, There is an awkwardness in speaking of hand and wrist as portions of a leg; but one is happy to escape when possible from the repeti- tion of terms like the propodos of a gnathopodos or the ischium of a pereiopodos, and there is a convenience in using accepted and easily intelligible terms which will atone for some linguis- tic improprieties. We proceed, then, to notice that the hands of the third and fourth pairs of legs are long and thin, and have fingers attached to them. These would appear to be very serviceable limbs, to judge by the activity of their move- ments, and also by the position to which they aspire ; for they are constantly thrust forward in advance of the graceful but comparatively inactive second pair of legs; and this forward position they maintain with some obstinacy, even when the animal that owns them is dead.
The three following pairs of legs, like the second pair, are destitute of fingers. They are very actively employed in shovelling back the sand when the animal is burrowing into it. In the quiescent state, and after death, the lower joints of the fifth pair are cocked back, and the lower joints of the seventh pair are thrust forward, to such an extent that the three final couples seem almost to have their order of position exactly reversed. The fifth pair has the most curious appear- ance, because the hand and wrist are so slight and spindle- shanked compared with the well-developed joint to which they form an appendage. In this pair the wrist is longer than the hand. In the two following these proportions are reversed. Mr. Spence Bate assigns a long slender finger to the hand of the fifth pair in B. pilosa. As there is no finger at all to this pair in either of his other species, so unusual a difference be- tween species of the same genus would be remarkable; but as my Welsh specimens have none of them any vestige of this finger, it must be concluded that in Mr, Bate’s imperfect spe- cimen the hairs at the extremity of the hand had assumed, as they well might do, the appearance of a finger. It may be remarked that the drawing of the finger in the ‘ British Ses-
_—— ”
Rey. T. R. R. Stebbing on the Genus Bathyporeia. 77
sile-eyed Crustacea’ might very well represent the coalescing of long hairs or setee.
The fourth segment of the tail has a deep transverse sinus, generally very conspicuous, but sometimes, especially after the animal is dead, concealed by the hinder portion of the prece- ding segment. It is no doubt from this casual concealment that the want of a sinus has been attributed to B. pelagica as a specific difference. The form with the long antenne cer- tainly possesses the sinus in question in a manner perfectly well marked. ‘he elevated part of the segment behind the sinus is surmounted by two short sete: and also by two short spines. The hairs stand upright; the spines generally point backwards. The segment is deeply excavated below as well as above.
There is a peculiarity worth noticing in the coxa of the first pair of legs. It does not lie parallel to those which follow ‘it, but has a sort of neck at its upper part attached to the hinder part of the segment to which it belongs, the whole of this neck-like portion being completely covered by the coxa of the succeeding segment.
The skin of the animal is white and semitransparent. Some nae have the tail part prettily blotched with pink.
nder a high power, portions of the skin exhibit markings resembling those common on fish-scales.
Other species of this beautiful little genus will be welcome when they are forthcoming; but it has probably been made clear by the foregoing details that a single species of it must content us for the present. That the male should have more fully developed antennz than the female is perhaps rather the rule than the exception among the Amphipoda. It is a little singular that in the same hunting-ground the full-grown male should have been much more rare than the other two forms, of the female and the young; but another afternoon’s research might have altered the proportion of numbers altogether, while it would be extremely peculiar, not to say improbable, that the same stretch of sand should have yielded three different species of one genus, though yielding no other Amphipod, except the very different form of Sulcator arenarius.
Since writing the above account I have had the opportunity of searching the sands on the south coast, which stretch for about fourteen miles from Lancing by Worthing and Goring, and on past Littlehampton. In this district also I have taken all the three forms, but those with the long antenne very sparingly— the latter circumstance suggesting the conjecture that the adult males are less littoral in their habits than the females. My search, in company with a friend, was continued almost every
78 Dr. J. Hector on new Species of
day for nearly a fortnight; and, unless where here and there weeds and stonesafforded a shelter, these extensive sands yielded no other sessile-eyed Crustaceans except Bathyporeia, Eurydice pulchra, and one — small specimen of Sulcator. ‘This soli- tary specimen we took within the first five minutes, and expected accordingly to meet with the same abundance of the species as in Wales, but, with the most eager and anxious search, during all the rest of the time could never find another in the southern locality. Bathyporeia pilosa, on the other hand, could have been taken in thousands. Its presence beneath the sand is betrayed by a small furrow, sometimes short and nearly straight, ending in a little pit, at others twisting and meandering about and occasionally zigzagged. The mothers with young look as if their bodies were tinted with a delicate blue; but this is due partly to a double stripe upon each ovum, the colouring of which is seen through the pellucid sides of the parent, and partly perhaps to the contents of the alimentary canal.
