910 CUCURBITA CUDRANIA of the pumpkins and squashes, see De Candolle, Origin of Cultivated Plants; Gray and Trumbull, Amer. Journ. Sci. 25:372; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1890:727; Witt- mack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesell. 6:378 (1888). 1136. Stem of Cucurbita moschata. Large Cheese pumpkin 1134. Cucurbita Pepo var. ovifera. Var. condensa, Bailey. BUSH PUMPKINS. SCALLOP and SUMMER CROOKNECK SQUASHES. Plant compact, little or not at all run- ning. Of horticultural origin. Var. ovifera, Bailey (C. ovifera, Linn.). GOURD. Fig. 1134. Plant slender, running: Ivs. smaller than in C. Pepo, usually very prominently lobed: fr. small, hard and inedible, egg-shaped, globular, pear-shaped, oblate, often striped. R.H. 1894:429. — Sold in many vars. by seedsmen, under the names of C. Pepo vars. pyrifor- mis, depressa, annulata, etc. See Gourd. moschata, Duchesne (C. melowe- formis, Carr.). GUSH AW. CHINA, CANADA CROOKNECK and WIN- TER CROOKNECK SQUASHES. Figs. 1135-37. Annual: long-running, less prickly and some- times soft-hairy: Ivs. more rounded than those of C. ^Z^'-A 113S- Cucurbita Pepo, but lobed, *® afWfii < moschata. often grayish: fl. with a widening tube, and large, erect lobes; calyx-lobes large, often If .-like; peduncle becoming deeply ridged and much enlarged next the fr. Possibly of E. Asian origin. BB. Lvs. not lobed (except sometimes on young shoots): stalks of frs. not prominently ridged. maxima, Duchesne. SQUASH. Figs. 1138-41. Annual: long-running, the sts. nearly cylindrical, little prickly and often hairy: Ivs. orbicular or kidney-shaped, com- monly not lobed, the basal sinus wide or narrow, the margin shallqwly apiculate-sinuate : corolla-tube nearly the same diam. at top and bottom (Figs. 1139, 1140), the corolla-lobes large and soft, and wide-spread- ing or drooping : peduncle at maturity soft and spongy, not ridged nor prominently enlarged next the fr. : fr. very various, but not light yellow nor warty nor crookneck- shaped, usually late-ripening, the flesh orange and not stringy. Nativity undetermined. Var. sylvestris, Naudin. A form found wild in the Himalayan region, with fr. as large as a man's head. AA. Plant with perennial root. foetidissima, Kunth (C. perennis, Gray. Ciicumis perennis, James). CALABAZILLA. Fig. 1142. Perennial: long-running, scarcely prickly: Ivs. large, cordate- triangular, grayish pubescent, the margin shallowly apiculate-crenate : fl. nearly as large as in C. Pepo and similar in shape, the pistillate on a peduncle 2-3 in. long: fr. size and shape of an orange, smooth, green and yellow splashed, not edible. Sandy arid wastes, Neb. and Colo, to Texas and Mex. and westward to Calif. R.H. 1855:61; 1857, p. 54.— In its native haunts, the root is tuberous, 4-7 in. diam. and penetrating the earth 4-6 ft. Roots at the joints. The (J) plant has a fetid ,'/// odor. Sold by seedsmen as a gourd, but the fr. does not often ripen in the northern states. Useful on arbors and small trees, when coarse vines are wanted. ficifolia, Bouche (C. melanosperma, A. Br.). St. very long, stout, becoming somewhat woody: Ivs. pale green, often marbled, in outline ovate or suborbicular, cordate at base, roundly 5-lobed and the sinus rounded : calyx-tube short and campanulate: fr. large (often 1 ft. long), fleshy, round-ovoid, white-striped, the flesh white; seeds ovate, black. E. Asia, but widely cult. in warm countries for its ornamental watermelon-like frs. A var. mexicana, Hort. (C. mexicana, Spreng.), is mentioned, with seeds twice the size of those of the type, and said to grow wild in the neighborhood of Mazatlan, Mex. C. Andreana, Naudin. Allied to C. moschata: sts. long and root- ing at the nodes: Ivs. large, marbled with white: fls. of the form of those of C. maxima but much smaller: fr. obovoid, 8 in. long, marked with white and yellow. Uruguay. R.H. 1896, pp. 542-3. — C. californica, Torr. Canes cent: Ivs. thick, 2 in. across, 5-lobed, the lobes triangular and mu- cronate: ten drila parted to the base: fls. 1 in. or more long on pedicels J-i-1 in. long. Calif.; imperfectly known. — C. digitata, Gray. Perennial, the root fleshy: sts. slender and long, usually rooting: tendrils short and weak, 3-5-cleft: Ivs. scabrous, 3-5-palmately narrow-lobed: fls. 2-3 in. long on slender pedicels 1-4 in. long: fr. subglobose, yellow, 2-4 in. diam. Calif, to New Mex. — C. palmata, Wats. MOCK ORANGE. Canescent: Ivs. cordate, thick, 2 or 3 in. across, palmately 5-cleft to middle with narrow toothed lobes: fls. 3 in. long on stout peduncles: fr. globose, 3 in. diam. S. Calif. L H B CUDRANIA (derivation unknown) . Moracese. Woody subjects cultivated for their foliage and as hedge plants. Deciduous trees or shrubs, often thorny, with alter- 1137. Fruit of Cucurbita moschata — Tonasu, a Japanese variety. CUDRANIA CULINARY HERBS 911 nate, petioled and stipulate Ivs.: fls. dioecious, in axil- lary globular heads; staminate with 4 sepals and 4 stamens and 2-4 bracts at the base; pistillate with 4 sepals inclosing the 1-ovuled ovary, growing into a fleshy subglobose fr. with a crustaceous rind. — About 3 species, in S. and E. Asia and Trop. Austral., of which only one is sometimes cult. It re- quires protection in the N. and is usually prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer under glass. tricuspidata, Bureau (Madura tri- cuspiddta, Carr. C. triloba, Hance). Shrub, or small tree, to 20, rarely to 60 ft., with slender, thorny branches: Ivs. elliptic-ovate, acuminate, entire, sometimes 3-lobed at the apex and on young plants even tricuspidate, nearly glabrous, 1^-3 in. long: fl.- heads axillary, solitary or in 2's, on short peduncles: fr. globose, about 1 in. across. China. R.H. 1864, p. 390: 1872, p. 56; 1905, p. 363 (habit). H.I. 18:1792.— Recently recommended as an excellent hedge-plant for the S. In China the Ivs. are used as a substitute for mulberry Ivs. and it is called silkworm thorn; the fr. is edible. Between this species and Madura pomifera, a hybrid has been raised, described as Madudrania hybrida, Andre". R.H. 1905:362. ALFRED REHDER. CULINARY HERBS are those herbs used for flavoring in cookery, but the term has a wide applica- tion, including species used for garnishing and some- times as potherbs. The culinary herbs are of very minor importance in American gardens, and yet a few of them, as anise, caraway and coriander, are well and favorably known. The species are mostly aromatic. They are largely of the Umbellifera3 and Labiatae. No special Basil (Ocymum basilicum). Labiatx. Annual. Uses: As flavor in highly seasoned dishes; oil as perfumery. Propagated by seeds. Borage (Borago officinalis). Boraginacex. Annual. Uses: Herbage as potherb and salad; garniah; flavor in beverages. Propagated by seeds in spring. Caraway (Carum Carvi). UmbeUiferse. Biennial or annual. Uses- Herbage eaten cooked or as salad; roots as vegetable; seeds for flavoring; oil in manufac- ture of perfumery and soaps. Propagated by seeds in May or early June. 1139. Staminate flower of 1140. Pistillate flower of Cucurbita maxima — Hubbard Cucurbita maxima — Hubbard squash. (XJi) squash. (X1A) difficulty attaches to their cultivation, and little more may be said here than to present an alphabetical list with statements as to uses, duration of plant, and means of propagation. They all thrive in mellow fertile garden land. Usually they are grown at the side of the main garden plantation, and they may add a certain charm to the garden as well as to supply an agreeable aroma to the kitchen products. See the little book on "Culinary Herbs" by M. G. Kains, 1912. Angelica (A rchangelica officinalis). Umbelliferx. Biennial or peren- nial. Uses: Stems and leaf-stalks as salad, or roasted like pota- toes; garnish; as "candied angelica;" stems blanched and used as vegetable; leaves as spinach; seeds for flavoring; oil of angelica obtained from seeds for flavoring. Propagated by seeds in late summer or early autumn. Anise (Pimpinella Anisum). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Leaves as garnish, flavoring, and potherb; seeds and oil for flavoring and perfumery. Propagated by seeds in early spring. Balm (Melissa officinalis). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Foliage for flavoring and salad; oil for perfumery and flavoring beverages. Propagated by divisions, layers, cuttings and seeds. 1138. Cucurbita maxima. Catnip or catmint (Nepeta Calaria). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: As bee forage; leaves as condiment; formerly a medicinal remedy. Propagated by seeds in autumn or spring. Chervil (AnthriscusCerefolium). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Leaves for seasoning and for mixed salads. Propagated by seeds. Chives (Allium Schcenoprasum). Liliacex. Perennial. Uses: Leaves for flavoring. Propagated by individual bulbs or division of clumps in early spring. Clary (Sahia Sclarea). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Leaves in cook- ery; wine made from plant when in flower. Propagated by seeds in spring. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Seed in confectionary and as ingredient in condiments; flavor in beverages. Propagated by seeds in spring or autumn. Cumin (Cuminum odorum). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Seeds as ingredient in curry powder; for flavoring pickles, pastry and soupa. Propagated by seeds in spring. Dill (Anethum graveolens). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: Seed as seasoning, extensively for commercial pickles; oil for perfuming soap; young leaves as seasoning and salads; dill vinegar as condi- ment. Propagated by seeds in spring. Fennel (Faeniculum vulgare). Umbelliferx. Biennial or perennial. Uses: Herbage as garnishes and flavors; as salads; seeds for flavoring beverages, and for confectionary; oil as perfumery. Propagated by seeds, and grown as an annual. Finocchio or Florence fennel (Faeniculum dulce). Umbelliferx. Annual. Uses: As a vegetable. Propagated by seeds. Fennel Flower (Nigetta saliva). Ranunculacex. Annual. Uses: Whole plant or seed used in cookery. Propagated by seeds in spring. Hoarhound, or horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Labiatx. Peren- nial. Uses: Formerly in cookery and medicine; now for candy only. Propagated by seeds in spring. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Herbage in salads ; oil in preparation of soaps, etc. Propagated by divisions, cuttings and seeds in spring. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, L. Spica). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Flowers and oil in perfumery; some- times as condiment and in salads. Propagated by divisions or cuttings, or rarely seeds. Lovage (Levisticum officinale). Umbelli- ferx. Perennial." Uses: Young stems in confectionary. Propagated by division or seeds in late summer. Marigold (Calendula officinalis). Com- positx. Annual. Uses: Flower- neads as seasoning; fresh flowers to color butter. Propagated by seeds in spring. Marjoram (Origanum vulgare and O. Marjoram). Labiatx. Perennial (O. Marjoram treated as annual). Uses: Herbage for seasoning; oil in per- fuming soaps, etc. Propagated by cuttings, division or layers and seeds in spring. Mint (Mentha spicata). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Herbage as seasoning; leaves in jelly. Propagated by cuttings, offsets and divisions in spring. Parsley (Petroselinum hortense). Umbelliferx. Biennial. Uses: Roots as vegetable; top as potherb; leaves for seasoning and garnish. Propagated by seeds in spring. Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Leaves as seasoning; pennyroyal oil. Propagated by division, or rarely cuttings. Peppermint (Mentha piperita). Labiatx. Perennial. Uses: Oil as flavoring; perfume in soaps, etc. Propagated by division or running rootstocks. 1141. Stem of Cucur- bita tnmrima — Hubbard squash. Acr-M n, THE STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO XXI. Cherry. — Specimen fruits of one of the heart cherries THE JJNJV. OF STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE A DISCUSSION, FOR THE AMATEUR, AND THE PROFESSIONAL AND COMMERCIAL GROWER, OF THE KINDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF THE SPECIES OF PLANTS GROWN IN THE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA FOR ORNAMENT, FOR FANCY, FOR FRUIT AND FOR VEGETABLES; WITH KEYS TO THE NATURAL FAMILIES AND GENERA, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HORTI- CULTURAL CAPABILITIES OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES AND DEPENDENT ISLANDS, AND SKETCHES OF EMINENT HORTICULTURISTS BY L. H. BAILEY Illustrated with Colored Plates, Four Thousand Engravings in the Text, and Ninety-six Full-page Cuts IN SIX VOLUMES VOL. II— C-E PAGES 603-1200. FIGS. 701-1470 THIRD EDITION THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1919 The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved COPYRIGHT, 1900 BT THE MACMILLAN COMPANY REWRITTEN, ENLARGED AND RESET COPYRIGHT, 1914 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Set Up and Electrotyped. Published July 22, 1914 Heprinted May, 1917; March, 1919 peasant Press J. HORACE MCFABLANO COMPACT HARIUSBDRG, PENNSTLVANIA :o FULL -PAGE PLATES Facing page XXI. Cherry. — Specimen fruits of one of the heart cherries (in color) Frontispiece XXII. Carnations. — Types of the American winter-flowering varieties . . . 630 XXIII. Cattleya Lawrenceana . . . . . . . . . . 686 XXIV. Codogyne cristata, one of the popular and easily grown orchids . . .710 XXV. Celery .--The cultivation under field conditions, at the hilling-up or banking stage (in color) . ... . . . . . . 724 • • XXVI. Sweet cherry in flower and fruit . . ., . . . .741 XXVII. Coconut in flower and fruit. Southern Florida. (Fla. Photo. Concern) . 773 XXVIII. Stowell Evergreen sweet corn 803 XXIX. Cranberry -picking in a New Jersey bog. (Photo, by Elizabeth C. White) . 832 XXX. Chrysanthemum. — Two of the florist's types (in color) .... 861 XXXI. The White Spine cucumber 901 XXXII. The Fay currant, one of the leading red varieties ..... 917 XXXIII. Cycas circinalis, the male plant. (Photograph by Henry Pittier) . . 931 XXXIV. Dahlia. — Jeanne Charmet, one of the most beautiful Decorative dahlias (in color) . . . . .953 XXXV. Dendrobium superbum as grown in the American tropics .... 978 XXXVI. A border of dianthus and digitalis . . ... 1009 XXXVII. Draccena Goldieana, a "foliage plant" from tropical Africa .... 1069 XXXVIII. The California poppy. — Eschscholtzia calif ornica ..... 1120 XXXIX. Eucalyptus viminalis in California ........ 1148 (v) / i i ^ CABBAGE. The more or less compact leaf-formed head of Brassica oleracea; also applied, with designa- tions, to related forms of the same species, as Welsh cabbage, tree cabbage. Closely related plants are the kales (Fig. 706), collards, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower. See Brassica. The Chinese cabbage of this country is a wholly different species from the common cabbages. It does not form a compact and rounded head, but a more or less open and soft mass of leaves, after the manner of Cos lettuce. It is of easy culture, but must be grown in the cool season, for it runs quickly to seed in hot and dry weather. The culture of the cabbage antedates reliable historical record. Writers of Pliny's time or before refer to variations in growth and character which must have resulted from selections and culti- vation for many generations, under conditions very different from those which seem to be the natural habitat of the plant on the com- paratively barren chalk cliffs of England, and in similar locations in Europe. It is indeed hard to realize that the scrawny and somewhat starved- looking plant shown in Fig. 628 (Vol. I) could be the ancestral origin of such corpulent, overfed individuals as are shown in Figs. 701 to 704. Such a change in habit of growth can be accounted for only by the plant's possession of ex- ceptional capacity for using the more abundant food-supply fur- nished by cultivation for many generations, and the storing of it in a way that makes it available for man's use rather than for the mere perpetuation and multiplication of the parent plants. 701, Conical form of cabbage Jersey Wakefield. 702. Round-headed type of cabbage. Characteristics of the plant and req- uisites for best development. The cabbage is classed by bota- nists as a slow-growing bi-annual, and has three distinct periods of life: First, the more or less rapid growth of leaf and plant. Second, a more or less distinct resting period during which the formation of embryonic blos- soms is started. Third, the growth and development of the flower and seed. The culti- vated cabbages retain very per- sistently these distinct growing periods, but have added what might be classed as another, that of head-formation, which is in reality simply a distinct division of the first. This ad- ditional head-forming period, although essential to the plant's value as a cultivated vegetable, 39 is not at all necessary for the growth and perpetuation of the plant, which, when it has been held in check by long-continued severe frost or drought, will often revert to the original order of growth and pass directly from the growing to the seeding stages with no attempt at head-formation. Cultivated cabbage thrives best in a moist and comparatively cool climate, and will not reach its best and rarely a satisfactory or profitable development in a hot dry one, nor where there are likely to be even occasional days of high tem- perature or hot dry winds. Even if there is abundant moisture in the soil, a few hot dry days, such as corn and tomato plants would delight in, will often not only check but permanently prevent any vigorous or profitable growth. This sensitiveness to over-heat is most pronounced during the second or unnatural period of growth, and the least so during the first. Young plants will often thrive in tempera- tures in which it would be quite impossible to induce older ones to form a solid head. Excessive heat is quite as injurious, and often more so, than freezing, but the latter is especially injurious to the younger plants, particularly if they are grow- ing rapidly, the older ones being little injured by frost which would kill rapid-growing seedlings. One notable effect of exposure of young plants to severe or long-continued low temperature is that it takes the place of the resting period, and thus cuts out the second or head-form- ing period, so that the plant, as soon as established in the field, be- gins to shoot to seed without form- ing any head. The degree to which the plant suffers from unfavorable temperature seems to vary not only with different varieties but in differ- ent locations. In the Puget Sound country, cabbage plants are often killed by exposure to low tempera- tures, which those of the same variety and age growing in similar soil and exposure on Long Island would endure with little apparent injury. In the United States, favorable climatic con- ditions are most likely to occur in succession during the winter, spring and fall months, as one moves northeast along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, or in the West along the coast north from Portland, Oregon, and in isolated sections south of that point. Some of the finest cabbages ever produced in America have been grown at points on the Pacific coast as far south as Los Angeles, Cali- 704. A modem cabbage plant in head— Early Flat Dutch, f ornia. There are also locations, (603) 604 CABBAGE 70S. Section of cabbage head, showing the thickened rachis and leaf-stalks, and the buds in the axils. especiallv' ip" JSTew York; OKic, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin, near the Greai takes, or where smaller but deep .inland, lakes, abound, in -tfhich cabbage does excerrtiou&Uj' weli, fcutrgenej-aljy , jn -common with most cruciferous' plants',' they 'dtf better hear the sea, in such locations as the Eastern Shore of Maryland, Long Island and Puget Sound regions, than in the interior or on the borders of even very large bodies of fresh water. As the plant is a native of the temperate zone, and thrives best in it, and cannot long endure high tempera- tures, one does not think of it as particularly sun- loving; but there are few garden plants to which abun- dant sunlight is more essen- tial and shade more detri- mental than the cabbage. In its native habitat, the plants are found growing alone or in small open groups where they are fully exposed to the sun. Similar condi- tions are essential to its best development under culti- vation so that it can rarely be profitably grown in the shade or in crowded groups or rows, and "shooting to seed" or other failure to form a head is often due to the crowding of the seedlings in the seed-row. The cabbage is one of the grossest and least fastidi- ous feeders of cultivated plants, and while an abun- dance of easily accessible food is essential for its profit- able culture, it is less particular than most plants as to its proportions and physical condition, if only it has an abundance. Large crops of the best quality are often produced by the use of fresh green and uncom- posted manures in almost Limitless quantities. Some growers object to the use of manure from hog-pens, yet some of the largest, healthiest and best crops ever seen have been grown by the liberal use of hog manure. Strange as it may seem, abundant fertilization hastens rather than retards the plant reaching marketable condition. The plant is more particular as to its water-supply than its food-supply, and suffers even more quickly than most vegetables from a lack of sufficient moisture in the air or soil. On the other hand, it cannot long endure an excess, particularly in the soil, and soon succumbs to wet feet. A well-drained soil which at the same time is fairly retentive of moisture is essential to profitable cabbage-culture. Even more than with most garden vegetables, the physical condition of the soil is a most important factor in determining the development of the cabbage. Large and often very profitable crops may be grown on soils which would be classed as clay, loam, gravel, sand or muck, provided they are rich and friable, but seldom a large, or profitable crop can be grown on even a very fertile soil which after rains quickly hardens and bakes so as to be impervious to air. Permanent fria- bility rather than superior fertility makes some soils ex- ceedingly profitable for cabbage, while it is difficult and often impossible to grow a paying crop on others which are even richer and better watered, but which are liable o cake ^after every rain. This is especially true of some soils that are generally classed as a very rich clay or muck. Permanent friability is the most essen- tial quality for profitable cabbage-culture, and the want it the most common cause of failure to grow a profitable crop. Varieties of cabbage. Figs. 701-704, 707. Few vegetables show a wider range of variation, •e are sorts that can be grown to edible maturity -on a square foot and in 90 to 120 days from the seed, while others can hardly be crowded into a square yard or reach prime edible maturity in less than 200 days; sorts so short-stemmed that the flat head seems to rest on the ground, others in which the globular head crowns a stalk 16 to 20 inches long; kinds in which the leaves are long, round, or broad, smooth, or savoyed, light yellowish green, dark green or so dark red as to seem black, with surfaces which are glazed, smooth, or covered with thick bloom. There are many early- maturing kinds, each having characteristics adapting them for different cultural conditions and uses, that will, in fertile soil and a temperature between 60° and 80° by day, and never below 40° at night, form salable heads in 90 to 110 or 120 days from the germina- tion of the seed; others that mature in mid-season; still others that grow the entire season and increase in solidity even while stored for winter. American seedsmen offer cabbage seed under over 500 more or less distinct varietal names, a large propor- tion of which stand for different stocks rather than for distinct varietal forms: here only the most dis- tinct types and the most commonly used names are mentioned. Early York, Elampes, Large York, etc. — Very compact, upright- growing smooth-leaved sorts which are comparatively tender to both heat and cold, and form vertically oval comparatively soft heads of excellent quality, but better suited to European than American climatic conditions and market requirements. Early Jersey, Large Wakefield, Winnigstadt, etc. — Compact- f rowing, very sure-heading sorts which are very hardy to both eat and cold and form comparatively small, but closely wrapped hard sharply conical heads which are of attractive appearance, but not of the best quality. Well suited to the general soil and cli- matic conditions and very popular in America. Enkhuizen Glory, Early Summer, Fottler's Drumhead, etc. — Second-early sorts, forming small compact to large spreading short- stemmed plants, and nearly round to distinctly flat heads which mature quickly, are of good quality but not well adapted for distant shipment or winter storage. Flat Dutch, Drumhead, Ballhead or Hollander, etc. — Large spreading comparatively slow-growing plants, forming round to oval hard heads, having the leaves very closely wrapped and over- lapping in the center. They are generally good keepers, often improving not only in solidity but in quality during storage. Savoys. — A class in which the leaves of both plant and head are crumpled or savoyed instead of smooth as in the preceding. There are varieties of all the forms of smooth-leaved sorts. The plants are hardy, butsare slow to form heads, which are likely to be small 706. Curled kale. — Brassica oleracea var. acephala. and more or less open or loose-centered, but they are of superior flavor, and this class is worthy of more general cultivation in the home-garden and for local market. Red cabbage. — A class of which there are many varietal forms, and in which the plants and heads vary from purple shaded green to deep red. The heads are generally small, but very solid and are especially suited for use as "cold slaw." Portugal Sea-Kale, Tronchuda or Chinese cabbage. — These are distinct classes and species of cabbage, intermediate in char- acter between the more common sorts and the more distant kales. They have never become generally popular in America, though they are rather largely grown and used by the Asiatics, particularly on the Pacific coast. The sea-kale cabbage is not to be confounded with sea-kale, which is a very different plant. CABBAGE CABBAGE 605 These are but a few of the almost limitless, more or less distinct variations offered by seedsmen, yet each of them was thought by someone to be superior in some location, under some conditions, or for some purpose. The general recognition of the value of each variation, and the consequent popularity of the sorts in which the variation is best developed, are constantly changing, partly because of local conditions of climate, but more largely because of changes in transportation and market facilities and conditions. Cultural methods. Ideal climatic conditions are found only in very limited areas, and the common cultural practice in each locality is largely shaped by the degree to which local conditions approach them. In the country north of Washington in which a well-lighted and heated greenhouse and experienced help are available, the simplest method, and one by which the very best of early cabbage can be grown, is to plant the seed in flats some sixty to ninety days before danger of killing by frost is past, and as soon as the central bud or leaves appear (which should be in ten to fourteen days) to "prick out" the plants, setting them 2 to 4 inches apart in other flats, according to the relative impor- tance in that particular culture of earliness and cost of production. The house should be given abundant ventilation, and temperatures exceeding 70° or 85° by day and 50° or 60° at night carefully avoided. Often it will be found very advantageous, as soon as the plants are well established, to remove them to well-lighted coldframes. These should be carefully tended in order to give all the air possible, and to avoid over-heating by the sun or falling below 35° at night, and the plants transferred to the open ground as early as this can be done without danger from killing frosts. Some very successful growers plant seed in well-protected cold- frames so as to secure a thin, even stand, and by careful attention secure a slow but steady growth through the winter, and the seedlings are first transplanted to the open ground as soon as danger from killing frosts is over. A common practice from Philadelphia or Balti- more southward is to sow the seed in the fall in care- fully prepared beds in sheltered locations, and, as soon as the plants are large enough, to transplant them to flat-topped ridges about 30 to 36 inches from center to center and as high as can be formed by two or three back-furrows. These ridges usually are run east to west and the plants are set on the south, the north or the top, or sometimes in the furrow between them, depend- ing upon the judgment of the planter as to which loca- tion will give the best result on that particular farm and exposure and in that particular season, as some- times one and sometimes another location gives the best results. In some sections and often only on certain farms of a section this method gives large very early- maturing and profitable crops, while in different fields, even on the same farm, a large proportion of the plants so handled will be killed by frost or will shoot to seed without heading. In certain locations, notably in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, cabbage- plant farms have been established, from which plants in prime condition for setting in the field can be secured by the million. The location and exposure, and the character of the soil of the most successful of these farms is such that the plants are rarely killed or seri- ously checked by frost, but make a constant but slow growth all winter and can be pulled at any time so as to retain abundant root and vigor and be safely shipped long distances. The seed is sown and the plant-beds treated much as one would treat a bed of onions for sets or pickles, except that in many cases the rows are as close as 3 inches and the bed receives little or no cultivation after the seed is planted. Objections that are sometimes well founded to plants from such farms are, that they are slow "taking hold" and a large proportion of them "shoot to seed" without heading, or the heads are small and of poor quality; but such failures often come from the use by the plant-raiser of cheap and inferior seed, or from the crowded rows and careless handling, or from the farmer sending for and setting the plants too early, or from holding them too long before setting. Some plant-raisers take pains to advertise that they do not guarantee plants shipped by them before December 1 to give satisfactory results (though they often do), but that they are willing to guarantee that plants shipped by them from December 1 to April 1 will, in suitable soil and exposure and with good cultivation, produce full crops of marketable cabbage. Most farmers who use 20,000 to 30,000 plants could grow on their own farms as good plants or better than they could buy from even the best and most reliable growers, and often at materially less cost; but it is 707. Cabbage shapes: Flat; round or ball; egg-shaped; oval; conical. questionable whether many of them would do so, and it is not surprising that the practice of buying plants, particularly when earliness in market maturity is desirable, is rapidly extending. The best distance between plants will depend not only upon the variety used but upon the character of the soil, kind of labor available and the condition and way in which the crop is to be marketed. Such small upright-growing sorts as Early York, Etampes, or true Jersey Wakefield, which are to be marketed when still quite soft, can be well grown set as close as 6 or 8 by 18 to 24 inches, requiring 20,000 to 30,000 plants to the acre; but in America such close planting necessi- tates so much hand labor that it is seldom profitable, and 8 to 12 by 28 to 30 or 36 inches, requiring from 8,000 to 15,000 or 20,000 plants to the acre, is usually found the more profitable distance. The best method of setting, whether by hand, hand- planters, or machine, will be determined by local con- ditions. The plants should "take hold" in two to four days and start into vigorous growth in ten days to three weeks, the time depending upon the con- dition of the plants, and the way they are handled, quite as much as upon the weather. After active growth has commenced, it should continue at a constantly accelerated rate until the head begins to harden, and although toward the last the plants may not seem to increase in size, the heads will gain in weight. The cab- bage suffers less than most vegetables from mutilation of the root, yet deep cultivation is undesirable because unnecessary. The essential thing is to prevent any- crusting over, and the keeping of the surface in such good tilth as to permit of the free aeration of the soil. 606 CABBAGE One of the best crops of early cabbage on record was secured from what was regarded as naturally a rather unfavorable soil that was not very heavily fertilized, but received a shallow cultivation with a harrow tooth cultivator every day (except Sundays and on four days when the surface was so wet from rain that it would puddle) after the plants were set until the crop was in market condition. The time of planting for fall and winter cabbage and the general cultural methods most likely to give good results in any particular location are the same for both seasons, the time of maturity being determined more by the varietal character of the seed than by method of culture. The cultural practice usually followed by neighboring and equally successful growers is often radically different! One planter may always, on some fixed day in May or June, sow seed in flats and as soon as the seedlings are well started pick them out into other flats, and then again into a plant-bed and wait for a favorable day, if necessary until August, before putting them in the field. An equally successful neighboring grower may wait until as late as the last of June and sow thinly in well-prepared seed-beds and transplant from them to the field, while still another may wait for favorable weather even until the last of July and then plant seed in place as is the usual practice of some most successful growers. In New England, growers often drill the seed in place, and when the plants are well established chop out the superfluous ones. 708. An outdoor method of storing cabbage. The weight or quantity of seed used for a given area varies greatly, as the size of the individual seeds vary, not only with different varieties but with different lots of the same sort. Some growers expect to get plants enough for an acre from less than an ounce, while others require two to five tunes as much, and those who sow in place often will use four to eight ounces to the acre. Superlative crops have been known to be grown by radically different methods, and very often successful growers have some peculiarity of practice which they deem essential to the best results, but which a neighboring and equally successful grower regards as a foolish waste of labor; but, how- ever the practice of successful growers may differ, there are some points in which they all agree. Among these are, the use of the best obtainable seed of some par- ticular variety which they have found by experience, or which they believe is best adapted to their condi- tions and is uniform in time of maturity, so that all the heads are in prime condition and may be gathered at the same time, which is an important factor in determining cost of production, while uniformity in shape, form and color are equally important in determining salability. The quality of the seed used, while not the only factor, is generally the most impor- tant one in determining the uniformity of product of any particular culture. Unchecked and constantly accelerated rate of growth are most important factors in securing the best possible development of any par- ticular culture. Every check, whether it come from overcrowding of the seedlings, careless transplanting, or the caking and want of friability in the surface soil, tends to divert the energy of the plant from the unnatural and excessive leaf-formation upon which CABBAGE its value as a cultivated vegetable depends to the more natural but less useful formation of blossoms and seed. Just how on any particular farm the most favorable conditions can be secured cannot be told in general cultural directions, but must be de- cided by the grower from his knowledge of the character and wants of the plant, the condition of the soil, and last, but by no means least, his facilities for controlling the conditions upon which the growth of the crop depends. Harvesting. This is the simplest and easiest part of cabbage- growing. With an easily acquired dexterity, each head in five or six rows can be cut, trimmed and tossed into a central windrow by a single well-directed stroke of a well-sharpened spade or heavy hoe. Occasionally, be- cause of some unnatural growth of the plant, or want of attention, a head will need retrimming, but by the exercise of a little care, practically all of them can be kept in marketable shape. From the windrows, the heads are gathered and loaded loose into cars, delivered to factories or placed in storage. Yields secured vary greatly, being influenced by the sort, the quality of the seed, the character of the soil, loss from insects and disease; they generally range from five to twenty tons to the acre. The crop is usually readily salable in the fall, delivered at factory or on board cars at prices ranging from $4, or even less, to $10 to $20 a ton. Marketing. Cabbage greens. — In some sections, notably southern Mississippi and Louisiana, considerable acreage is grown and marketed as cabbage greens. The seed is sown in place or the plants are set quite close in the row, and as soon as they have commenced active growth and long before they have formed a distinct head, they are cut and marketed much in the same manner as spinach or kale, but this method of culture and use is very limited. Early cabbage is generally considered marketable as soon as the leaves have closed into a head, even if this is still so soft and loose that it would be quite unmar- ketable later in the season. If cabbages are cut when soft and immature, they soon wilt and lose all crisp- ness and palatability; to avoid this, the earlier ship- ments are made in small open crates containing less than a score of heads, or sometimes in larger closed ones carrying ice, and often in refrigerator cars. Later in the season, as the heads become larger and harder, they are shipped in slat crates about 12 by 18 by 38 inches, or in ventilated burlap-covered barrels holding about two and three-fourths bushels. Fall and winter cabbages are usually sold by the ton, of much more closely trimmed heads than are con- sidered marketable earlier in the season, and are com- monly shipped in open and well-ventilated cars without special container or packing, except as may be neces- sary to protect from hard freezing. Many acres are grown on contracts with shippers, packers of sauer- kraut, and the like, who contract for the delivery direct from the field to factory or on board cars, of the usable product of a certain acreage at an agreed price per ton. While this is sometimes a very satisfactory arrange- ment, many careless and incompetent growers are induced to contract, and their neglected crops become infected with disease and insects which spread to the fields of even the most careful growers, and the crop in the. vicinity of such factories and shipping-points soon becomes unprofitable. CABBAGE CABBAGE 607 Storing. Formerly the most common practice was to let the plants stand until danger of hard freezing, then pulling, allowing the roots to retain what earth they would, but breaking off some of the most spreading leaves and crowding the plants together (with heads all up or all 709. Cabbage in winter storage in cabbage-house. down and at a uniform height), with earth packed between them, in long shallow trenches that were gradually covered with sufficient coarse straw or litter to protect from severe freezing. A variation of this method is to pull, leaving what roots and earth adheres, and set as closely and level as possible in a shallow cellar not over 3 feet deep, which after filling is covered with a roof of boards, tarred paper and litter sufficient to keep out rain and frost, and high enough in the cen- ter to allow of handling the cabbage. It is essential to success with either trench or cellar that they be located where there is the least possible danger from standing water, rats and other vermin, and as well protected as possible from severe winds and cold. Advantages of this method are that heads quite too soft to be salable become hard and firm, and that cabbages so stored retain to a remarkable degree their crispness and flavor, and are thought by some to be even better than when fresh from the field; but when taken from the trench or cellar, they soon lose their crispness and will not stand shipment so well as heads which were trimmed before storing. A very common method is to cut and partially trim the heads and place in piles 4 to 6 feet high and broad, and of convenient length, built over a board-covered trench which is ventilated by open ends and tiles up through the cab- bage, the piles being gradually covered and the open- ings closed so as to prevent hard freezing (Fig. 708). In certain sections a large proportion of the cabbages grown for late winter and early spring market are trimmed and stored in bins or on shelves in frostproof storehouses (Fig. 709). Diseases. Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicx). — A soil parasite affecting cabbage and other cruciferous plants. It thrives best in acid soils and in some cases can be checked by a liberal use of lime, but its presence in any field in destructive abundance is seldom suspected until too late to save the crop. Planting cabbage or other crucif- erous crops on such a field should not be repeated for several years, during which it should have continued dressings of lime and ashes. Care should be taken to secure uncontaminated soil for seed-beds, and to destroy all affected plants before cattle have access to them, as the disease may be carried by such refuse in the manure from cattle who have eaten it. Wilt or Yellows, Black-rot, Stem-rot, Fusarium, Phoma. — Infec- tious diseases which sometimes become so abundant in certain sections as to prevent the profitable culture of cabbage. They are all distributed by means of contaminated seed, by manure from cattle fed on diseased refuse, by soil carried on tools from affected fields; distribution in this way should be carefully avoided. All diseased plants should be destroyed by fire as soon as noticed. The soil used in the seed-beds should be sterilized by live steam or soaked in a weak solution of formaldehyde (one part to 260 of water). The seed should be soaked fifteen minutes in the weak solution of formaldehyde, then rinsed in clear water and immediately planted. Animal pests. Flea beetles. — The securing of vigorous plants is sometimes pre- vented by the attacks of innumerable flea beetles, Phyllotreta, vit- tata. This may be prevented by surrounding the beds with frames made of 10- to 12-inch boards connected across the top with 2-inch strips and then covered with 20- to 40-thread to the inch cheese- cloth. This should be put on as soon as the seed is planted and be removed, in order to harden the plants, four to six days before they go to the field. Cut-worms. — These are best guarded against by keeping the field perfectly clear of all vegetation for six to ten days before setting, then mix four quarts of bran meal or flour, one cup of molas- ses or sugar, and two tablespoonfuls of pans green, with water enough to make about the consistency of milk, and sprinkle on twenty to fifty times its bulk of fresh-cut grass and scatter over the field the night before setting the plants. Cabbage worm. — Keep careful watch of the plants and if the green worms appear in abundance and seem to reach full size, sprinkle or spray the plants with kerosene and whale-oil soap emul- sion, or paris green and water in the proportion of four gallons of emulsion and one pound of paris green to fifty gallons of water. After the heads are two-thirds grown, powdered hellebore, one ounce to two gallons of water, should be substituted for the poisonous paris green mixture. Root-knot (Nematodes). — Although seldom very destructive north of Philadelphia, this is often the unsuspected cause of failure in the South, particularly of fall crops in light lands. The only practical remedy is the avoidance of affected fields or sterilizing the soil by freezing or live steam. Seed-breeding and -growing. Figs. 710, 711. It is only through careful study of the practical value and correlation of varietal differences, the exercise of great care in selection and growing of the plants, and in the saving of the seed, that this or any vegetable can be improved or even its present good qualities main- tained. Under favorable conditions the plant is capable of producing abundant seed, a single plant having been known to yield thirty-five ounces, enough to plant 25 to 40 acres, but such yields are very exceptional, and one-half to four ounces a plant is much more common. Although botanically the plant is self-fertile, when isolated it seldom yields much and often no viable seed. It transmits very persistently through many generations any distinct variation, but often without expression, although such hitherto unexpressed variations are apt to appear in the seed of self-fertilized plants, so that such seed is frequently less uniform than that from a field of plants of the same ancestry. At least one of our popular varieties is made up of the descendents of a single isolated plant, but it is a curious fact that in the second and subsequent generations 90 per cent of the plants, although quite uniform, were very different in character from that of the selected individual from which they were descended. The originator of one of our best varieties maintains that it is essential to the production of the best seed of that sort that seed-plants of very different types should be set together, and by crossing they will produce seed giving plants of the desired type. In spite of these facts, it is thought that the practice which will give the best results with t ... other plants is \Aj/ /vi , \\/ / equally desir- able for the cab- bage, and that first a distinct and well-defined conception of the varietal form desired must be formed and the stock started from the plant or plants whose seed most uni- formly devel- oped into plants 710. Wild cabbage plant in seed. Chalk of the desired cliffs of England. 608 CABBAGE character, rather than from those in which it was exceptionally well developed. Often even professional seed-growers have but a very vague and constantly changing conception of what a given variety should be. The greatest profit is not from the field that pro- duces even a good many of the most perfect speci- mens, but from that in which the largest proportion of the plants are most uniformly of the desired character. In order to produce seed which will give such results, one must first form a very clear conception of just what one wants in plant and head, and learn the rela- tion between easily noted but economically unimpor- tant qualities, and others not so easily seen but more important in determining value. Having selected a number of ideal plants, one should grow these either singly, or in groups of three or four that are nearest alike. Save and number the seed of each plant sepa- rately and plant a small sample of each number, care- fully noting the numbers in which the product was most uniformly of the desired character. From the reserved seed of the num- bers which most uni- formly devel- oped the de- sired form, one can start a stock for field plant- ing. It is not safe, how- ever, to rest there; one must start a new selection of the desired character so as to contin- ually renew one's stock. In raising seed, plant- ings should be made a little later than one would for fall market cabbage. As the plants develop, each lot should be repeatedly looked over and not only those which show no disposition to form a head, or one in which the inclosing leaves do not pass over the center, but also those which show any departure (even if it be of itself a desirable one) from the desired form, should be removed. The plants should be left in place until there is danger of the ground being closed by frost and should then be pulled, a few of the larger leaves removed and then packed into narrow trenches in sheltered and well- drained localities, taking pains to pack the earth closely about the roots and stems. Gradually, as necessary to prevent hard freezing, they should be covered with earth and with coarse litter, the aim being to keep them as cold as possible without actually freezing, and to prevent them starting into growth. As early in the spring as possible, they should be set for seed- ing, giving each plant about twice the space needed for market cabbage. In setting, the plants, should be more or less inclined, so that while the top of the head is but little above the surface, the roots are not buried in hard and cold subsoil. As they are set, the heads should be scarred across the top, not deep enough to injure the sprouting center, but so as to facilitate its pushing its way through the head. The seedstalks should not be cut until they begin to shed the seed, which turns black and seems ripe before it is fully mature. The entire plant should be cut and stored until quite dry, when the seed can be easily threshed, cleaned and spread not over ^ inch deep in full sunlight for a few days and then stored. Commercial seed-growing.— Although one occasion- 711. Cultivated cabbage in seed. CACALIOPSIS ally sees heavily seeded plants in all parts of the United States, cabbage seed rarely proves a profitable crop, except in very limited areas along Long Island Sound, the eastern shores of New Jersey, Maryland and Vir- ginia, and in the Puget Sound region, where the yield commonly secured varies from 300 to 700 pounds to the acre, although exceptional crops sometimes reach 1,500 to 2,000 pounds. The common method of growing does not vary materially from that described, except that very often too little care is exercised in securing stock seed, and it is sowed or the plants set so late that they fail to develop sufficiently to enable one to do very effective rogueing out of inferior stock. In Holland, seed is often raised from much better matured heads than are commonly used in America and which are cut from the root, but leaving more stem than for market use, and planted so that the top is level with or slightly below the surface. Treated in this way, they root like a great cutting and form loose, well-branched plants which are not so liable to injury from wind, and are said to yield more seed than would be produced if the entire plant was used. It is possible that this method might give good results in the Puget Sound region, but it would not in the East. w. W. TRACY. C ABO MB A (aboriginal name). Nymphasaceae. FAN- WORT. Submersed aquatics of the western hemisphere, used in ponds and aquaria. Flowers small; sepals and petals 3, persistent; sta- mens 3-6; carpels 3-18, separate: submerged Ivs. finely dissected, mostly opposite. — Six species. carpliniana, Gray (C. aqudtica, DC., not Aubl. C.viridifdlia,Hort.). WASHINGTON PLANT. FISH-GRASS. Floating Ivs. green, oblong-linear: fls. axillary, J^in. broad, white, with 2 yellow spots at base of each petal; stamens 6. Ponds and slow streams, S. 111. to N. C., Fla. and Texas. A.G. 15: 157. — Hardy as far north as Phila. if not frozen. The commonest plant for fish-globes and aquaria; roots easily in earth, grows well, is dense and bushy, and a good oxygenator; prefers water free from lime. Prop, by cuttings set in earth in 1-2 ft. of water at 55-70° F. Commonly sold for aquaria in bunches of 6^12 shoots 8 in. long, wrapped with lead at base; without earth the bunch lasts 4-8 weeks, when it drops most of its Ivs. and must be replaced. Var. rossefdlia, Hort., is a form with reddish Ivs., less durable, and more difficult to prop. A. G. 15:157. Var. pulcherrima, Harper, has sts. reddish purple, Ivs. darker with nar- rower segms. and petals bright purple. Ga. The true C. aqudtica, Aubl., of Trop. Amer., with yellow fls. and nearly orbicular floating Ivs., is shown in B.M. 7090. H. S. CONARD. CACALIA (ancient Greek name). Compdsitae. Peren- nial herbs of wide distribution, some of which are planted in the open for ornament. Flowers paniculate or corymbose, the florets all hermaphrodite, with white, flesh-colored, or orange, exclusively tubular corollas, each of the 5 lobes with a midnerve: achenes glabrous: Ivs. petioled, alternate. The genus is by some considered as a section of Senecio, differing in never having ray-fls. — Species about 40, about one-fourth Asian and the remainder mostly American. They need protection in the North. l&tea, Mill. A slender rather attractive perennial, with alternate,, widely separated Ivs. half clasping the St.: fls. orange-yellow, in heads about J^in. diam., corymbose. St. Helena; perhaps hot a true cacalia. C. aiirea and C. liitea of .gardens may be Emilia. — C. cocctnea, N. TAYLOR.f CACALIOPSIS (CacaUa-like). Composite. Peren- nial, for garden planting. Heads discoid, very many-fld. of perfect yellow florets; corolla rather deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceo- late: Ivs. palmate. — One species, little known in cult. CACALIOPSIS CACTUS 609 Nardosmia, Gray. Stout, 1-2 ft. high, loose, woolly, but becoming nearly glabrous: Ivs. nearly all radical, not unlike those of Petasites palmata, long-stalked, 5-9-cleft or very rarely parted, the lobes dentate or cut: heads an inch high, in a loose cluster at the summit of the nearly naked st., fragrant. Pine woods, Calif, to Wash. — Intro, by Gillett in 1881 as a border plant. CACAO, COCOA: Theobroma. CACTUS, CACTI. The plants correctly designated by this name constitute the family Cactacese. Scarcely any group in the whole vegetable kingdom is more remarkable for its strange and varied forms, the beauty of its flowers, and wonderful adaptation to desert life. It is not, however, confined to desert regions; for in the moist forests of the tropics of the New World it is represented by a number of interesting forms often epiphytal or scrambling in their habit of growth, with beautiful flowers and sometimes with delicious edible fruit. "Botanical Features of North American Deserts," publication No. 99 of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1908. To the southward, the family extends to Chile and Argentina. Giant torch thistles and echinocacti are scattered over the pampas of Uruguay, and melon- shaped echinopses amid the snows of the lofty plateau of Bolivia. The genus Mamillaria, so well represented in the southwestern United States and Mexico, is almost absent from Central America, the representative genera of that region as well as of the warm Huasteca region of eastern Mexico being Cereus, Pereskia, Pereskiopsis, Nopalea, and Opuntia; while the "turk's-head" or "melon cacti" are chiefly West Indian. The peculiar structure of columnar, opuntioid, and melon-shaped cacti is undoubtedly the result of exces- sive dryness of the climates in which they occur, to protect themselves from which they have been obliged to store up water and to reduce their transpira- 712. Tips of Rhipsalis cassytha. 713. Skeleton of Opuntia stem. 714. Pereskia aculeata. 715. Opuntia joint with leaves. The Cactacese are confined to America, the only apparent exception being the genus Rhipsalis, com- posed of plants with the habits of the mistletoe, grow- ing on the trunks and branches of trees, and bearing small pellucid glutinous berries (Fig. 712). This genus, endemic in tropical America, has found its way to Africa, the island of Mauritius and even to Ceylon; and several opuntias, or prickly pears, occur on the shores of the Mediterranean, in South Africa, and Aus- tralia, where they have made themselves so thoroughly at home as to be regarded by many writers as indigenous. The Cactaceae are not confined to trop- ical or even semi-tropical regions. At least two species of Opuntia extend northward into British Columbia, and species of Echinocereus, Echinocactus, and Mamillaria are found in the state of Colorado. The xerophytic forms flourish especially in the southwestern United States, the Mexican plateau, the peninsula of Lower California, where there are great cactus forests, and the vicinity of Tehuacan, in the southern part of the Mexican state of Puebla, a region celebrated for its remarkable and gigantic tree-like forms related to the genus Cereus. For an account of the vegetation of 'the deserts of the south- western states and of Mexico, the reader is referred to Frederick V. Coville's "Botany of the Death Valley Expedi- tion," published as Vol. IV of the "Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 1893;" Coville and MacDougal's "Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution — 1903"; and to D. T. MacDougal's 716. Cactus spines. tion as low as possible. They have a more or less pro- nounced woody axis surrounded by pulpy cellular tissue (parenchyma) in which the water-supply is stored. The stomata are usually situated in depressions or grooves in the leathery cuticle; and as an additional means for checking transpiration, the cell-sap is nearly always mucilaginous, while in some forms latex cells are present, filled with milky or gummy fluid which hardens on exposure to the air and effectively heals wounds in the soft fleshy plant. Certain species of Echinocactus (viz- nagas) are like great barrels studded with spines and filled with pulp of the consistency of watermelon rind, which is sometimes made into con- serves like citron (dulces de viznaga). Other forms, like species of Pereskia, Pereskiopsis, and arboreous opuntias have hard, woody stems and branches. The reticulated skeletons of certain species of opuntia (Fig. 713) are manu- factured into walking-sticks, legs of furniture, napkin rings, and even into veneering for woodwork. In Lower California and some parts of South America, where other vegetation is lacking, the stems of columnar cerei, or "cardones," are used for construct- ing habitations, inclosures, and for timbering mines. Columnar cacti are also planted for living fences, or hedges, especially the "organ cactus" (Myrtil- locactus geometrizans) of tropical Mex- ico. Leaves are present in nearly all cacti, but in some species they are mere vestiges and can scarcely be seen with the naked eye. In other species they are large and perfectly developed, either with distinct petiole and feather 610 CACTUS CACTUS 717. Opuntia leptocaulis, showing sheathed spines. veins, as in Pereskia acu- leata (Fig. 714), or sessile and fleshy with only the midrib and several paral- lel nerves apparent as in the genus Pereskiopsis. They are sometimes caducous, fleshy, cylindri- cal or awl-shaped, as in the genus Opuntia (Fig. 715). In the axils of the leaves are peculiar cush- ion-like areoles (corres- ponding in all probability to aborted branches) clothed with down or felt- like wool, from which spines, and, in some gen- era, also flowers, issue. In the genera Opuntia and Pereskiopsis, the areoles also bear minute short barbed bristles called glochidia, which will penetrate the skin and become detached at the slightest contact and are the source of annoying irritation which often per- sists for many hours! The spines (Fig. 716) are not connected with the axis of the stem or branches, but emerge from the areoles. In some forms they are simple and straight, bristle-like, awl- shaped, or short and coni- cal. In others they are bent like fishhooks or are curved and horn-like, with transverse ribs. Some- times they are minutely downy or hairy and some- times even plumose or feathery. They may be either naked or enveloped in a membranous barbed sheath (Fig. 717). They may be grouped in star- like clusters, with straight or curved rays spreading from a common center, or in comb-like fascicles, with the radial spines arranged in two rows on each side of a longitudinal axis (pec- tinate) . In addition to the 720. Leuchtenbergia principis, showing transformation from scales to petals. radial spines, there are usually erect central spines either straight and rigid, or more or less curved. One of the most striking forms is that of the organ cactus, Myrtillocactus geometrizans, in which the stout erect central spine resembles the blade of a dagger and the radials a guard for the hilt. In contrast with this may be men- tioned the spines of Pelecyphora aselliformis, which resemble minia- ture sow-bugs, or aselli (Fig. 718). The flowers in most cases issue from the upper portion of the areoles, but in certain mamillarias and allied 718. Extreme condensation of the plant body. — Pelecyphora aselliformis. (Nat. Size.) forms they come forth from between the tubercles or from their base at the end of a dorsal groove. Usually the flowers are solitary and sessile, but in the genus Pereskia (Fig. 714) they are ped uncled and often clustered. They may be tinted with rose-color, crimson, purple, yellow or orange, or rarely with copper-color or scarlet, but they are never blue. Often they are pure white at first, gradually becoming suffused with rose-color in age. In a few species they are inconspicuous, as in the epiphytal Rhipsalis (Fig. 712). Some are diur- nal, others nocturnal; some open at sunrise and close at night or when the sky becomes clouded; others open at a certain hour and close at another fixed hour of the day or night; some last for only a few hours, others for a day, and some persist for several days. Some, like the "night - blooming cereus" are delightfully fragrant, while others are ill-smell- ing or have no perceptible odor. The perianth is not divided sharply into calyx and corolla, although the outer floral leaves are usu- ally sepal-like and the inner ones are true petals. In one great division of the family including Opun- tia, which has been named Rotatiflorse, the perianth is more or less wheel- shaped or widely spread- ing (Fig. 719) ; in the other division, Tubuliflorse, to which Cereus belongs, the floral leaves form a tube, often remarkably long and slender, and crowned with a spreading limb. The floral leaves are not arranged in definite series but somewhat like those of a water-lily, the scale-like lower or outer leaves gradually becoming broad and petaloid as they approach the center (Fig 720). In all cases the perianth crowns the ovary, and sometimes persists after withering on the apex of the fruit (Fig. 721). The stamens are very numerous and are inserted on the petals or perianth-tube (Fig. 722). The single style is longer and stouter than the slender filaments, and usually terminates into a radially divided stigma (Fig, 723). Sometimes 721 the stigma is conspicuously colored and Cephalocereus issues star-like from the center of the fruit. CACTUS CACTUS 611 722. Echinocactus flower, show- ing insertion of stamens. 