In the sands at Paignton, near Torquay, I have taken in close proximity to one another the sand-furrowers Sulcator arenarius, Kréyera arenaria, Bathyporeia pilosa, and Eurydice pulchra.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.
Fig. 1. Bathyporeia pilosa, not full-grown. Fig. 2. The same, adult male.
Fig. 3. Upper antenne.
Fig. 4. First gnathopod.
Fig. 5. Second gnathopod.
Fig. 6. Third pereiopod.
Fig. 7. Fourth pereiopod.
Fig. 8. Upper portion of fifth pereiopod.
XI.—Descriptions of five new Species of Fishes obtained tn the New-Zealand Seas by H.M.S.-‘ Challenger’ Expedition, July 1874. By James Hector, M.D., C.M.Z.S.
Trachichthys intermedius, sp. 0.
P..16,. V.1] 6 Dey 1.. A310. 1 lage L. transv. 6/10, Caudal 7 | 10 | 6.
Bodycompressed. Length of head nearly equal to the height, and contained twice and a half in the length (without caudal, which is equal in length to the head). Pectoral extends behind the vent, being same length as caudal, and has the
Fishes from the New-Zealand Seas. 79
fourth lowest ray longest. Ventrals slightly in advance of aeons and reaching to the vent, which is behind the middle.
nout rounded, its length being one half the diameter of the orbit. Cleft of mouth very oblique. Maxillaries expanded behind, and twice the diameter of the orbit in length. Teeth in fine villiform bands. Interorbital space equal to the orbit, prismatic, with a lozenge-shaped space on each side separated by a double elevated ridge that terminates in two spines over the nostrils in front, and diverges behind to bound an occipital space. The upper part of the head is formed of a delicate framework and membranes enclosing large cavities. The in- fraorbital area is crossed by seven rays, and the operculum by two vertical ridges with five transverse bars, the lowest being prolonged over the suboperculum and angle on the gill-opening as a roughly serrated spine. Between the occiput and com- mencement of the dorsal is a rough elevated ridge. The a5 ae dorsal rays rest in a groove. The caudal is deeply orked, each lobe of ten soft rays with seven sharp spines above and six below. The dorsal and anal fins end at the same vertical line ; and the interspace to the caudal is equal to half the length of the body. The greatest height is vertical to the commencement of the dorsal. The serrated ventral keel con- sists of ten scales.
Colour silvery white, except the tips of the dorsal fin and caudal lobes, which are qaskahed by crowded black spots ; the neck, back, and base of caudal have also a dark shade from the presence of minute spots. The scales above the lateral line are rough and adherent, but below are soft and deciduous.
Total length 2°7 inches, height °85.
Dredged by the ‘Challenger’ Expedition in 400 fathoms off Cape Farewell.
This fish approaches 7’. elongatus, Giinth., of which a single specimen was obtained at the Great Barrier Island; but from its having evidently intermediate characters between that species and 7’. australis, I have distinguished it under the above name.
Platystethus abbreviatus, sp. n.
B. dir Paige Ne 1|:6,5.D57 | 26... .A.:2, | 26... ; Ls lat80; L. transy. 5. Caudal 3 | 14 | 3. Body compressed; general form rhomboidal, the greatest
length being vertical to the second dorsal spine, which is over the anal spine. Length equal to once and two thirds the
80 Dr. J. Hector on new Species of
height, the head being two thirds of the height. Length of snout less than the diameter of the orbit, which is half the length of the head. Interorbital space equal to the snout, this being the greatest thickness of the body. ‘The eyes are very high up; and on each orbit is a doubly serrated ridge that ends in a spine that projects forwards and covers the nostril ; the inner branch of the ridge is continued backwards, bound- ing a deep interorbital depression, the outer is continued round the margin of the orbit. The lower jaw slightly projects. The upper jaw is formed of the intermaxillaries, the maxil- laries depending vertically over the angle of the mouth and ending in a spinous process. The inferior edge of the lower jaw is serrate. Infraorbital space scaled, the opercles naked, with all the lower free edges serrate. A strong ridge with eighteen rough scales extends from the isthmus to the ventrals. The groove for the reception of the dorsal is bounded by twenty-six oblique spinous scales, and that for the anal by twenty similar scales, each having four minute spines, the first being the longest. The first dorsal spine is short, the second long, being half the length of the head; ventral spine the same length, the anal spine one third. The second dorsal spine is compressed, with a sharp anterior edge. Soft dorsal does not begin with a spine. The length of the caudal part of the body is equal to the orbital diameter, and has three short pointed spines above and below the base of the caudal, which is rounded. Scales very narrow and rough.
Colour silvery, with a black crescent behind the pectoral, which is very small and rounded. There is also a black line along the base of the dorsal and anal, and a patch on the base of the caudal.