723. Opuntia flower, showing styles and ovary. mass of stamens, as in the genus Echinocereus, in which the emerald-green star contrasts prettily with the golden-yellow or orange-colored stamens, rising from a rosette of rose-purple petals (Fig. 724). The ovary (Fig. 723), although formed of several carpels, is 1-celled. The placenta? are parietal, bearing an in- definite number of ovules, the stalks of which (funiculi) become fleshy as the seeds develop and form a sugary pulp around the seeds. The fruits of the Cactacese are variable in form. That of the leafy Pereskia is apple-shaped and bears a num- ber of leaf-like bracts on the skin (Fig. 725), on which account the fruit of P. aculeata is called blad-appel, or leaf-apple, in the Dutch colonies, while in the British West Indies it is known as Barbados gooseberry and is made into tarts and sauces like real goose- berries. In some of the pereskiopses, the fruit is elongated and shaped like a prickly pear, with watery rind and seeds covered with cottony hairs. In Opuntia and Nopalea the fruit is commonly called prickly pear, or tuna (by the ancient Aztecs, nochtli) . These fruits bear small fleshy leaves at first, like the flattened pads of the plants, and when the leaves fall off the areoles persist armed with the irritating sharp-barbed glochidia de- scribed above (Figs. 717 and 726). Many species allied to the genus Cereus bear edible fruits, usually called pita- hayas. Those of the tall columnar cardones (Lemaireo- cereus) are covered with easily detachable tufts of wool and spines but never bear glochidia. Those of Cephalo- cereus (Fig. 721) are spineless. The triangular climbing forms which are often trained over garden walls in tropical countries, sometimes bear enormous juicy fruits of fine flavor (Fig. 727). Those of Echinocactus (Fig. 728) are more or less scaly. The fruits of certain species of Echinocereus, called alicoches by the Mexi- cans, are known to Americans as strawberry cacti, on account of the fine flavor of their juicy pulp. Those of Echinocactus longihamatus are known in northern Mexican markets as limas de viznaga, or cactus limes, on account of their acid taste; and the small smooth crimson fruits of many mamillarias are called chilitos, on account of their resemblance to small chili peppers. Very much like them are the fruits of melon cacti (Fig. 729) which issue from the dense crown of bristles like scarlet radishes or fire- crackers tipped with a fuse. The seeds of the Cacta- 725. Pereskia fruit. cese vary considerably in 724. Echinocereus flower, showing radiate stigma. 726. Opuntia fruit. the different groups, and are sometimes useful in making generic determinations. Thus the woolly seeds of Pereskiopsis are sharply distinct from the black glossy seeds of the genus Pereskia, with which the first-named genus was at one time confused. In Opuntia and Nopa- lea they are flat, hard and bony, somewhat ear-shaped in the flat-jointed opuntias (Figs. 730, 733,) and usually discoid and marginless in cylindrical opuntias (Figs. 730, 735) . In Cereus they are glossy black, with the testa either quite smooth or minutely pitted (Figs. 730, 732); in Echinocereus they are covered with minute tubercles or granules (Figs. 730, 734). In Echinocactus, which is not a very homogeneous group, the seeds are pitted in some species and tuberculate in others In one section of Mamillaria (Eumamillaria) they are glossy and marked with sunken rounded pits (Figs. 730, 731), while in another section, which should prob- ably be made a distinct genus (Cory- phantha) they are frequently smooth. In the closely allied Ariocarpus they are relatively large and tuberculate. In the genus Pelecyphora, they are sometimes kidney-shaped, as in P. aselliformis, and sometimes of a pecu- liar boat-like form with a very large umbilicus, as in P. pectinata. In the epiphytal Rhipsalis cassytha they are kidney-shaped and finely granular. The seeds of many of the species of Pachycereus ("car- dones") are used by the Indians of Lower California and Mexico for food. In south- ern Puebla the fruit of Pachycereus columna- trajani, called tetezo figs (higos de tetetzo) are a reg- ular food staple, offered for sale in the markets of Tehuacan d u r i n-g the month of May. Other cactus fruits of great economic importance are those of the giant Cereus of our arid south- western region, Carnegiea gigantea, locally known as pitahayas de sahuara, first brought to notice in the year 1540 by the members of Coronado's expedition. They are not spiny like the fruits of Pachycereus and they burst open when quite ripe. The fruit of Lemaireocereus Thurberi, known as pitahaya dulce, although much sweeter, bears clusters of stout spines issuing from tufts 727. Fruit of Hylocereus. 612 CACTUS CvESALPINIA of wool. Closely allied to it is Lemaireocereus griseus of central and southern Mexico, which yields much nutri- tious fruit. The fruit of the organ cactus, Myrtillocactus geometrizans, sold in the markets as garambullas, either' fresh or dried, must also be mentioned as of economic importance. Of medicinal importance is the narcotic peyote or "mezcal button" 729. Melon cactus bearing fruits. (Lophophora Williamsii}, used as an intoxicant and febrifuge by certain tribes of Indians, and regarded by some of them with superstitious reverence. This little plant was regarded by some of the early Spanish writers as a fungus and was used by the Mexican Indians to produce marvelous visions. For an account of the methods of propagation and culture of cacti and their application to ornamental Sudening the reader is referred to a paper by Charles enry Thompson, on "Ornamental Cacti: Their Cul- ture and Decorative Value," issued by the United States Department of Agriculture as Bulletin No. 262 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, December 17, 1912. See also Succulents, vol. VI. W. E. SAFFORD. CACTUS (shortened from.Melocactus by Linnaeus). Cactdcese. A single small species, sometimes grown in under-glass collections and in open succulent gardens South. Stems globose or ovoid, with vertical ribs, crowned at maturity with a "cephalium" — a prolongation of the axis densely covered with small tubercles imbedded in wool and bearing in their axils small fls. and berries. The plant has the appear- ance of an Echinocactus, but the fls. and berries resemble those of Mamillaria. Melocdctus, Linn. (Melocdctus communis, Link & Otto). Fig. 731. Ribs 10-20, acute; areoles nearly 1 in. apart; radial spines 8-11, straight or curved, subulate; centrals 1-4; cephalium at first low, hemispheri- cal, becoming cylindrical in time, reaching a height of 8 in.; the dense wool of the cephalium is pierced by many red or brown bristles: fls. red, slender: fr. %in. long, crowned by the persistent remains of the fl., red. W. Indies; called there "Turk's head." B.M.3090. j. N. RosE. CADALVENA: Kaempferia. CADIA (Arabic name, Kadi}. Legumindsse, tribe bophorese Small evergeen shrubs of Arabia and Africa, remarkable for their regular mallow-like flowers. ^ Leaves pinnate: fls. axillary, mostly solitary, droop- ing; stamens 10, free, shorter than the petals: pod linear, acuminate, flattened, leathery.— Four species 730. Seeds of Cacti. 1. Mamillaria; 2. Cereus; 3. Flat- jointed opuntias; 4. Echinocereus; 5. Cylindrical opun- tias. Can be grown outdoors in Calif, or S. Fla.; in the N. in the temperate house. Prop, by seeds and cuttings. purpftrea, Forsk. (C. varia, L'Her.). A small shrub, the branches woody: Ifts. 20-40 pairs, very narrow, almost sessile: fls. bell-shaped, pedunculate, rose-red, the corolla about 1-1% in. long and very veiny, not spiny. Arabia. C. Ellisiana, Baker, has few large Ifts. and rose-colored fls. Madagascar. B.M. 6685. — C. pubescens, Bojer. Lfts. 8-10 pairs, broad-oblong. Madagascar. ^r rp YLOR t C^SALPtNIA (Andreas Cgesalpinus, 1519-1603, Italian botanist). Leguminosse. BRASILETTO. Includ- ing Guilandina, and Poinciana in part. Ornamental tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs chiefly grown for their showy flowers and also for their attractive finely divided foliage; some species yield tanning materials and dye-stuff. Calyx with short tube and 5 imbricated lobes, the lowest concave and larger; petals 5, clawed, usually orbicular or obovate and nearly equal; stamens 10, curved; ovary sessile with few ovules and a slender elongated style: pod ovate to lanceolate, usually com- pressed, often indehiscent. — About 30 species in tropi- cal and semi-tropical regions. The genus belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioidese, in which the fls. are not papilionaceous, and is allied to Gleditsia. Caesalpinias are armed or unarmed trees or shrubs, rarely climbers, with finely divided bipinnate leaves and conspicuous yellow or sometimes partly red flowers in racemes, often forming terminal panicles. Many species are very showy in flower and are favorities in tropical and subtropical countries; in this country they can be grown only in Florida and southern California except C. japonica, which is the hardiest species and will probably stand the winter in sheltered locations as far north as Washington, D. C. They are also grown sometimes in warm glasshouses. Propagation is readily effected by seeds, which should be well soaked in warm water for some hours before sowing. A sandy soil should be chosen for the seed- bed, and lightly shaded. After the plants show the first true leaf, they should be potted off into small pots of ordinary garden soil, not too rich, made light by the addition of sand, if of a clayey nature. The plants grow very rapidly, and must be shifted into larger pots as their size requires for greenhouse culture, but in tropi- cal climates may be transplanted into permanent posi- tions outdoors after they reach a fair size in pots. The dwarf species are elegant subjects for subtropical gardening during the summer months in temperate climates, provided a sunny location is given them, as they revel in rather dry very warm soil, and do not require artificial watering after being established. A rocky, sunny situation may be given C. pulcherrima and its variety flava, where they will bloom during many weeks of summer, until frost checks them, if strong plants about a foot high are selected in early summer. Care should be taken to harden off plants gradually in the house, so that they may not be chilled when transplanted outdoors. While they will do well in a poor soil, an application of manure or chemical fertilizer may be given them to advantage, causing them to make a more vigorous growth and give better and larger heads of flowers. In the tropics, and also in subtropical climates, these shrubs and trees are always admired and are commonly planted for ornament. The royal poinciana (C. regia, but properly Poinciana regia, which see), and also the dwarf poinciana, or flower-fence (C. pulcherrima}, will thrive in close proximity to the sea, and are valuable for planting in exposed coast situations. (E. N. Reasoner.) A. Stamens long-exserted: fls. very showy: trees, unarmed or nearly so. Gilliesii, Wall. Shrub or small tree, with very many small Ifts., scarcely J^in. long, oblong, obtuse, glabrous: C^SALPINIA CALADIUM 613 fls. light yellow, with brilliant red stamens protruding 3-5 in., in terminal racemes; sepals hairy-fringed. S. Amer. B. M. 4006 (as Poinciana Gilliesii, Hook.). F.S. 1:61. R.H. 1893:400. G.C. III. 15:73. Gn. 76, p. 4.— A very showy and worthy plant which bears in Calif, the popular name of "Bird of Paradise" like Strelitzia Reginse. It will stand a temperature as low as 20° F. pulcherrima, Swartz. BARBADOS PRIDE. BARBADOS FLOWER-FENCE. DWARF POINCIANA. Shrub, with few scattered prickles, delicate, evergeen, mimosa-like Ivs. with 12-18 pinnae, each with 20-24 oblique-oblong Ifts. less than 1 in. long, and very gaudy red-and- yellow crisped fls. on the ends of the new growth: sta- mens and style red, and long-exserted. Generally dis- tributed in the tropics. B.M. 995. P.M. 3:3. Gn. 75, p. 594. — One of the most popular shrubs in warm cli- mates, as S. Fla. There is a var. flava, with yellow fls. 731. Cactus Melocactus. (XK) A A. Stamens not much exceeding the petals, or shorter. B. Lfts. very obtuse. c. Branches unarmed. pannosa, Brandeg. Medium-sized tree with slen- der branches spreading horizontally and clothed with white, deciduous bark: Ivs. decompound; pinnae 2-4, each with 4-6 oblong and retuse Ifts. : fls. yellow, showy: pod glandular, 1-2-seeded. Lower Calif. — A rapid- growing species which can be used for fences and is therefore called "palo estaca" in Lower Calif. cc. Branches prickly. D. Pod smooth: shrubs. sepiaria, Roxbg. Scrambling pubescent shrub: Ivs. glaucous, slightly pubescent beneath; pinnae 12-20, each with 16-24 oblong Ifts., rounded at both ends, %- 1 in. long: fls. yellow in simple stalked racemes. India. — Furnishes dye-wood; also used as a hedge plant. japonica, Sieb. & Zucc. Loose, spreading shrub, armed with stout, recurved prickles: Ivs. with 6-16 pinnae, each with 10-20 Ifts., oblong, very obtuse: fls. in large, panicle-like clusters, canary-yellow, the sta- mens bright red. Japan. B.M. 8207. G.C. III. 42:43. R.H. 1912:60. Gn. 40:588; 61, p. 81; 76, p. 411. J.H. III. 34:531; 51:181. — Endures the winters in some parts of England. The hardiest species of the genus, probably hardy as far north as Washington, D. C. Ntlga, Ait. Vigorous climber: branches flexuose with copious hooked prickles: Ivs. glabrous; pinnae 4-6, each with 4-6 ovate -obtuse Ifts. l%-2 in. long: fls. bright yellow in large panicles; calyx glabrous: pods ovoid-oblong, 2 in. long, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Him- alayas and Philippine Isls. to N. Austral, and Poly- nesia. Blanco, Fl. Filip. 150. DD. Pod prickly: tree. echinata, Lam. Tree, with prickly rusty pubescent branches: Ivs. unarmed, glabrous; pinnae 5-9, each with 15-20 rhombic-oblong obtuse Ifts. ^-Min. long: fls. yellow in axillary and terminal racemes; calyx pubes- cent; stamens snorter than petals: pod oblong, 3 in. long. Brazil. Fl. Brasil. 15, 2:22.— Yields dye-wood. BB. Lfts. acute or mucronulate: pod prickly. minax, Hance. Diffuse shrub, thorny: pinnae 10, with 12-20 ovate-lanceolate glabrous Ifts. 1-1 % in. long: racemes panicled, many-fld., with very large bracts: fls. white and purple: pods 7-seeded (seeds large and black), prickly. China. Bonduc, Rpxbg. Climbing shrub, with prickly, pubescent bipinnate Ivs., oblong-ovate mucronate Ifts. 13^-3 in. long, yellow fls., and a few large yellow seeds in a short, prickly pod. Tropics; S. Fla. C. bijuga, Swartz (Acacia Bancroftiana, Bert.). Spiny shrub, with ultimate Ifts. in 2 pairs: fls. paniculate. Jamaica. — C. kau- aiensis, Mann=Mezoneuron kauaiense. — C. r&gia, Dietr.=Poin- ciana regia. — C. vernalis, Champ. Tall climbing prickly shrub: fls. in racemes. China. B.M. 8132. L. H. B. and ALFRED REHDEB. CAHOUN: Attalea Cohune. CAILLIEA: Dichrostachys. C A JANUS (aboriginal name). Leguminbsse. A tropical shrub, grown for the nutritious peas. One variable species, probably originally from Africa. indicus, Spreng. (Cytisus Cajan, Linn.). GRANDTJL. CONGO PEA. PIGEON PEA. DHAL. TOOR. URHUR. Erect, 3-10 ft., villous or often tomentose: Ifts. elliptic- oblong, exstipellate, resinous-punctate beneath: fls. yellow and maroon, pea-like, continuing all through the year, in axillary racemes: pod pea-like, hairy, con- stricted between the many seeds. Much cult, in the tropics for the seeds or pulse, being treated usually as an annual. It varies greatly in stature and in charac- ter of seeds: C. flavus, DC., has yellow fls. and 2-3- seeded pods which are not spotted; C. bicolor, DC., a smaller plant, has red-striped fls., and 4-5-seeded pods which are spotted. See B.M. 6440 and R.H. 1874:190. The pigeon pea is much grown in the W. Indies, some varieties being preferred for human food and some for live-stock; run wild. L. H. B. CAJ6PHORA: Blumenbachia. CALABASH: Crescentia. CALABASH GOURD: Lagenaria. CALADIUM (origin of name obscure). Aracex. Warmhouse large-leaved plants, grown for the foliage; also employed in summer bedding. Herbaceous perennials, arising from large rhizomes or tubers, acaulescent, with usually beautifully marked, long-petioled Ivs.; the secondary nerves oblique to the few spreading primary nerves: peduncles usually soli- tary; spathe with the tube convolute, constricted at the throat, the blade boat -shaped; spadix erect, a little shorter than the spathe, the lower part naked, stipe- like, the staminate part longer than the pistillate; fls. unisexual: fr. a berry, white. — A dozen or less species in Trop. S. Amer. Two of the species are immensely variable, and many named horticultural varieties are in the trade. Engler in DC. M^nog. Phan. 2 :452 (1879) ; also F. S. 13. 614 CALADIUM CALADIUM As soon as Caladium plants begin to lose their leaves in the fall, water should gradually be withheld until the leaves are all gone. The pots should then be removed to a position under a bench, and laid on their sides, or taken from the soil and placed in sand. Dur- ing the resting period they should not be subjected to a lower temperature than 60° F., and kept neither too wet nor too dry. About the beginning of March the tubers should be started for the earliest batch to be grown in pots. Arrange the tubers in their sizes, and keep each size by itself. The largest-sized tubers will start quickest, and it is desirable to begin with these for pot-plants. Start them in chopped moss in boxes. The tubers may be arranged rather close together in the box, and merely covered over with the moss to the depth of about an inch. The new roots are made from the top part of the tuber, so it is important that this part should be covered to encourage the roots. For starting, a heat varying between 70° and 85° will suffice. As soon as a healthy lot of roots makes its appearance, the plants should be potted, using as small- sized pots as possible. The soil for this potting should be principally leaf-mold, with a little sand. In a short kinds are not so well suited for outdoor work as those having green predominating in the foliage, but some of the kinds, such as Dr. Lindley and Rosini, do remark- ably well. Frequent watering with manure-water is absolutely necessary to the development of the foliage, both outdoors and in. (G. W. Oliver.) 732. Caladium bicolor var. Chantinii. (No. 17). time they will need another shift; the soil .should on this occasion be a little stronger; give a position near the glass, and shade from strong sunshine. — New forms are raised from seed, this operation being an exceedingly easy one with the caladium, as they cross-fertilize very readily. The flowers, unlike those of the Anthurium, are monoecious, the females ripening first. To pollinate them, part of the spathe must be cut away. Seedlings at first have the foliage green, and it is not until the fifth or sixth leaf has been developed that they show their gaudy colorings. Propagation of the kinds is effected by dividing the old tubers, the cut surfaces of which should be well dusted with powdered char- coal to prevent decay.— As bedding plants, the fancy- leaved caladiums are gradually becoming more popu- lar. To have them at their best for this purpose, the ground should be worked for some tune previous to planting out, with a goodly quantity of bone meal incorporated with the soil. The tubers are best put out m a dormant state, as then they make very rapid prog- ress, and eventually make finer plants than when they are first started in the greenhouse, as by this system they are too likely to sustain a check in the hardening-off process, and lose their leaves. The fine, highly colored albinervium, 55. hastatum, 50. punctatissimum, 17. albomaculatum, 16. Hendersonii, 24. Purdieanum, 9. albostriatulum, 51. Houbyanum, 26. pusillum, 9. Alfred Bleu, 16. Houlletii, 18. regale, 31. amoenum, 17. Humboldtii, 57. Reichenbachianum, 41. Appunianum, 56. Ketteleri, 13. Rogierii, 15. aroyrites, 57. Kochii, 38. roseum, 14. argyroneuron, 5. Kramerianum, 20. rubellum, 41. argyroneurum, 5. Laucheanum, 43. rubicundum, 11. argyrospilum, 36. Lemaireanum, 55. rubronermum, 42. Baraquinii, 12. Leopoldii, 15. rubrovenium, 42. Belleymei, 49. Lindenii, 46. sagiUxfolium, 31. bicolor, 8, 11. macrophyllurn, 39. Schmitzii, 3. Brongniartii, 32. marginatum, 19. Schoelleri, 5. Chantinii, 17. marmoratum, 7. Schomburgkii, 1. Connxrtii, 17. marmoreum, 2. Sieboldii, 25. cordatum, 3. Marlersteigianum, 17. splendens, 14. cupreum, 53. mirabile, 33. Spruceanum, 9. Curwadlii, 37. Mooreanum, 18. Stangeanum, 21. Devosianum, 28. myriostigma, 58. subrotundum, 6. discolor, 29. Neumanii, 40. surinamense, 31. Duchartrei, 35. Osytnum, 52. thripedestum, 7. Eckhartii, 23. Ottonis, 28. transparens, 10. elegans, 54. pallidinermum, 30. Troubetskoyi, 56. Enkeanum, 45. pellucidum, 27, 29. Vellozianum, 9. erythrseum, 3. Perrierii, 22. Verschaffeltii, 47. firmulum, 9. pictum, 4, 34. viridissimum, 55. Gserdtii, 15. pictum turn, 48, 55. Wagneri, 31. griseo-argenteum, 39. pcecile, 30. Wallisi, 28. Haageanum, 17. porphyroneuron, 53. Wightii, 44. hsematostigmatum, 29. It will be seen that most of the cultivated caladiums are considered to be forms of C. bicolor and C. pictura- tum. Only five species are concerned in the following list: Schomburgkii, 1; marmoratum, 7; bicolor, 8; pic- turatum, 48; Humboldtii, 57. A. Blade not at all peltate, obliquely elliptical-ovate. 