Teeth very minute.
The depressed interorbital space, shorter form, and different number of fin-spines are the chief characters on which this fish is separated from the only other species of the genus, P. cultratus, of which only two specimens are recorded, from Norfolk Island.
Dredged by H.M.S.-‘Challenger’ Expedition in 400 fathoms off Cape Farewell.
Scorpena barathri, sp. n.
B.7. P.18 V.1]5. D.11—1{]10. A.3|5. Muci- ferous pores 22. L. scales 65. LL. transv. 7 | 20.
Length equal to thrice and one fourth the height and twice and two thirds the length of head. Teeth on the palatines, vomer, and jaws in fine villiform bands. General form com-
|
Fishes from the New-Zealand Seas. 81
pressed elongate, with profile of head convex. Length of snout equal to diameter of orbit; maxillary rather longer. Interorbital space equals one third of the same. Supraorbital ridges with five spines. Praeoperculum with five spines in the lower limb; suboperculum with two appressed spines on the upper limb. ‘Third dorsal spine longest, and equal to half the length of the head. Anal spine of the same length, and greater than base of anal fin. The interval between the anal and caudal is twice that between the soft dorsal and caudal.
Colour silvery, with a yellow line and a few brown spots on the back, and a dark patch on the dorsal fin.
Approaches nearest to S. panda, Rich.; but is distinguished chiefly by the greater length and less height of the dorsal, and shorter pectorals.
Dredged by H.M.S.-‘Challenger’ Expedition in 400 fathoms off Cape Farewell.
Macrurus armatus, sp. n. Di l1—6545,,, Av tantN 2%
Length of head equal to half the length of the body before the anus and contained five times and a half in its total length. Greatest height at first dorsal ray not equal to the length of head. Second dorsal ray as long as the height of body; spinous anteriorly, and enveloped in a sheath that is prolonged as a filament, overreaches only half the distance to the second dorsal, the interspace of the dorsal fin being equal to two thirds the length of the head. Diameter of orbit is one fourth of the length of the head and equal to that of the snout, but exceeds the projection of the snout beyond the mouth by one third. Interorbital space is once and one third of the orbital diameter. First ventral ray is prolonged, and reaches to the vent. Teethinasingle series. Mouth wide, extending across four fifths of the inferior surface of the head. Scales with three feeble spines, the middle spine being granulated on the head- and neck-scales.
Colour uniform light grey.
Dredged by H.M.S.-‘ Ehalienger’ Expedition in 400 fathoms off Cape Farewell.
Pseudorhombus boops, sp. n.
B.,5., Do £1 8y » Poli.) V.6....A. 98. :C2 16; LL. lat..80; L. transv. 36. Eyes on left side. Mouth and head otherwise symmetrical.
Length equal to twice and a half the height and thrice the Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. xv. 6
82 Mr. R. Collett on a new Species of Motella.
length of the head. Lateral line arched over the pectoral fin, the length of which is one third the height and the same as that of the caudal, which is rounded. Left ventral fin in line with the anal, but not continuous. Length of maxillary is contained twice and two thirds in length of head and two thirds that of snout. Orbits separated by a narrow slightly elevated ridge that overhangs the lower orbit. Dorsal fin commences in front of eye, and one half the orbital diameter from snout. Opercular margin entire, except a shallow notch in front of pectoral. Preeopercular limbs join at right angles. Cleft of mouth oblique; maxillaries extending to the anterior vertical of the uppereye. Every part covered with scales, the diameter of which is one third that of the profile, with the free margins ciliate. Teeth in a single row, on both jaws in equal number, there being six on each side above and below; none on the vomer. Lower jaw with a prominent gonyx. Colour yellowish white above, white beneath.
Differs from P. scaphus, Forst., to which it is closely related, in the number of rays, and in the greater relative size of the head, and the strikingly large orbits.
Dredged by H.M.S.-‘ Challenger’ Expedition in 400 fathoms off Cape Farewell.
XII.—On a new Motella from Norway. By Ropert Cou.ert.
Motella septentrionalis, n. sp. 2. D. 50-51. A. 41-43. P.15-16. V.7. C. 28-30.
Body rather short; head large, depressed, contained four times in the total length (including caudal). Snout obtuse, with one barbel at each of the nostrils, and a row of eight shorter or rudimentary ones along the upper lip, one at the chin. Upper jaw considerably longer than the inferior. The maxillary extends far behind the posterior margin of the orbit (the central point of iris is rather nearer the extremity of the snout than the end of the maxillary). Teeth cardiform and of unequal size. The eyes are rather small and directed upwards ; the orbit is contained seven times and a half in the length of the head (in younger individuals six times). First dorsal short, its first ray short, only twice as long as the orbit. The vent is situated in the middle between the extremity of the snout and the end of the anal. The lateral line for the most part conspicuous, consisting of about eighteen large pores.
Miscellaneous. 83
Coloration brown, without traces of spots. The total length of the largest examined specimen 170 millims.
I possess two specimens from the western and northern coasts of Norway, both brought up in a dredge by Prof. G. O. Sars searching for sea animals. The larger specimen (total length 170 millims.) was taken at Floré, on the Bergen coast, in 1873; the other is a younger individual (total length 100 millims.), and taken from a depth of 30 fathoms at Bodé, north of the Arctic Circle (lat. 67° 15! N.), in 1874.
Christiania, November 10, 1874.
MISCELLANEOUS.
On the Embryogeny of the Rhizocephala. To the Editors of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
GentLeMEN,—In your Journal for November 1874, p. 383, M. Giard imputes an error to me of which I am not guilty. He says :—‘An error similar to that of M. Gerbe has been made by Professor Semper, who describes as furnishing a larva of a very peculiar form a Peltogaster of the Philippine Islands, of which he has evidently observed the embryos only after the first moults, when they already affected the Cypridine form.”
I trust you will be so kind as to allow me to offer some remarks on this matter.
Having observed the Cypridine larva of a Peltogaster in the Pelews already in 1861, and having sent my few remarks on them to the editor of the ‘ Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool.’ in 1862, which ap- peared in 1863, I was evidently unable to know that F. Miiller would describe in the year 1863 (Arch. f. Naturgesch. xxix. Febr.) the second larva of the Suctoria: at that period only the first of them, the Nauplius-form, was known. I was thoroughly justified, therefore, in designating a larva diverging from the only known ones as being peculiar ; I might then have called it rightly very peculiar, although I have not done so. It was peculiar not only for its un- known form, but also for its two eyes, whilst the larve of Rhizo- cephala till then known had only a single one.
M. Giard imputes to me an error on the ground of his belief that all Rhizocephala must have a Nauplius-larva as the first larval stage. But this is only a dogma. M. Giard has not examined the species discovered by me in the Pacific; he has therefore no formal right to impute to mea mistake in my observations. In the totally closed sac of the mother only such Cypridine larve were found, no Nauplius- lary or empty skins which I might have ascribed to such. Why, then, should not here, as is the case with so many other crustaceans,
6*
84 Miscellaneous.
the development of one species have been shortened? M. Giard communicates no observations which might prove the impossibility of such a shortening of the development. Consequently I maintain my view that the species described since by Dr. Russmann under the name of Z’hompsonia globosa (Verhandl. d. phys.-med. Gesellsch. zu Wiirzburg, 1872, oder Arbeiten aus dem zoologisch-zootomischen Institut zu Wiirzburg, Band i. p. 131), after my drawings and spe- cimens, has larvee which leave the egg only in the Cypridine form. There is even no stringent reason to take it for granted, as M. Giard not very judiciously seems to do, that they undergo a conspicuous change of form within the egg, although this, of course, remains to be ascertained. Yours very truly, Wiirzburg, November 20, 1874. Prof. C. Semper.
On the Circulatory Apparatus of the Echinida. By M. E. Prrrtrer.
The circulatory apparatus of the Sea-Urchins has been the subject of numerous investigations, which are summarized in Valentin’s monograph on Echinus lividus, and more recently in the fine mono- graph of the Echinida by Mr. Alexander Agassiz. These various researches have left very doubtful even the most important points in the arrangement of the vascular apparatus. We can regard as certain only these two facts :—1. The existence of an intestinal vascular appa- ratus. 2. The existence of a system of vessels communicating with the ambulacral canals, and usually designated by the name of the aquiferous apparatus. We did not even know whether these two systems of vessels were distinct, or whether they communicated with each other. This communication, imperfectly seen by Louis Agassiz, and since sought in vain by many anatomists, has only been met with again quite recently by Hoffmann in the Spatangi and Towopneustes, be- longing to the regular Echinida. But there were still many ques- tions to be solved :—The mode of vascularization of the test indicated by some authors seemed very doubtful. The structure of the heart, or at least of the organ so called by anatomists, remained very obscure ; moreoyer there was occasion, in the presence of contradic- tory statements, to verify the announced results, to group and coordi- nate, and finally to present a complete and homogeneous description of the circulatory apparatus of the Echinida.
This is the problem which I have endeavoured to solve during a stay of several weeks at the laboratory of experimental zoology of M. de Lacaze-Duthiers at Roscoff (Finisterre).
The dredging-operations instituted by M. de Lacaze-Duthiers at his laboratory brought in every day with certainty a great number of specimens of Echinus sphera,