1. Schomburgkii, Schott. Petiole slender, 4 times longer than the blade, sheathed one-third its length; blade obliquely elliptical-ovate; midrib and 4-5 acutely ascending primary nerves silvery, pale, or red; sparsely spotted above, paler beneath. French Guiana to Para. — Runs into the following forms: (1) Veins red. 2. Var. marmdreum, Engl. Blade dull green, with brownish red nerves, bordered with yellow. 3. Var. erythraeum, Engl. (C. Schmitzii, Lem. C. cordatum, Hort.). Midribs and nerves red. I.H. 8:297. 4. Var. pictum, Engl. With white or red spots between the red veins. S. Amer. (2) Veins silvery or green. 5. Var. argyronefcrum, Engl. (C. argyroneuron, C. Koch. C. Schcelleri, Lem.). Midrib and veins silvery. I.H. 8:297. 6. Var. subrotundum, Engl. (C. subrotundum, Lem.). Lf .-blade rounded at the base, or shortly cordate, with white or red spots. Brazil. AA. Blade distinctly peltate. B. Lf. sagittate-oblong-ovate; basal lobes united for two- thirds their length, or more. 7. marmoratum, Mathieu (Alocdsia Roezlii, Bull. C. thripedestum, Lem.). Petiole cylindrical, 12-16 in. long, twice as long as the blade, variegated; blade 6-8 in. long, 4-6 in. wide, dark green, with irregular gray, yellowish green and snow-white spots, glaucous-green beneath, sagittate-oblong-ovate, the upper lobe semi- ovate, slightly cuspidate, the basal ones unequal, one-- third or one-half as long as the upper, connate two-thirds to three-fourths their length : spathe-blade pale green, 2-3 in. long. Ecuador. I.H. 5, p. 59, desc. CALADIUM CALADIUM 615 BB. Lf. not as above; basal lobes united one-third their length or less. C. Shape of If. ovate-triangular, or ovate-sagittate (8-47). 8. bicolor, Vent. (Arum bicolor, Ait.). Petiole smooth, 3-7 times as long as the blade, pruinose toward the apex; blade ovate-sagittate, or ovate-triangular, variegated above, glaucous beneath; upper lobe semi- ovate, narrowing gradually to a cuspidate point, the basal ones one-half to but little shorter than the upper, oblong-ovate, obtuse, connate one-fifth to one-third their length. S. Amer. Intro, into cult, in 1773. B.M. 820. — Very common in cult., furnishing many of the fancy-leaved caladiums. The marked varieties are as follows (9-47) : (1) Lf. -blade and veins of one color. 9. Var. Vellozianum, Engl. (C. Vellozianum, Schott. C. Purdiednum, Schott. C. pusillum, C. Koch. C. Sprucednum, Schott. C. firmulum, Schott.). Lf.- blade dark green above; basal lobes connate past the middle. Brazil, Peru. R.B. 10:169. (2) Lf. -blade more or less variegated. (a) With a colored disk (Nos. 10-18). (b) Disk transparent. 10. Var. transparens, Engl. (C. transparent, Hort.). Blade with a pale green, nearly transparent disk; mid- rib and primary veins red-purple. 11. Var. rubicundum, Engl. (C. bicolor, Kunth). Petiole green, or variegated green and violet; blade green, with a red, transparent, central disk, and a very narrow red line between the disk and the margin. (bb) Disk opaque. (c) Purple disk. 12. Var. Baraquinii, Engl. (C. Bardquinii. Hort.). Petiole violet; blade with a purple-red disk; beautiful green between the disk and margin; nerves and midrib red-violet. Para. I.H. 7:257. F.S. 13:1378. 13. Var. Ketteleri, Engl. (C. Ketteleri, Hort.). Peti- ole crimson, variegated toward the base; blade with purple disk, midrib and primary veins, sparsely marked between the veins with many small, rosy spots. (cc) Red disk. 14. Var. splendens, Engl. (C. roseum, Hort. C. splendens, Hort.). Petiole green below, red above; blade with a red disk at the middle; mid vein and primary veins red-purple; green between the nerves and along the margin. Lowe, 4. 15. Var. Leopoldii, Engl. (C. Leopoldii, Hort. C. Gserdtii, C. Koch. C. Rogierii, Chant. & Lem.). Petiole violet beneath, red-purple above; blade with a broad, reddish disk; margin green, red-spotted; midrib and primary veins dark red-purple. Para, 1864. 16. Var. albomaculatum, Engl. (C. Alfred Bleu). Petiole green; blade green, with red disk, midrib and primary veins, and marked clear to the margin with many large, white spots between the nerves. (ccc) Rose disk. 17. Var. Chantinii, Engl. (C. Chdntinii, Lem. C. Connsertii, Hort. C. amoenum, Hort. C. Marter- steigidnum, Hort. C. punctatissimum, Hort. C. Haage- dnum, Hort.). Fig. 732. Petiole more or less violet; blade broadly red-purple along the midrib and primary nerves, rosy at the center, and with very numerous, unequal spots between the nerves clear to the marginal vein. Para, 1858. I.H. 5:185. F.S. 13:1350-51. B.M. 5255. A.F.8:129. G. 12:375. (cccc) Light green disk. 18. Var. Houlletii, Engl. (C. Houlletii, Lem. C. Mooreanum, Hort.). Petiole green, the sheath and a little of the base violet- variega ted ; basal lobes of the blade somewhat introrse, rounded, connate one-third; blade obscurely green toward the margin, the midrib and primary veins slightly reddish, and with a pale disk marked with many irregular white spots. (aa) Without a colored disk. (b) Margins colored throughout. (c) Red margin. 19. Var. marginatum, Engl. (C. marginatum, C. Koch). Blade dark green, with a red line on the outer margin. (cc) Yellow margin. 20. Var. Kramerianum, Engl. (C. Krameridnum, Hort.). Veins purple; yellow margin. 21. Var. Stangeanum, Engl. (C. Stangeanum, C. Koch). Blade reddish; green along the narrow mar- gin, yellowish toward the margin. (ccc) Solid white margin. 22. Var. Perrierii, Engl. (C. Perrieri, Lem.). Petiole violet-black; blade dull green, with many red-purple spots, and white along the margin. Brazil, 1861. (cccc) Spotted margin. 23. Var. Eckhartii, Engl. (C. Eckhartii, Hort.). Petiole violet-blotched at the base, green above the middle; blade green, with few rosy spots along the mar- gin, and small white ones in the middle. 24. Var. Henderspnii, Engl. (C. Hendersonii, Hort.). Petiole variegated violet and green, reddish toward the apex; blade mostly green, reddish next the lower parts of the nerves; midrib and primary veins red-purple spotted; small red spots along the margin. 25. Var. Sieboldii, Engl. (C. Sieboldii, Hort.). Petiole violet and green, reddish toward the apex; basal lobes of the If. somewhat introrse, connate one-third their length, dark green; midrib and primary veins beautifully red-purple spotted, and a very narrow white border, marked with small purple-red spots. A.F. 8:127. (ccccc) Purple margin. 26. Var. Houbyanum, Engl. (C. Houbyanum, Hort.). Petiole dirty green on the lower surface, bright red above; blade bright green, with large pale spots, and small red-purple ones between the midrib and primary veins; a red-purple spot above the insertion of the peti- ole, and a pale purple line around the margin. 27. Var. pellftcidum, Engl. (C. pellucidum, DC.). Petiole reddish, variegated with violet; blade broadly reddish purple spotted along the midrib and primary veins, and more or less marked with transparent, red- dish purple spots between the primary veins; a con- tinuous purple line along the outer margin. (bb) Margin colored only on basal sinus. 28. Var. Devosianum, Engl. (C. Devosianum, Lem. C. Wdllisii, Hort. C. Ottonis, Hort.). Petiole green; blade bright green, with small, irregular white spots between the midrib and primary veins, and a narrow crimson border at the sinus. Para. I.H. 9:322. 29. Var. haematostigmatum, Engl. (C. hsematostig- matum, Kunth. C. pellucidum, DC. C. discolor, Hort.). Petiole violet; blade dark green, with a purple line on the basal sinus, and sparsely marked with blood-red spots. Para. 30. Var. poecile, Engl. (C. pceclle, Schott. C. pallidi- nervium, Hort.). Petiole reddish brown, or closely streaked- variegated; blade dark green; midrib and primary veins paler, often whitish; a red-purple spot where the petiole joins the blade, narrowly purple-mar- gined in the sinus. Brazil. 31. Var. regale, Engl. (C. regale, Lem. C. Wdgneri, Hort. C. surinamense, Miq. C. sagitteefolium, Sieb.). Blade bright green, purple-margined at the sinus, every- 616 CALADIUM CALADIUM where marked with small, confluent white spots. W. Indies, 1710. I.H. 9:316. (bbb) Margin and disk without color. (c) Variegated green blade. 32. Var. Brongniartii, Engl. (C. Brongnidrtii, Lena.). Very large; petiole variegated violet and green, red- dish toward the apex; blade green, except along the nerves below, where it is colored reddish, paler green between the primary nerves, deep green toward the margin; veins and nerves red-purple. Brazil, 1858. F.S. 13:1348-9. I.H. 5, p. 58, desc. 33. Var. mir&bile, Engl. (C. mirdbile, Lem.). Petiole green; blade bright green, densely covered with large and small irregular pale green spots between the pri- mary nerves and mid vein. Para. I.H. 10:354. (cc) Blue-green blade. 34. Var. pictum, Kunth (C. pictum, DC.). Petiole greenish, variegated beneath; basal lobes connate one-fifth their length; blade thin, blue-green, marked with large, irregular, usually confluent, pale yellowish semi-transparent spots. Lowe, 43. (ccc) Colorless blade. ^ 35. Var. Duchartrei, Engl. (C. Duchartrei, Hort.). The long petiole green above, variegated below the middle with violet-black; blade colorless, except the midrib and all the veins, or here and there pale rosy or red-spotted, or even more or less dirty green. A.F. 8:129. (cccc) Solid green blade. (d) Dark green. 36. Var. argyrospilum, Engl. (C. argyrdspilum, Lem.). Petiole grayish red, sparsely and finely streaked; blade a most beautiful green, with a crimson spot at the middle, and with many small white spots between the primary veins. Para. F.S. 13 : 1346-7. 733. Caladium picturatum var. Belleymeii. (No. 49.) 37. Var. Curwadlii, Engl. (C. Curwddlii, Hort.). Petiole greenish, slightly violet-blotched toward the base; blade reddish purple along the midrib and pri- mary veins, marked between the veins with large white spots; otherwise dark green. 38. Var. K&chii, Engl. (C. Kdchii, Hort.). Lf.- blade more rounded, dark green, with small white spots midway between the midrib and margin. Para, 1862. 39. Var. macrophyllum, Engl. (C. macrophyllum, Lem. C. griseo-argenteum, Hort.). Petiole green- blade dark green, marked everywhere with many small S pelv Confluent white or slightly rosy spots. Para, 1862. I.H. 9:316. 40. Var. Neumannii, Engl. (C. Neumannii, Lem.). Petiole green; blade very beautiful dark green, with scarcely paler veins, marked between the primary veins with large and small white-margined, reddish purple spots. F.S. 13:1352-3. B.M. 5199. (dd) Light green. (e) Not spotted. 41. Var. rubellum, Engl. (C. rubellum, Hort. C. Reichenbachidnum, Stange). Blade green, with reddish purple midrib and primary veins. 42. Var. rubrovenium, Engl. (C. rubrovenium, Hort. C. rubronervium, Hort.). Petiole variegated green and violet; blade small, oblong-ovoid, the basal lobes some- what introrse, obtuse, connate almost to the middle, pale caulescent or red-green along the midrib and pri- mary veins; veins pale red or scarlet. Para, 1862. (ee) Spotted. (f) With white spots. 43. Var. Laucheanum, Engl. (C. Laucheanum, C. Koch). Blade bright green, with white 'spots at the middle. (ff) With purple and white spots. 44. Var. Wightii, Engl. (C. Wlghtii, Hort.). Petiole pale green; blade very beautiful green, marked be- tween the primary veins with large, red-purple and small white spots. French Guiana. (fff) With red or crimson spots. 45. Var. Enkeanum, Engl. (C. Enkednum, C. Koch). Blade bright green, marked with large and small red spots. 46. Var. Lindenii, Engl. (C. Lindenii, Hort.). Blade bright green, with confluent small red spots. 47. Var. Verschaffeltii, Engl. (C. Verschaffeltii, Lem.). Petiole pale green; blade very beautiful green, with few irregular crimson spots. I.H. 5:1 85. B.M. 5263. Lowe, 46. cc. Shape of blade lanceolate-sagittate. 48. picturatum, C. Koch. Petioles usually green, variegated below, elongated; blade lanceolate-sagittate, cuspidate and submucronate at the apex, the upper lobe nearly triangular, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, basal lobes over half as long, lanceolate subacute, connate one-sixth to one-fourth their length, separated by a triangular sinus; primary lateral veins 4-7, erect- spreading or spreading. Brazil. — Variable, furnishing many of the fancy-leaved caladiums. (1) Transparent white blade, 49. Var. Belleymei, Engl. (C. Belleymii, Hort.). Fig. 733. Petiole greenish above, variegated violet beneath; blade slenderly hastate-sagittate, white, translucent except the green veins and nerves, with small green spots along the margin; basal lobes 1-5, or rarely one-fourth or one-third connate. Para. I.H. 7:252. A.F. 8:127. G. 2:89. (2) Pale green blade. (a) With transparent blotches. 50. Var. hastatum, Engl. (C. hastdtum, Lem.). Peti- ole long, stout, white, violet-spotted; blade hastate- sagittate, slightly contracted above the lobes; dull, pale green, very irregularly marked with transparent blotches; basal lobe one-fourth connate, crimson margined in the sinus. Para. (aa) Opaque. 51. Var. albo stria tulum, Engl. Blade greenish white along the midrib and veins, white-striped and dotted between the nerves. 52. Var. Osyanum, C. Koch. Blade white along the midrib and primary veins, with purple spots between the veins. CALADIUM CALAMUS 617 53. Var. porphyroneftron, Engl. (C. porphyroneuron, C. Koch. C. ciipreum, Hort. Alocdsia porphyroneura, Lem.). Petiole pale reddish, variegated with dull vio- let; blade broadly hastate-sagittate, dull, pale green, slightly reddish on the veins, opaque basal lobes one- sixth to one-third connate. Peru and Brazil. I.H. 8:297. (3) Dark green blade. 54. Var. elegans, Engl. Petiole rosy, greenish below, variegated; blade narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly contracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly red or purple next the midrib and primary lateral veins; basal lobes one-fifth connate. 55. Var. Lemaireanum, Engl. (C. Lemaireanum, Barr. C. picturdtum albinervium, C. Koch. C. picturd- tum viridissimum, C. Koch). Blade shaped like pre- ceding, dark green; midrib and primary veins pale green or white. S. Amer., 1861. I.H. 9:311. 56. Var. Troubetskoyi, Engl. (C. Troubetskoyi, Chan tin. C. Appunidnum, Hort.). Petiole red, varie- gated; blade very narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly contracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly marked with pale red along the midrib and primary veins, and with scattered, transparent, small white or rose spots. F.S. 13:1379. ccc. Shape of blade oblong-ovate, or oblong: plant small. 57. Humboldtii, Schott. (C. argyrites, Lem.). Fig. 734. Petiole slender, variegated, 2 to 3 times longer than the blade; sheath slender, narrow; blade oblong- ovate, or oblong, green along the margin, midrib and primary veins, with many large and small transparent spots between; shortly and very acutely acuminate, the apical lobe oblong-ovate, twice as long as the oblong or ovate-triangular, obtuse basal ones; basal lobes one-third connate, separated by an obtuse tri- angular sinus, the 3-4 primary veins of the apical lobe uniting in a collective nerve remote from the margin. Brazil. I.H. 5:185. F.S. 13:1345. Gng. 3:279. A.F. 10:197. Lowe, 22. C.L.A. 19:343. G. 14:501. 58. Var. myriostigma, Engl. (C. myriostigma, C. Koch). Blade marked everywhere with small white spots. The following names are in the trade, or occur in the lists of dealers and fanciers, but are not identified botanically: — albanense, Barrattii, candidum, Endlich- erianum, Fenzlianum, Ortgiesii, Petschkanii, Rodeckii, speciosum, Thelemannii, venosum. C. esculentum=Co\oca.sia, antiquorum esoulenta. — C. odoratum, Lodd.=Alocasia macrorrhiza. — C. pubescens, N.E.Br. .A new species, distinct from those already in cult, by being pubescent. Peru. B.M. 8402. JARED Q gMITH CEO. V. NASH.f CALAMAGROSTIS (Greek, calamos, a reed, and agrostis, a grass). Syn. Deyeuxia. Gramineae. Usually tall or reed-like perennials bearing rootstocks. In- cluding nay grasses and a few more or less ornamental species. Spikelets 1-fld., the rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a usually hairy pedicel; lemma hairy on the callus, awned from the back. — Species about 120, dis- tributed throughout the world in temperate and arctic regions, usually in damp or swampy soil. The species are often valuable native forage grasses. One species, C. canadensis, Beauv., is a source of an excellent quality of native hay in the northwestern states, where it is called blue-joint. Another species, C. stricta, Beauv., native of the northern states, is sometimes cult, in a variegated form as an ornamental. C. 6re»{ptZt's=Calamovilfa brevipilis. ^ g HlTCHCOCK CALAMINT, CALAMINTHA: Satureia. CALAMOVILFA (Greek, calamos, a reed, and vilfa, a kind of grass). Graminese. PURPLE BENT-GRASS. A group differing from Calamagrostis in having awnless spikelets and no prolongation of the rachilla. Species 3, in S. E. U. S. C. brevipilis, Hack., is cult, as an orna- mental grass. This is a stout, tufted grass, 2-4 ft., with short, horizontal rootstocks, pyramidal purplish panicle 4-8 in. Sandy swamps in pine-barrens, N. J. to N. C. Dept. Agric., Div. Agros. 7:156; 20:84. A. S. HITCHCOCK. 734. Caladium Humboldtii. (No. 57.) CALAMPELIS: Eccremocarpus. CALAMUS (Greek for reed) . Palmacex, tribe Lepido- cdrpse. A group of interesting, usually climbing pinnate palms of the Old World tropics, not much known to the trade although over thirty species are in the European catalogues. Stems very slender, always more or less prickly, usu- ally climbing and never bearing a terminal infl.: Ivs. alternate, pinnate, often ending in a terminal some- times elongated cirrus, by which they are attached to their support; Ifts. narrow, with 1-5 nerves; If .-sheaths at first completely inclosing the internodes, sometimes split and open: spadix laterally attached at the summit of the If.-sheaths, often elongate and slender and fre- quently ending in a tail-like appendage (flagellum) which is thorny; spathes long and narrow, hardly if at all split, differing from Daemonorops which has a read- ily opening spathe; fls. dioecious, paniculate or branched 2 or 3 times; corolla coriaceous, longer than the calyx in male fls., as long as the calyx in the female: fr. glo- bose, ovoid or ellipsoid, topped by a short permanent style. — There are more than 200 species, most of which inhabit India. See Beccari's excellent monograph Ann. Royal. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 11, 1908. Calamus is an easily grown group of palms, very ornamental, even in a young state. Some of the spe- cies have stems several hundred feet long, which enable them to unfold their leaves at the tops of the tallest trees. The leaves are peculiarly well adapted to assist the plant in climbing, having numerous hook-like pro- cesses arranged on a long continuation of the midrib of the leaf. When accommodations can be given, these plants should be selected, as their growth is rapid, and they are capable of furnishing a large conservatory quickly. Numerous suckers are produced, so that when the main stem ascends the lower part is clothed in foli- age. Calamus tennis (or C. Royleanus) and C. Rotang furnish the rattan canes. Malacca canes are furnished by C. Scipionum. — Young plants thrive best in a root- ing medium containing a considerable quantity of leaf- mold. Older plants need soil of a more lasting nature; a quantity of ground bone and charcoal in the soil may 618 CALAMUS be used to advantage. Old well-furnished plants need enormous quantities of water. All of them require stove temperature. (G. W. Oliver.) ciliaris, Blume. St. slender, climbing by means of long axillary leafless branches, covered with short hooked spines: Ivs. V/y-^A ft. long,. 6 in. wide; Ifts. 40-50 on each side, hairy; petiole 2 in. long with few hooked spines: spadix of female and male fls. finely hairy-hispid on the spathes: fr. globose, about Km. diam. Java and Sumatra. F.R. 1:607. G.C. III. 2i:86.— Intro, into cult, in 1869. To be grown in tropical house. asperrimus, Blume. St. slender, climbing by the prickly cirrus of the Ivs. and the prickly branches: Ivs. without stalks, about 18 in. long, bearing not more than 8-10 thin, papery, irregularly placed Ifts. on each side of the rachis: spadix simply decompound, about 7 ft. long, terminating in a slender prickly appendage. Mts. of Java. — Can be grown in a cooler house than the preceding. C. Andreanum, Hort., Pill & Mitterb=(?).— C. calicdrpus, Griff. =D»monorops calicarpus, Mart. — C. dealbatus. Hort,=Acantho- phoenix rubra, Wendl.— C. Lewisi&nus, Griff.=Dsemonorop3 Lewis- ianus, Mart. JJ. TAYLOK. CALAMUS or SWEET FLAG: Acorus Calamus. CALANCHOE: Kalanchoe. CALANDRINIA (J. L. Calandrini, Genevan botanist, who wrote an important thesis in 1734). Portulacaceae. Fleshy, spreading or nearly trailing plants, sometimes cult, in borders and rockeries, or used for edgings in sunny places. Flowers red or pink or rose-color, of short duration; petals 3-7; sepals 2; stamens 5 (or 3) to 12; style with 3 branches: Ivs. alternate, narrow. — About 60 species, Brit. Col. to S. Amer. and in Austral. Annuals and per- ennials, but the latter mostly treated as annuals; not much grown in gardens. A. Fls. in a short umbel-like cluster. umbellata, DC. Perennial, 4-6 in.: Ivs. linear and hairy: fls. in a corymb, or umbel-like terminal cluster, bright crimson. Peru. R.H. 1853:5. — The C. umbellata of gardens is hardy in many parts of the U. S.; in New York it should be planted in a well-sheltered position, or provided with ample protection in winter; sometimes it acts like the biennials, but, as seeds are produced very freely, young seedlings spring up constantly between the old plants, and one does not miss the few which may decay during the second year; the plant forms a very neat, slightly spreading tuft; fls. are produced in many-fld. umbels, terminal, numerous, and large, glow- ing crimson-magenta, saucer-shaped, very showy. June to Nov. Full exposure to sun, and light sandy soil, are needed to bring out the rare beauty of these plants. The fls. close up when evening comes, like the annual portulacas, but they reopen on the following day. In the sunny sloping part of a rockery, even when quite dry, or among other low plants in a bed or border, they are highly satisfactory. Although perennial, it may also be treated like the annuals, as it flowers the first summer as freely as afterwards. Can be prop, by cuttings. AA. Fls. in longer clusters, pedicels often more or less drooping. discolor, Schrad. (C. elegans, Hort.). Perennial, 1-2 Yi ft.: Ivs. fleshy, spatulate to obovate, purple beneath, gray-green above, blunt: fls. bright light pur- ple, 2 in. across, with yellow stamens. Chile. B.M . 3357. Menziesii, Torr. & Gray (C. speciosa, Lindl.). RED MAIDS. Annual: 3-12 in. high, with green herbage, glabrous, or nearly so: Ivs. linear, or spatulate-oblanceo- late: fls. rose-red or purple, rather large and long- peduncled (petals Kin. long). Calif., N. B.R. 1598.— Variable. There is a white-fld. variety advertised. CALANTHE grandiflora, Lindl. Perennial, 1-3 ft.: much like C. discolor, but Ivs. oval and pointed, narrowed to petiole, green, 4-8 in. long: fls. somewhat smaller, light purple. Chile. spectabilis, Otto. & Dietr. Perennial, 2 ft.: Ivs. lance-spatulate or rhomboid, IJ^ in- long, somewhat pointed: fls. bright purple, 2 in. across. Chile. — Said to produce seed seldom; prop, by cuttings. Bftridgii, Hort. Annual, 1 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smooth: fls. many, small, copper-rose or brick-red, in leafy clusters. S. Amer. chromantha, Griseb. One ft., loosely branched: Ivs. rather large: fls. and buds rose-colored: fr. orange- yellow, persisting. Argentina. C. oppositifdlia, Wats.=Lewisia oppositifolia. J. B. KELLER. L. H. B. CALANTHE (Greek for beautiful flower). Orchida- cese. Sub-epiphytal or terrestrial hothouse orchids found in the eastern hemisphere, and sparingly in the western hemisphere. Scapes erect, many-fld.: Ivs. broad, plaited: fls. white or rose-colored, rarely yellow: pseudobulbs angulate, with grayish green sheaths in the Vestitse section, but absent in the Veratrifolise section. — Forty to 50 species in tropics of both hemispheres. Most of the species and the numerous varieties grown are deciduous, losing the foliage about the time of flowering, and, at this season, water is given spa- ringly until the flowers are cut; then the bulbs are kept in a dry warm place until signs of growth in spring. All calanthes are terrestrial and should be potted each year in fibrous loam, with a small portion of old manure and sand mixed in. Use plenty of drainage as for other orchids, and about 2 inches of soil; secure the bulbs firmly by means of part of the old wiry roots; water very sparingly until active root-action takes place; but, when in full growth, weak manure-water may be given at each watering. The young foliage is very sensitive to sun, and must be shaded as soon as it develops; keep the plants near the glass and give all light possible, and the warmest treatment permitted in orchid cul- ture. They enjoy a little heat, even in summertime, from the pipes at night. The best place to grow calan- thes is a sunken, well-heated pit facing south, lowering the plant as the foliage nears the glass. Calanthe veratrifolia is an evergreen species and may be treated similarly to the Phaius. Calanthes are easily increased by separation of the bulbs at the time of repotting. Young bulbs are often produced from the apex of old ones; old ones will start again the second year and make increase. (E. O. Orpet.) vestita, Lindl. (C. oculata, Hort.). Lvs. broadly lan- ceolate, nearly 2 ft. long, from grayish green pseudo- bulbs: fls. nearly 3 in. across, numerous, in racemes; petals and sepals whitish, all more or less overlapping, the former oval-oblong, the latter pbovate-oblong; labellum flat, large, 3-lobed, the mid-lobe cleft; a yellow or crimson blotch in front of the short column; scapes from 2-3 ft. high, hairy. Blooms in winter. Malaya. B.M. 4671. F.E. 9:325. A.F. 6:655. F.S. 8:816. — A most popular orchid. There are many forms, of which the following are the most important: Var. gigantea, Hort. Larger in all parts: fls. white, with red eye. Var. nivalis, Hort. Fls. pure white. Var. Turneri, Hort. (C. Turneri, Reichb. f.). Fls. more numerous, labellum with a crimson blotch; blooms later in the season than the next. Var. rftbro-oculata, Hort. Labellum with a crimson-purple blotch. Oct.-Feb. G. 10:629. Var. l&teo-oculata, Hort. Yellow-blotched. Var. Regnieri, Hort. (C. Regnieri, Reichb. f . C. Stevensi- dna, Regnier). Pseudobulbs more elongated, with a depression above the middle: labellum rose-colored, with a purple blotch in front of column, less deeply CALANTHE CALATHEA 619 lobed than in the type. A.F. 6:655. Var. Regnieri Wflliamsii, Hort. (C. Williamsii, Hort.). Sepals white, sometimes shaded pink; petals white, rose- bordored; lip deep rose. veratrifdlia, R. Br. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 2 ft. long, from a creeping rhizome: fls. white, in dense corymbose racemes; petals obovate-spatulate; sepals obovate-oblong; labellum 4-parted, the anterior lobes usually broader than the posterior or basal lobes. Blooms May-July. Malaya. B.M. 2615. Veitchii, Lindl. Fig. 735. A hybrid between C. rosea and C. vestita: fls. rose-colored; labellum with white spot near the base. Winter-flowering. There is also a white variety. This hybrid was raised by Veitch, in 1856. B.M. 5375. Gng. 14:134. A.F. 25:1093. Forms of this are var. bella, Hort., with pink fls.; var. nigro- oculata gigantea, Hort., with stout sts., the fls. white with an eye of reddish crimson; var. Sandhurstiana, Hort., with crimson fls.; var. Sedenii, Hort., with deep rose fls.; var. superba, Hort., has richer color. Masftca, Lindl. Scape 2 ft. long, with large, many- ribbed, dark Ivs.: fls. 1 in. across, the segms. overlap- ping, deep violet, fading to lilac, the lip deep violet- purple. Summer and autumn. N. India. B.M. 4541. Var. grandifldra, Hort., is of greater size throughout. C. burmdnica, Rolfe. Fls. mauve-purple, with yellow creat. Burma.— C. Clive, Hort. (C. Veitchii X?).— C. Codfcsonii, Hort. (C. Veitchii XC. vestita luteo-oculata). Fls. pure white, except a blotch of yellow in the throat and a few lemon-yellow lines on lip. — C. Cornelius Vanderbilt, Hort. (C. vestita rubro-oculata X C. Veitchii). — C. discolor, Lindl. Sts. leafy: fls. with claret sepals and petals and a 3-lobed white lip flushed rose. Japan. G.C. III. 35: 389. B.R. 26:55. — C. Eyermannii, Hort. (C. vestita rubro- oculata x C. Veitchii). Racemes shorter than in C. Veitchii, with larger, more spreading white fls. with a reddish blotch at the base of the lip. G.F. 4:17. — C. gigas, Hort. (C. grandiflora X C. Regnieri). Fls. nearly 3 in. across, borne on a st. over 5 ft. tall; sepals petals milk-white, the latter tinged rose at base and apex; lip 4 lobed, bright rose, striated with pale rose or white, a reddish crimson blotch at the base. — C. Hennisii, Loher. Similar to C. vestita. Philippines. G.C. III. 46:34, desc. — C. madagascariensis, Rolfe. Sepah and petals rosy mauve; lip dull ma- genta with white spot at base. G.C. III. 28: 335, desc. — C. McWilliamsii, Hort.=(?).— C. Orpeti&na, Hort. — C •,ri, Rolfe. Sepals white; petals much 11 purple, changing finally to orange. GEO. V. NASH.f only by constant syringing and damping down amongst the plants; therefore the need for abundance of drain- age is apparent, whether they are grown in pots or planted out in a border. It is only by planting them out with a free root-run that calatheas may be had in their full beauty; and when so grown a collection of these plants forms one of the most beautiful examples of tropi- cal foliage. Particular attention should be given to protecting them from all strong sunshine, the thin text- ure of their leaves rendering them specially liable to damage from this cause. Most of the species are of easy culture providing the above conditions are fol- lowed. Many of them spread rapidly and make quick growth; therefore they require to be potted or over- hauled every spring, but when once well established, they may be fed with liquid manure once a week. — Propagation is by dividing the crowns, or by cuttings summitenxe, Hort. — C. Wdrj narrower, white; lobed lip Madagascar. CALATHEA (Greek for basket, the application not apparent). Marantdcese. Perennial foliage plants of warmhouses, with maranta-like leaves arising in a tuft from the crown. Sepals 3, free and equal; corolla tubular, with 3 spreading lobes; stamens 3, petal-like, 2 sterile, and 1 bearing an anther on its side (compare Canna). From Maranta the genus differs chiefly in technical charac- ters. In Maranta the fr. is 1-seeded, in Calathea usually 3-seeded; in the former the fl. -clusters are branched and few-fld., in Calathea usually capitate or cone-like. — Of calatheas there are more than 100 species, mostly of Trop. Amer., but a few of trop. Afr. The Ivs., for which the plant is grown, are variously marked with shades of green, red, brown, yellow, and white. They spring from the very base of the short st., just above the rhizome, the rhi/omes themselves more or less tuberiferous (Fig. 736). Monogr. by Schumann in Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 11 (1902). All the calatheas thrive in a moist tropical house in a temperature that does not go below 65° F., with a rise during the day to 90° or 95° F. For general pur- poses, the best compost in which to grow them is made of equal parts of good turfy loam, leaf -mold and sand. Some of the more delicate species are best grown in leaf -mold and sand only. Stagnation of the soil must be particularly avoided by abundance of drainage, as they require to be kept rather moister at the roots than most stove plants. The close moist atmospherical conditions that these plants require can be secured 40 in those kinds that make secondary growths, these cut- tings being taken just below the nodes. In just before growth begins, is a good time for this work. Tubers may be used, if produced. In Florida, calat'heas grow exceedingly well in shady lath plant-houses. The soil should be leaf -mold and very old cow- manure added to the original natural soil. Commercial fer- tilizer should never be used. In very cold weather they should be covered with pine branches and leaves or pine- needles. All the kinds soon form very beautiful clumps. All of them need much water while they are growing, but not in the winter if they are planted out in beds. Each spring they must be replanted in fresh soil. Then the clumps may be divided, or if large specimen plants are desired, they may be left intact. (Nehrling.) The calatheas are a confusing group to the horti- culturist, because the differences that he knows lie mostly in characters of leaf and habit and these are variable. The size of leaf and plant depends much on the treatment, and in some species the juvenile leaves are different from the mature ones. The coloration of the foliage depends much on the age, and the way in which the plants are grown. However, we may roughly throw the species into two groups, — the small- 620 CALATHEA leaved and the large-leaved, although it is a question where to place such intermediate kinds as C.Veitchiana, C. insignis, C. leopardina, C. Sanderiana, C. nigricans, and some others; or we may arrange them in two groups by the red-marked kinds (of foliage), and by the green-, gray- and white-marked kinds, but this would not account for the juvenile and adult stages of C. leopardina, C. imperial™, C. Chantrieri, C. ornata, and others. The botanical classification by floral characters would be .of little use to the general horti- culturist. Some plants known in collections as calatheas are likely to be marantas, phryniums, monotagmas, ctenanthe, or others. The radical tufted leaves and capitate inflorescence of Calathea, and the zigzag stems and branched inflorescence and small flowers of Maranta are general characters of separation between these two genera. In the present account, the attempt has been made to draw the characters as much as possible from cultivated specimens apparently authentically named. Albertii, 15. alho-lineata, 12, 35. Alluia, 32. angustifolia, 3. argyrophylla, 39. Bachemiana, 45. Binotii, 42. Chantrieri, 34. chimboracensis, 5. consptcua, 23. crocata, 18. crotalifera, 31. discolor, 3. eximia, 26. farinosa, 8. fasciata, 8. flavescens, 10. Foxii, 19. • Gouletii, 22. gracilis, 25. grandiflora, 10. illustris, 20. imperialis, 36. INDEX. insignis, 38. Legrelliana, 30. leopardina, 33. Lietzei, 23. Lindeniana, 28. Louisse, 21. Luciana, 9. majestica, 35. Makoyana, 16. Marcellii, 14. micans, 4. Neubertii, 23. nigricans, 40. nitens, 17. noctiflora, 25. olivaris, 16. ornata, 12, 35. ovali folia, 8. Pavonii, 2. picta, 24. princeps, 29. propinquum, 7, pulchella, 43. pumilum, 4. regalis, 35. roseo-lineata, 1. roseo-picta, 1. roseo-striata, 29. rotundifolia, 8. rufibarba, 27. Sagoreana, 11. Sanderiana, 37. Sophise, 41. tigrina, 43. trifasciata, 7. tubispatha, 2. Vandenheckei, 22. Veitchiana, 19. virginalis, 14. vittata, 12. Wagneri, 1. Wallisii, 13. . Warscewiczii, 44. Wiotiana, 6. zebrina, 42. A. Markings of If. (upper surface) in red or In-own, at least in part. 1. rdseo-picta, Regel (C. roseo-lineata, Hort.? Mardnta rdseo-picta, Lind. M. Wagneri, Hort.). Dwarf: Ivs. nearly orbicular, purple beneath, the upper side dark green, the midrib red, and an irregular red zone (sometimes two zones) two-thirds of the distance from the midrib toward the margin. Amazon. F.S. 16:1675-6. Gn. 2, p. 3. 2. Pavdnii, Kcern. (C. tubispatha, Hook. f.). Two feet or less high: Ivs. obovate-elliptic, short-acuminate or cuspidate, thin, greenish beneath, lively green above, and marked midway between the rib and the margin with lighter green and squarish patches of brown. Peru. B.M. 5542. 3. angustifdlia, Koern. (Mardnta discolor, Hort.). Habit loose, erect, only slightly spreading at apex: growths bearing 1-4 Ivs. from 1-5 ft. high; blade lanceolate, unequilateral, %-2 ft. long, rich light green with fine lines of purple-red above, rich shining red beneath; petiole erect, stout, 1-3 ft. high, rich dark red, heavily marked with light green tuberculate spots; sheath extending from one-third to one-half its length: in the juvenile form the whole of the plant is densely covered with reddish brown hairs, but in the adult plant, the blade is almost entirely glabrous. Cent. Amer. B.M. 8149. AA. Markings of If. mostly on the order of green or white (exceptions in juvenile stages of Nos. 35, 86, 37 and others). B. Lf. -blades small or short, usually less than 12 in. long. c. Under side of Ivs. green, grayish, or yellowish (violet informs of No. 14). 4. micans, Kcern. (Mardnta micans, Math. Phry- nium pumilum, Klotzsch). Very small: Ivs, 2-3 in. 736. Tuber of calatljea. (XH) CALATHEA long, and 1 in. wide, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat acuminate, green and shining above, the rib in a feath- ered white stripe, paler beneath. Brazil. — Probably the smallest cult. Calathea. 5. chimboracensis, Lind. Dwarf: Ivs. oblong-ovate, 8-12 in. long, acuminate, green above and below, with a very dark green white-margined band running length- wise the blade midway between the rib and each mar- gin. Neighborhood of Mt. Chimborazo. I.H. 17:6. 6. Wiotiana, Makoy (Mardnta Widtii, Morr.). Habit dwarf, spreading: rhizomes branching freely: growths bearing only a single If. each; blade linear- lanceolate, slightly oblique, 4- 12 in. long, undulate, acute, upper side silvery gray with a narrow band of light green around the margin ; midrib green, with a row arranged pinnately, along either side of the midrib, of dark olive-green blotches or stripes; under side dull grayish green finely striated all over between the principal veins with patches of light yellowish green; petiole 3-15 in. long, erect or spread- ing-, light green, terete sheath entirely absent. Prob- ably Brazil. — A most beautiful species; thrives best in leaf-mold and sand. 7. trifasciata, Kcern. (Phrynium propinquum, Poepp. & End!.). Habit dwarf, spreading, with short free- branching rhizomes: growths bearing 1 If. only; blade cordate-ovate, unequilateral, 3-12 in. long, apex acute, and half twisted around, upper side silvery gray shading to green at the margins and with a row on either side of the midrib of dark green stripes arranged pinnately, under side light green, prominently striated on both upper and lower sides with a network of fine veins connecting all the principal lateral veins; midrib pale yellowish brown on the under side and covered with dark brown hairs in the lower half and extending for an inch or more on the apex of the petiole; petiole 3-12 in. long, light green, glabrous except in the upper inch or so; scale Ivs. reddish brown. Guiana. — A companion plant to C. Wiotiana, to which it is closely allied, but differs in the broader and paler color of the Ivs. Of easy cult. 8. fasciata, Regel & Kcern. Habit dwarf, compact: Ivs. 10-18 in. long, reflexed; growths bearing 1-3 Ivs.; blade broadly ovate or orbicular, acute or obtuse, glabrous 5-10 in. long, slightly undulate; upper side rich dark olive-green alternately marked by trans- verse bars of silvery white; under side dull grayish green; petiole 4-8 in. long, spreading, dull green, covered with short and minute brownish hairs; sheath extending up to one-half the length of the petiole, upper part terete. Brazil. Gn. 2, p. 3. — Considered by some to be a variety of C. rotundifolia, Koern. C. farinosa and C. ovalifolia are probably stages in the development of this plant or perhaps slight varieties. 9. Luciana, Hort. Habit medium to strong, compact, more or less tufted: growths with 2-5 Ivs., usually with 3, arching over at the tips and J^-3 ft. high; blade elliptic, oblique, glabrous, acute, slightly undulate, 3-12 in. long, upper side light pea-green feathered along the midrib with pale greenish white and with a concentric zone of the same shade near the margin of the If., under side dull grayish green; petiole erect, slender, rigid, pale green, glabrous or nearly so; sheath extending from one-half to nearly the entire length of the petiole, upper part oval, slightly flattened on each side: infl. a short few-fld. spike; peduncle 1-3 in. long; bracts spreading or erect, ovate, light reddish brown, \}/2 in. long; fls. in pairs, yellow; sepals thin, linear, one-third the length of the tube; corolla yellow; petals elliptic, %in. long, spreading, acute; the 2 petaloid aborted stamens obovate, J^in. long, bright yellow, CALATHEA CALATHEA 621 and striped or blotched with bright red; style curved, ^in. long, yellow. Trop. Amer. 10. flavescens, Lindl. Habit tufted, glabrous in all parts: growths with 3-5 Ivs., 1-2 ^ ft. high; blade elliptic, slightly oblique, 6-12 in. long, acute, light green above, soft grayish green below; petiole 12-18 in. long, pale yellowish green finely spotted with darker green; sheath one-third to one-half the length of the petiole, upper part oval: infl. a dense globose short raceme; peduncle less than an inch; bracts large, elliptic, outer ones 2 in. long, bracteoles smaller, linear or lanceolate; fls. in pairs, sessile or nearly so, an inch diam.; sepal primrose, equal, lanceolate; petals large, bilobed, obovate, bright yellow. Brazil. B.R. 932. — Perhaps to be referred to C. grandiflora, Schum. 11. Sagoreana, Hort. (Mardnta Sagoredna, Hort.). Habit dwarf and compact: growth bearing 2-4 Ivs., usually with 3, and from 6-18 in. high, erect at first, arching towards the apex; blade lanceolate, unequi- lateral, 4-9 in. long, pale yellowish green with a row on either side of the midrib of arrowhead-shaped blotches of dark green which give this plant a distinct and pretty appearance, the under side in plain yellow- ish green; petiole slender, erect, 6-12 in. long; sheath extending only to about a quarter of its length, upper part terete. 12. vittata, Koern. (C. dlbo-linedta, Hort. C. or- ndta var. dlbo-linedta and Mardnta dlbo-linedta, Hort.). Habit dwarf, compact, 3^~2 ft. high: growths with 2-5 Ivs.; blade elliptic-lanceolate, slightly oblique, 3-12 in. long, glabrous, acute, upper side light green, pinnately striped with white from apex to base, underside pale dull green shaded between the veins with slightly lighter yellowish green ; petiole slender, erect or spread- ing, 3-15 in. high, light green, glabrous; sheath extend- ing from one-third to one-half its length, upper part terete. Probably Colombia. 13. Wallisii, Regel (Mardnta Wallisii, Lind.). Habit strong, but neat and graceful, branching and forming numerous growths: growths bearing from 2-7 Ivs., and 1-4 ft. high; blade broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, 6-12 in. long, rich h'ght velvety green along the margin and midrib and with a row on either side of the midrib of dark irregular blotches of olive-green, under side soft grayish green; petiole erect, slender; sheath, extending to half the length of the petiole, and covered with soft hairs, upper part terete: with the exception of the sheathing lower half of the If .-stalks, the whole plant is glabrous. Peru. — One of the commonest species in cult, and of very easy culture. A useful and decorative pot-plant. 14. virginalis, Lind. Lvs. soft-hairy below, broad- oval, rather blunt, 7-9 in. long, 4-6 in. broad, upper surface light green, and below, in the common form, whitish green and lighter zones shown, as on the upper surface, — or in another form, which has been distribu- ted in gardens as C. (Maranta) Marcellii, under side shaded a light violet and without zones. Brazil. A.F. 7:611. — Allied to C. Veitchiana, but has bracts with indurated tips rather than membranaceous. cc. Under side of Ivs. violet, purple, or suffiised with red. 15. Albertii, Hort. (Mardnta Albertii, Pynaert & Van Geert). Habit dwarf, spreading, less than a foot high: growths bearing 2-5 Ivs., erect or spreading; blade oblique, elliptic, undulate, acute, 4-9 in. long, glabrous, upper side dark green feathered on either side of the midrib with a band of pale yellowish green, under side dull green suffused with light purple-red: infl. a few-fld. terminal spike; peduncle 3-4 in. long, pale green; floral bracts half reflexed outwards, orbicu- lar or broadly ovate, %in. long; bracteoles 4-6, white, scarious; fls. in pairs, pure white; sepals half the length of the tube; petals lanceolate, J^in. long, tube %in. long; 2 petaloid stamens slightly longer than the petals^ obovate, fertile stamen hooded and curved over the stigma; style and stigma short curved, white. 16. Makoyana, Nichols. (Mardnta Makoydna, Morr. M. olivdris, Hort.). One to 4 ft.: Ivs. broad-oblong, obtuse or somewhat short-pointed, the stalks red, the If. olive-green or cream-colored above but marked against the midrib with outspreading, dark green blotches of oblong, oval or pyrifprm shape, the under surface similarly marked, but in red. Brazil. F.S. 20:2048-9. G.C. 1872: 1589. Gn. 4, p. 87. 17. nitens, Bull. Habit dwarf; blade elliptic, acute, glabrous, upper side bright green, with oblong acute bars of dark olive-green, alternate long and short, on either side of the midrib, under side dull green tinted with dull red. Brazil. — Distinct and pretty. 18. crocata, Morr. & Joris. Whole plant 12 in. high: Ivs. sub-distichous; petiole 2-3 in. long, sheath- ing most of its length; blade 4-5 in. long, erect, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat undulate, dark green and veined above, rose-purple beneath: spike short, the bracts bright saffron-yellow. Brazil. B.M. 7820. G.C. III. 28:113. G.M. 53:265. J.H. III. 60:329. G. 32 :263. F.W. 1876 : 161.— A free bloomer and showy when in flower. 19. Veitchiana, Hook. f. Fig. 737. Habit strong, loose, and spreading, 1-4 ft. high: growths with 2-8 Ivs., usually with 3; blade ovate or elliptic-ovate, oblique, acute, undulate, glabrous, 4-12 in. long, upper side rich dark glossy green, feathered along either side of the midrib with an irregular band of pale green and with an inner zone of dark olive-green blotches and an outer one of pale yellowish green (often shading to white) between the midrib and margin; under side similarly blotched, but in shades of purple -red and rosy red; petiole J^-3 ft. long, stout, green and gla- brous above, tinted with reddish brown and hairy in lower part; sheath extending from one- third to one- half the length of the petiole, upper part terete: infl. 737. Calathea Veitchiana. 622 CALATHEA on erect densely fld. spike on peduncle 4-6 in. long; spike 2-3 in. long, with a rosette 2 in. diam., of large green foliolose erect or capped spreading bracts; floral bracts erect, spreading at the tips, ovate, an inch long, outer ones covered in lower part with brown hairs ; fls. in pairs, primrose-white, tube %in. long, slender; sepals erect, J^in. long, lanceolate; petals elliptic Kin. long, reflexed; fertile stamen hooded, small, 2 aborted petaloid ones longer than the petals, obovate, bilobed, with a bright violet blotch on the front; style and stigma small, curved. Peru. B.M. 5535. G.C. 1870:924. Gn. 2, p. 545. F.S. 16:1655-8.— A dwarf var. F6xii, Raffill, has recently been intro. into cult, from Venezuela. It differs from the type in its dwarf habit, rarely exceeding 10-12 in. high: Ivs. broader, more reflexed, and with a bright rose or red midrib; the color of the markings of the If. are darker and of a slightly different shape, the dark inner zone of green being more broken in outline, and running into the midrib: infl. smaller, but the fls. in size and color are the same as in the type. 20. illustris, Nichols. (Mardnta illtistris, Lindl.). Habit dwarf and compact, 6-9 in. high: Ivs. spreading, growths bearing 2-5 Ivs. 6-9 in. long; blade oblique, ovate, acute, undulate, 4-6 in. long, 2-5 in. broad, upper side rich dark shining olive-green, with a bluish metallic luster over the whole, the midrib being feath- ered on either side with dull silvery white and an irregu- lar zone of the same color running the complete circle of the blade, under side dull purplish red; petiole 2-3 in. long, spreading, dull greenish brown; sheath extend- ing to one-half the length of the petiole, upper part terete; petioles, If .-scales and under side of the midrib covered with minute brown hairs: infl. an erect, capi- tate, few-fld. spike, on slender peduncle 4-6 in. long; bracts of two kinds, the upper 3 or 4 green, folio- lose ovate, spreading over the floral bracts, and curv- ing upward at the tips; lower bracts scarious, orbicu- lar, light brown and shading to bright red at the point of attachment to the rachis, bracteoles 2-4, lanceo- late, shorter than the bract: fls. in pairs; sepals white, two-thirds length of the tube, tube %in. long; petals lanceolate, white, spreading, Kin- long; 2 aborted petaloid stamens larger than the petals, obovate, lower one heavily blotched with purple; stamen hooded; style and stigma white, curved, J^in. long; ovary minute, white. Ecuador. F.S. 16:1691-2. — By some regarded as derived from C. roseo-picta. 21. Louisae, Chantrier (Mardnta Louisas' Hort.). Habit tufted, 2-3 ft. high: growths with 2-5 Ivs.; blade elliptic, only slightly oblique, glabrous, acute margins plain or slightly undulate, 6-12 in. long, upper side light pea-green, feathered along the midrib with white, changing with age to a soft greenish white; under side light green tinted with pale purple-red; petiole K-2K ft- long, slender, erect, green, covered with soft minute brown hairs; sheath extending from one-third to one-half the length of the petiole, upper part terete: infl. an erect spike, elliptic in outline, on a leafy peduncle 4-12 in. long; bracts creamy white, reniform, obtuse or acute, bracteoles numerous, white, scarious; fls. in pairs; sepals linear, cream, half the length of the tube, tube %in. long; petals lanceolate, reflexed; lip elliptic, with bright yellow disk reflexed with scarious margins; column white or cream, linear curved towards the lip. 22. Vandenheckei, Regel (Mardnta and C. GouUtii, Hort.). Habit dense and tufted, 1-2K ft. high: growths with 1-3 Ivs., usually 2; blade oblique, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 3-9 in. long, acute, upper side glabrous, rich dark green, marbled with silvery white along the midrib and an irregular undulating line of the same color running the complete circle of the blade, the intervening tissue in some cases will be also entirely composed of this silvery white colored tissue and the CALATHEA green part reduced to a marginal ring Kin. diam.; these two strikingly distinct forms of Ivs. will often be found on a single plant in adjoining growths; in this case it is not that either of them represent the adult stage, as both are of frequent occurrence on the same plant and both produce infls.; under side, dull purple-red; petiole erect or spreading, dull reddish brown; sheath reaching from one- third to one-half its length, upper part terete or oval: infl. an erect narrow spike, sometimes sessile but more commonly on a peduncle 3-15 in. high; bracts erect, ovate, green tinted with brown, closely adpressed and forming a narrow cone-like mass some 3-5 in. long, the upper pair of bracts always being enlarged and spreading outwards like 2 small elliptic Ivs.: fls. in pairs, white; sepals half the length of the tube; tube %in. long; petals elliptic spreading; column curved, white with brown stripe. — A fine stove plant for large or small pots, and on account of its tufted habit is of great use for decora- tion. Of very easy cult. 23. Lietzei, E. Morr. (Mardnta conspicua, Bull. M. Neiibertii, Hort.). Habit dwarf, spreading by means of runners: growths bearing from 1-7 Ivs. K~2 ft. high; blade obliquely elliptic, acute, undulate, glabrous, 3-9 in. long, upper side soft velvety green, striped along the principal veins with dark olive-green and feathered between the veins with splashes of yellowish green, lower side dull purple-red, midrib brown; petiole 3-15 in. long, softly tomentose in lower part; sheath extend- ing from one-half to nearly the entire length of the petiole: infl. borne upon long slender leafy sts., which later become swollen and root at the nodes and change to runners, thus forming an easy means of prop: few- fld., bracts green, ovate; fls. in pairs in axil of each bract, pure white, Kin. diam.; sepals linear; petals obovate. Brazil. B.H. 25:273. 24. picta, Hook. f. (Mardnta picta, Hort.). Habit dense and compact, covered in all parts with soft velvety hairs: growths with 4-10 Ivs. and K~3 ft. high; blade elliptic, undulate, acute, 6-15 in. long, upper side rich velvety olive-green, feathered on either side of the midrib, pale yellowish green; under side rich purple-red; petiole 3-18 in. long, dull red; sheath extend- ing nearly the entire length of the petiole, the upper inch or two being terete, and rather brighter in color than the lower part: infl. a dense cone-like spike, borne on long slender terete sts. 1-3 ft. long and bear- ing 1 or more Ivs. which change into runners after the fls. are over, becoming fleshy and rooting at the nodes, forming a ready means of prop.; bracts 1-2 in. long, erect, elliptic or ovate, pale primrose tinted with rose or violet; fls. in pairs, 1 in. diam., primrose tinted with violet. Brazil. B.M. 7674. G.C. III. 22:293. 25. noctifldra, Hort. (Mardnta noctiflora, Regel & Krern. M. grdcilis, Hort.). Habit loose and spreading, 1-2 K ft- high: growths with 2 or 3 Ivs.; blade elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 6-12 in. long, pendulous or horizontal, upper side pale yellowish green, pinnately striped with rich dark green bars along the principal veins, lower side light green faintly suffused with dull red, the prin- cipal veins being more strongly marked with a deeper shade of red; petiole erect, rigid, 6-18 in. long; sheath, extending to half its length, upper part terete, green. Probably Brazil. — Perhaps a true Maranta. 26. eximia, Kcern. (Phrynium eximium, Koch). Habit loose and spreading: growths bearing 1-3 Ivs., usually 2, and from 1-3 ft. long; blade elliptic or ellip- tic-ovate, acute, 6-15 in. long, upper surface alter- nately striped with rich olive-green and light silver tissue, and arranged in the form of a feather, midrib channeled pale yellowish green, under side rich dark wine-red, glabrous above, softly tomentose with brown hairs beneath; petiole spreading, stout, 1-2 ft. long, lower part light green, reddish brown above, beneath extending from one-third to nearly the entire length of CALATHEA CALATHEA 623 the petiole, upper part oval or terete. Cent. Amer. Gt. 686. — One of the finest and most beautiful mem- bers of the genus. 27. rufibarba, Fenzl. Habit erect, densely tufted: growths with 3-7 Ivs. 13^-4 ft. long; blades linear- lanceolate, 6-12 in. long, rich shining green, suffused with purplish red below, undulate, acute; petiole %- 2l/2 ft. long, terete above the sheath; sheath extending from 2-10 in. of the base of the If., dull red heavily spotted with green. Probably Brazil. B.M. 7560. — Densely hairy in all its parts. 28. Lindeniana, Wallis (C. lAndenii, Wallis & Andre). Lvs. elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate (12 in. or less long), deep green above with an olive-green zone either side of the midrib, and beyond which is a darker zone of green, the under side counterfeiting the upper side, but with purplish zones. Brazil. I.H. 18:82. — By some considered to be a form of C. ruseo-picta. 29.- princeps, Regel (Mardnta princeps, Lind.). Lf. elongated or elliptical-lanceolate, 7-10 in. long, 3-3 y% in. broad, light green above, with broad black- green, flaming, broken band along the middle nerve, violet-purple below. Amazon. 30. Legrelliana, Regel. Lf. elliptical, pointed, 5-6 in. long, 2-33^ in. broad, above shining green, with broad, white, flam- ing, broken middle band along the middle nerve and numerous broken white linear small bands between the side nerves; lower surface whitish gre'en and marked with red and green. Colombia, Ecuador. — A neat species. BB. Lf .-blades larger, mostly upwards of 12 in. long. c. Under side of Ivs. green (red in juvenile states of Nos. 34 and others and in No. 37 and perhaps No. 45}. 31. crotalifera, Wats. RATTLESNAKE PLANT. Lvs. oval, abruptly acute at each end, 1^-2 ft. long, and 10-12 in. broad, yellowish green, with a white- margined midrib, paler underneath; petiole 2-3 ft. long, curved, sheathing: peduncles 1 or 2, 8-10 in. high, bearing distichous yellow-fld. spikes. Guatemala. — Offered in Fla. The spikes suggest the rattle of a rattlesnake (Crotalus) whence the specific name. 32. Alluia, Lindl. Habit erect: growths bearing 4-10 Ivs. 2-4 ft. long; blade 1-2 ft. long, elliptic, arching in upper half, light green above, pale silvery gray below, margins slightly undulate; petiole erect, often as much as 2 ft. long, green, striped with dull red on each side, the sheath extending up to within 2-3 in. of the apex, where it becomes terete. W. Indies. — Alluia is a native Carib name. 33. leopardina, Regel (Mardnta leopardina, Bull). Habit strong and vigorous, quickly forming a large and fine specimen: growths bearing 3-7 erect or spreading Ivs., often as much as 5 ft. high, and arching over at the tip; blade to 20 in. long, elliptic, slightly oblique, acute, slightly undulate, and glabrous in all parts, upper side rich green in the adult stage; in the juvenile stage the Ivs. are dark olive-green in the center, with an irregular outer band of paler green, forming a com- plete zone between the dark green center and margin; under side light green; petiole 1-4 ft. high, rigid, erect; sheath extending from one- third to one-half the length of the petiole, upper part terete, glabrous, shining light green. Brazil. — A near ally of C. Chant- rieri, but not so brightly colored in the markings of the If. 738. Calathea zebrina. 34. Chantrleri, Hort. (Mardnta Chantrieri, Andr6). Habit strong and vigorous, erect, spreading and arch- ing above: growths bearing 3-4 Ivs. and reaching as much as 6 or 7 ft. high in the adult stage; blade elliptic, glabrous; in the juvenile stage the larger part of the upper side of the If. is a pale yellowish green with a dark green irregular band running around the margins and along the midrib, the under side is rich purplish red, in the adult stage the color on both sides of the If. is all lost and becomes a rich dark green, the inter- mediate stages of development are marked by a gradual loss of the light yellowish green on the upper side and purple-red of the lower and the gradual encroachment of the dark green color which predominates in the adult stage; petiole 13^-5 ft. long, downy when young, glabrous when old, spreading out- ward; sheath extending from one- half to three-fourths of its length, upper part terete. Brazil. — A near ally, if not a variety of the older C. leopardina, Regel. cc. Under side of Ivs. in shades of purple or red (or perhaps green in No. 45). 35. ornata, Koern. (Mardnta ornata, Lind. M. regdlis, Hort.) . Habit vigorous, erect, spreading with age: growths bearing 1^4 Ivs.; blade ellip- tic or elliptic-cordate, acute, 1-3 ft. long, rich shining green above (in the adult stage), dull purple-red below, the Ivs. in the juvenile stage all beautifully striped between the prin- cipal veins with rose or pink, which in the intermediate stage changes to white and disappears entirely in the adult; petiole erect spreading with age, often as much as 4 ft. long and thick in pro- portion; sheath extending from one-third to one-half its length, upper part terete, slightly downy, especially in the lower part. Guiana to Ecuador. F.S. 4:413-14— The forms this plant assumes during the different stages of its development have been distinguished by some nurserymen who have distributed them under separate names, C. regalis, C. majestica, and C. roseo-striata all being stages of the one plant. To add to the confusion they are also known in the trade under the generic name of Maranta. The plant known as C. albo-lineata or Maranta albo-lineata, has been referred by some authors to this species, but it has no near affinity and is a different plant from C. ornata, C. imperialis or C. Sanderiana. 36. imperialis, Hort. (Mardnta imperialis, Hort.). Habit vigorous,- erect, spreading in the adult stage: growths with 2-7 Ivs. 6 in. to 5 ft. long; blade as much as 2 ft. long when adult, elliptic-ovate, acute, entire, shiny green above, rich purple-red below; petiole stout, erect or spreading, dull green; sheath developed about half its length, upper part terete.— One of the best species for decorative effect. This species presents a striking dissimilarity between the juvenile and adult stages of growth. The juvenile stage is much the better for horticultural purposes as the Ivs. are then striped with bright rose or pink between the principal lateral veins. This color gradually changes as the plant grows stronger and becomes vigorous, the stripes on the lower Ivs. first becoming white and gradually disappear- ing on the Ivs. that are developed after the plant reaches the adult stage, until a stage is reached when all the color and stripes on the upper side of the Ivs. are lost and the Ivs. are a rich shining green color. The high color is again developed as soon as the plant is disturbed at the roots either for prop, or by injury. 624 CALATHEA 37. Sanderiana, Hort. (Mardnta Sanderiana). A species closely allied to C. imperialis but differing in the broader and shorter If.-blades, darker color of the under sides of the Ivs , transverse striation between the veins, the hairy character of the petioles and under side of the Ivs. Habit erect, spreading with age : growths bearing 1-4 Ivs.; blades ovate, or elliptic-ovate, up to as much as 2 ft. long when adult, acute, green above (in the adult stage), rich plum-red below; Ivs. in the juvenile stage are striped with bright rose which become white in the intermediate stage and entirely disappear in the adult; petiole erect, stout; sheath extending from one- third to one-half its length, upper part terete; If.-scales, petioles and under sides of the Ivs. slightly pubescent. Brazil. — C. ornata, C. imperialis and C. Sanderiana are probably all forms of one very variable species. 38. insignis, Bull. Habit tufted, dwarf and compact: growths bearing 2-3 Ivs. and from J^-3 ft. high; blade linear-lanceolate, 3-18 in. long, undulate, acute, glabrous, upper side highly glabrous, pale yellowish green shad- ing to rich olive green at the edges, and with a row on either side of the midrib arranged pinnately of alter- nate long and short blotches of dark olive-green, giving the plant a most distinct and striking effect; under side a rich dark maroon-red; petiole 3-20 in. long, rigid, slender; sheath only developed near the base, upper part terete, green. Brazil. J.H. III. 45:218. — One of the most beautiful foliage plants in cult, and one which thrives well in a hot moist stove in a mixture of leaf-mold and sand. 39. argyrophylla, Hort. A garden hybrid. Habit spreading: growths with 2-5 Ivs. 1-3H ft- long, 12-20 in. long, elliptic, silvery white, feathered with pale green above and rich reddish brown below; petiole 12-20 in. long, pale green, striped along the back with red; sheath extending up to within 4-8 in. of the If.-blade, upper part terete and slightly channeled on upper side, glabrous in all parts. 40. nigricans, Gagnep. Habit loose, light and elegant, erect at first, spreading with age: growths bearing 2-3 Ivs., 2-5 ft. high; blade elliptic, occasionally lanceolate, acute, undulate, 12-20 in. long, rich dark velvety green above, dull red below; petiole 1-4 ft. long, erect; sheath extending to one-third the length of the petiole, upper two- thirds terete, dull green in color: infl. arising from center of the growth of the Ivs., an erect globose spike with large fofiose; bracts: fls. 2-3 in the axil of each bract, 1 in. diam., primrose in color, petals shaded with purple; tube 1 in. long; bracts green, reflexed, upper ones forming an umbrella-like mass under which the fls. are developed in the axils of the lower bracts. Trop. Amer. R.H. 1904, p. 576. 41. Spphiae, Hort. Habit medium to strong: growths with 3-7 Ivs. and 1-3 ft. high; blade elliptic, acute, undu- late, 12-18 in. long, rich bright velvety green with a bright yellowish green channeled midrib above, light red below; petiole erect, rigid, covered with soft tomen- tum; sheath extending from one-third to one-half the length of the petiole, upper part terete. — Closely allied to C. nigricans. 42. zebrina, Lindl. (Mardnta zebrina, Sims). ZEBRA PLANT. Fig. 738. Habit compact, 1-3 ft. high: growths bearing from 6-20 spreading Ivs. ; blade elliptic, obtuse or acute, slightly undulate, %-2 ft. long, upper side rich velvety green, with alternating bars of pale yel- lowish green and dark olive-green, under side light pur- ple-red in the adult stage, and pale grayish green in the young stage; petiole J^-2 ft. long, pale green; sheath large, canaliculate, and extending nearly the whole length of the petiole; scape short. Variable. Brazil. B.M. 1926. L.B.C. 5:494. R.H. 1865, p. 90. S.H. 1:164. Lowe, 1. — The commonest species, occurring in nearly all collections of warm greenhouse plants. CALCEOLARIA Var. Bindtii, Hort., is a stronger - growing variety with darker colored foliage, with Ivs. as much as 4J^j ft. long. — One of the finest and best stove foliage plants in cult., of easy culture and one that should be in all collections. 43. pulchella, Koern. (Mardnta tignna, Bull). Weaker grower than C. zebrina, the Ivs. lighter colored, with two series (large and small) of broad green bars. Brazil. — By some considered to be a form of C. zebrina. 44. Warscewiczii, Koern. Rather large: Ivs. 2 ft. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, purple beneath, dark, velvety green above, but the midrib broadly feathered with yellow-green. Costa Rica. F.S. 9:939- 40. Gn. 17:560. Lowe, 17.— One of the best. 45. Bachemiana, Morr. Lvs. unequilateral, cordate at the base, ovate-lanceolate or rarely oblong, attenuate- acuminate, smooth, silvery green above, finely striate, with parallel greenish or whitish markings along the primary nerves, purplish or greenish beneath. Brazil. C. argyrssa, Kcern. Lvs. very short, unequal, oblong-lanceo- late, short-acuminate, above deep green and ash-colored, beneath purple. Country unknown. — C. arrecta, Lind. & Andre1. Tall: Ivs. oblong, red beneath, green above, with the nerves all prominent. Ecuador. I.H. 18:77. — C. bambusdcea, Poepp. & Endl.=Ischnqsi- phon. — C. Baraqulnii, Regel. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, green, with bands of white. Brazil. — C. fascinator, Hort. Dwarf: Ivs broad- qvate-oblong, purplish beneath, green above and with blotches of lighter color and transverse narrow bars of red. Brazil. I.H. 41:104 (as Maranta Fascinator). — C. gigas, Gagnep. Eight ft.: If.-blade lanceolate, 2 ft. long, 8-10 in. broad, violet-purple when young but becoming green; petioles 5 ft. long: spike cylindric, about 4 in. long, bearing 8 pairs of yellow-and-white fls. Trop. Amer. — C. hieroglyphica, Lind. & Andre1. Dwarf: Ivs. short- ovate, short-pointed, purplish beneath, green above and marked by many oblique bands or bars of silvery white. Colombia. I.H. 20:122-3. — C. Kerchoveana, Hort.=Maranta bicolor var. — C. Lageriana, Hort. Lvs. large, dark red beneath, the prominent veins rich bronze. — C. major, Hort.=Ischnosiphon. — C. Massangeana, Hort.=Maranta bicolor var Massangeana. — C. medio-plcta, Makqy (Maranta prasina, Bull). Lvs. oval-lanceolate and tapering to both ends, dark green, with the rib feathered with white from base to summit. Brazil. — C. musaica, Hort. (Maranta musiaca, Bull). A dwarf-growing species with obliquely cordate ovate Ivs. 4-6 in. long, glabrous, acute, upper side pale shining green marked with numerous close set transverse veins of a lighter shade; petiole 3-6 in. long. Brazil. — C. Oppenheimiana, Morr.= Ctenanthe. — C. pardina, Planch. & Lind.=C. villosa. — C. smarag- dlna, Lind. & Andr6=Monotagma. — C. splendens and splendida, Hort.=Maranta splendida. — C. villdsa, Lindl. Large: Ivs. 10:20 in. long, oblong-ovate, pale green, with dark brown angular blotches: fls. yellow. S. Amer. F.S. 11 : 1101-2 (as C. pardina) ; also, Lowe, 32. L H g C. P. RAFFILL. CALCEOLARIA (Latin calceolus, a slipper, alluding to the saccate flower; these plants are sometimes called lady-slippers, but the name is best used for Cypri- pedium). Scrophulariacese. Showy-flowered herbs and shrubs, grown both in the greenhouse and in the open. Leaves mostly opposite, usually hairy and rugose, entire or incised or pinnatifid: corolla 2-parted nearly to the base, the lower part or lip deflexed and inflated slipper-like, the upper lip smaller and ascending, but usually saccate; stamens 2 or rarely 3, and no rudi- ments (A, Fig. 739): fr. a many-seeded caps. — About 200 species, mostly from the Andes of Peru and Chile, but extending north to Mex.; also 2 in New Zealand. Monogr. by Kranzlin, Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 28 (1907). Many species of Calceolaria have been cultivated at one time or another, but the number now grown is few, most of the garden kinds apparently being hybrids or marked variations from specific types. The genus falls into two horticultural sections, the herbaceous kinds, and the shrubby kinds. The former are the only ones generally known in this country, being treated more or less as annuals. The herbaceous garden forms Rodigas considers to be offshoots chiefly of C. arachnoidea and C. crenatiflora, and he has called this race C. arachnoideo-crenatiflora (see I.H. 31 : 528, 536 ; 35 : 54) . In this work, however, the more inclusive terms C. herbeohybrida of Voss is employed (Fig. 739); and also the corresponding C. fruticoybrida for the shrubby CALCEOLARIA CALCEOLARIA 625 derivatives. C. crenatiflora seems to have left its impress most distinctly on the greenhouse forms. The calceo- larias are grown for the variously colored and often spotted slipper-like flowers. The shrubby forms, grown much in England, do not thrive in the heat of the American summer. The cultivation of the herbaceous and the shrubby kinds of calceolarias is about the same, with the dif- ference that the herbaceous kinds are nearly always grown from seeds, while the shrubby varieties are oftener grown from cuttings. — Seeds may be sown from the end of March until the first of September, according to the size of the plant required. Those sown early are more easily carried through the hot months than any that are propagated in the end of May or in the month of June. Sow the seeds in shallow pans with good drainage in a compost of equal parts of sand and of the day. For a first potting (which may be to 2- inch pots) the same mixture in which the seeds were sown is the best, and the seedlings should be big enough to be easily held between the finger and thumb ; and as the plants are moved along into larger pots, equal parts of fibrous loam, fern-root, leaf-mold, sand and dried cow-manure may be used, always having this compost in as lumpy a state as can be equally and conveniently packed around the plant. When the plants are well rooted in their flowering pots, they may be watered with manure water. An ordinary handful of green cow-manure to about three gallons of water may be used, and if any of the commonly used fertili- zers are to be employed for a change, the same amount of fertilizer to an equal amount of water is about right; but always water with clean water twice between these applications. — If cuttings are to be used for the propa- gation of calceolarias, they should be rooted in a temperature of 45° to 50°, kept shaded from the sun. Cuttings may be procured from the plants that are trimmed into shape during their growing period (in August or September) and should have two leaves attached and another joint to go in the sand. When rooted, treat them as described above for the seedlings. The varieties of the rugosa section are largely used for bedding plants in Europe. — Calceolarias are very sub- ject to attacks of green- and white-fly; the best means of keeping these pests in check is by fumigation with hydrocyanic gas. In the evening is the best time to fumigate, and the foliage of the plants should be per- fectly dry; in fact, it is better if possible to use no water at all in the greenhouse the day they are to be treated. In the hot months of summer, a cool evening should be selected and one-quarter of an ounce of cyanide of potassium, one ounce of sulfuric acid and two ounces of water to every 1,000 cubic feet contained in the greenhouse may be used. (See Fumigation.) The house at this season of the year should be opened up in forty-five minutes after the cyanide has been dropped into the liquid. Repeat at intervals of about three weeks. In winter the quantity may be doubled to the same cubic feet of space, and the house may be kept closed until morn- ing. When opening the ventilators after fumigating in this manner, do not breathe in the greenhouse until the air has changed, say about half an hour after, as the gas is deadly to human beings. Fumigating with tobacco will kill the green-fly, but it has no effect on the white-fly. (Geo. F. Stewart.) 739. Calceolaria herbeohybrida. the peat which is shaken out of fern-root that is to be used for potting orchids, adding about one-fourth of charcoal. All this should be sifted through a fine sieve. This material should be well mixed and placed an inch in depth in the receptacle that the seeds are to be sown in. The surface should be made as level as pos- sible, and the seeds, after being thinly scattered over the same, may be pressed gently into the compost, covering them very lightly with sphagnum moss sifted through a very fine sieve. Water by dipping the pan in a tank of water, allowing it to soak through the holes in the bottom of the pan. This mode of watering is not so liable to disturb the small seeds, as an overhead watering with a fine rose on the watering-pot. A tem- perature of 60° will cause calceolaria seeds to germi- nate, but the sun should not strike them until the cool of autumn comes. A greenhouse with a northern aspect is best for them until the end of September, giving all the air possible day and night. From the first of October until the end of March, the plants will stand the full sun, and should then be grown in a night temperature of 40°, allowing 10° or 15° of rise during alba, 14. herbeohybrida, 10. plantaginea, 3. amplexicaulis, 13. Herbertiana, 6. purpurea, 6. arachnoidea, 7. heterophylla, 8. rugosa, 11. ascendens, 15. hybrida, 5, 10. salvise folia, 11. biflora, 3. integrifolia, 11, 15. seabiossefolia, 8. Burbidgei, 5. mirabilis, 1. suberecta, 3. corymbosa, 2. Morrisonii, 3- thrysiflora, 12. crenatiflora, 1. Pavonii, 4. viscosissima, 11. denlata, 15. pendula, 1. Wheeleri, 2. fruticobybrida, 15. pinnata, 8, 9. Youngii, 10. herbacea, 10. A. Herbaceous calceolarias, some of them parents of the florists' varieties of this country. B. Lvs. simple. c. F Is. essentially yellow. 1. crenatifldra, Cav. (C. pendula, Sweet. C. mirab- ilis, Knowl. & Wesc.). One to 2 ft., the st. soft-hairy, terete: radical Ivs ovate and long-petioled (the petioles winged at top), undulate and dentate, sometimes obscurely lobed, rugose and pubescent, paler beneath, often purplish toward the tip; st.-lvs. shorter-petioled and becoming sessile above: fls. in a forking corymb, the slipper large, oblong or oblong-obovate, fur- rowed or crenate, hanging, yellow, with orange-brown dots. Chile. B.M. 3255. — From this species we appear to have derived the spots of calceolaria fls. 626 CALCEOLARIA CALCEOLARIA 2. corymbdsa, Ruiz & Pav. (C. Wheeleri, Sweet). One to 3 ft. high, the st. 4-angled : radical Ivs. ovate and sometimes cordate, obtuse or nearly so, doubly crenate, rugose and hairy, whitish beneath; st.-lys. smaller and narrower, somewhat clasping, opposite: fls. small (about half as large as in C. crenatiflora) , in a broad, somewhat loose corymb, the slipper somewhat short- oblong, clear yellow outside and marked with red lines inside. Chile. B.M. 2418. 3. biflora, Lam. (C. plantaginea, Smith. C. suberecta, Hort. C. Mdrrisonii, Don). Herbaceous, stemless: Ivs. . ovate-spatu- late, toothed at top: scapes many, few-fld.; fls. large, yellow, lower lip large and the upper one small and notched, the under side of the slipper dotted with red. Chile, Argentina. B.M. 2805. L.B.C. 15:1402. F.S.R. 2:312. 740. Calceolaria integrifolia var. viscosissima. ( X 1A) 4. P a v 6 n i i , Benth. An erect, strong- growing, herbaceous, or half shrubby species: st. terete, green, stout: Ivs. perfoli- ate, on short winged petioles, ovate or elliptic, coarsely serrate, 5^9 in. long (in a vigorous plant), and a rich light green in color: sts. and lys. densely hairy; infl. paniculate, terminal, large and handsome; fls. rich golden-yellow and marked in throat with brown, and about 1 in. diam. Peru. B.M. 4525. G. 27:663. J.H. III. 50:489. J.F. 1, pi. 32.— One of the parents of several handsome hybrids. 5. Burbidgei, Hort. (C. hybrida var. Burbidgei, Gumbl.). A garden hybrid raised at Trinity College, Dublin, by Burbidge between C. Pavonii on the one side and C. deflexa (C. fuchsisefolia) or possibly C. amplexicaulis on the other: plant erect: sts. hairy, terete: Ivs. light green, lanceolate, 5-9 in. long, serrate, winged along the petiole: infl. large, in terminal free- branching panicles; fls. 1 in. diam., rich golden yellow. G. 25:547. Gn. 47:306.— One of the finest of cool greenhouse kinds and valuable also as a bedding plant as it grows into a fine large specimen as much as 6 ft. high and branches freely from the base. .Readily prop, by cuttings. cc. Fls. purple. 6. purp&rea, Graham (C. Herbertiana, Lindl.). Sts. erect, pubescent, 1-2 ft.: radical Ivs. spatulate and acutish, with a strong midrib, sparsely hairy, rugose, dentate; st.-lvs. broad-cordate and clasping, less toothed: fls. in loose corymbs, small, purplish or red- dish violet, the slipper somewhat furrowed. Chile. B.M. 2775. B.R. 1313.— Supposed to have entered largely into purple-fid, varieties. 7. arachnoidea, Graham. St. a foot or two high, terete, branchy, woolly, with appressed hairs: Ivs. oblong or Ungulate, narrowing into long - winged petioles, clasping, obscurely toothed, rugose, woolly on both sides: peduncles in pairs, forking: fls. small, dull purple, the slipper nearly globular and furrowed. Chile. B.M. 2874. L.B.C. 16: 1557. BB. Lvs. compound, or essentially so. 8. scabiosaefolia, Sims (C. pinndta, Ruiz & Pav. C. heterophylla, Willd.). Often 2 ft., the st. terete, hairy, and leafy: Ivs. opposite, with clasping petioles, cut nearly or completely to the midrib; Ifts. varying from lanceolate to broad-oval, acuminate, ciliate, dentate: fls. very small, in small hairy corymbs, pale yellow, the slipper nearly orbicular in outline. Chile, Peru, Ecua- dor. B.M. 2405. — This is sold by seedsmen as an annual bedding plant. 9. pinnata, Linn. Often reaches 3 ft. or more: Ivs. pinnatifid or completely compound, the divisions short and nearly entire, obtuse or nearly so: fls. small, sul- fur-yellow. Chile, Peru, Bolivia. B.M. 41. — The first known garden species, still sold as an annual. 10. herbeohybrida, Voss (C. hybrida, C. herbacea, C. Yoimgii, Hort., and others). Derivatives of the herbaceous calceolarias: mostly dwarf or small (2 ft. or less), in many colors, usually with well-inflated slippers. AA. Shrubby calceolarias. B. Fls. yellow. 11. integrifSlia, Murr. (C. rugosa, Ruiz & Pav. C. salviasfolia, Pers.). Two to 6 ft. high, branchy and bushy: Ivs. glabrous, oval-lanceolate, crisped and dentate, the short petioles winged: fls. in terminal clusters, small, yellow. Chile. L.B.C. 10:942. B.R. 744, 1083.— Variable. Probably the chief source of shrubby calceolarias. Var. viscosissima, Hort. (Fig. 740), is a sticky-hairy form with sessile Ivs. and showy fls. 12. thyrsifldra, Graham. More shrubby: Ivs. linear and clustered, toothed, sessile, not hairy: fls. small, yellow, in a close, terminal cluster. Chile. B.M. 2915. 13. amplexicaftlis, HBK. A foot or two high: Ivs. cordate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent, woolly beneath and deep-rugose above, clasping: fls. small, in an upright corymb, pale yellow and spotless, the slipper hoof-shaped. Ecuador, Peru. BB. Fls. white. 14. .alba, Ruiz & Pav. Shrubby, erect, branched, the branches opposite: Ivs. linear, toothed above, with fascicles of fls. in axils: fls. small, white, of 2 very unequal lips, the upper one being very small, the throat closed. Chile. B.M. 4157. G.C.III.22:141. Gn. 51:60; 75, p. 6. J.H. III. 61:419. — A most beautiful species in England when planted out in a soil rich in humus, but should be shaded from hot sun. The plant dislikes pot culture. This species has recently been used by the hybridist in order to secure a race with white fls. The new hybrid C. Veitchii is likely to prove a great aquisition to gardens, and is partly derived from this species. 15. fruticohybrida, Voss (C. ascendens, Hort., not Lindl. C. dentdta, and C. integrifolia, Hort., for the most part). Here may be grouped the shrubby garden calceolarias that are derivatives of most other species. They are marked by the prevailing under-color of yel- low, orange or orange-red; sometimes they are yellow- ish white or dull red. C. andina, Benth. (C. Herbertiana var. pallidiflora, Lindl.). Shrubby, glandular-pubescent: Ivs. orbicular-rovate, thick, rugose, hairy: fls. small, yellow, the slipper crenate. Chile. B.M. 7326. B.R. 1576. — C. bicolor, Ruiz & Pav. Shrubby: Ivs. ovate, dentate: fls. small, the slipper sulfur-yellow above and white below. Peru. B.M. 3036. L.B.C. 18: 1783.— C. cdna, Cav. Herbaceous, tufted, scapose, 1-1 Yi ft.: Ivs. radical, oblong-lanceolate, spatulate or obovate: fls. white with small purple or rose-colored lines and blotches. Chile. B.M. 8416. — C. Clibranii. Hort.=C. profusa. F.E. 28:143. — C. deflexa, Ruiz & Pav. (C. fuchsisefolia, Hemsl.). Shrubby: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. yellow, panicled, the upper lip very large. Peru. B.M. 6431. G.C. II. 15:269. Gn. 15:258.— C, flexudsa, Ruiz & Pav sJnrubby at base: Ivs. large-ovate, coarsely crenate-dentate: fls. rather large, clear yellow, with very large CALCEOLARIA CALLA 627 green calicos. Peru. B.M. 5154. F.S. 22:2331. — C. Forgetii, Skan. Undershrub, 1-1 ^ ft., slender: Ivs. ovate, obtuse or somewhat acute, serrate: fls. small, pale yellow with a large reddish brown blotch inside the lower lip. Peru. B.M. 8436. — C. fuchsix folia, Hemsl.=C. deflexa. — C. Henrici, Hook. f. Shrubby, evergreen: Ivs. willow-like, small-toothed: fls. panicled, clear yellow, the upper lip large. Peru. B.M. 5772. — C. hyssopifdlia, HBK. Shrubby: Ivs. crowded, small, lanceolate and toothed, or at top of st. linear and entire, margins revolute: fls. rather large, in many-fld. corymbs, pale sulfur-yellow, the slipper oboyate-orbicular and crenate. Ecuador. — C. Jeffreyi,H.vrt.,ia a hybrid group between herbaceous greenhouse kinds and C. integrifqlia, produced about 10 years ago in England: 2-6 ft., with branching panicles bearing fls. about 1 in. across of few colors. — C. kewensis, Hort. Cross of C. Jef- freyi with herbaceous varieties: more compact and larger-fld. than C. Jeffrey!; colors of wide range: plant 1-2}^ ft. high and about as broad when in good bloom. G.C. III. 39:390. — C. lobdta, Cav. Herbaceous: Ivs. triangular-ovate, palmately 5-7-lobed, dentate: fls. in terminal clusters, clear, pale yellow, and spotted on the up-curved slipper. Peru, Bolivia. B.M. 4525, 6330. — C. mex- icana, Benth., is a small-fld., pale yellow species hardy in England: annual: lower Ivs. 3-parted or -lobed, the upper ones pinnatisect. Mts., Mex., Costa Rica. — C. petiolaris, Cav. (C. floribunda, Lindl.). Herbaceous: Ivs. ovate, the lower ones wing-petioled, toothed, rugose: fls. yellow in loose panicles, the lips connivent. Chile. — C. pisacomensis, Meyen. Shrubby: Ivs. ovate-cordate, nearly or quite obtuse nearly sessile, irregularly crenate, margins reflexed: fls. large, orange varying to red, the slipper up-curved. Peru. B.M. 5677. — -C. polyrrhiza, Cav. A dwarf and tufted species from Patagonia, with dark yellow purple-spotted fls.: herbaceous, cespitose: Ivs. crowded, lanceolate. S. Chile, Patagonia. For rockwork. — C. profiisa, Hort. (C. Clibranii, Hort.). On the order of C. Burbidgei. A garden form of free-flowering habit. — C. Sinclairii, Hook. Her- baceous, half-hardy: Ivs. oblong-ovate, stalked, crenate-dentate, hairy: fls. small, lilac or flesh-colored, spotted within, the 2 lips nearly equal, not saccate. New Zeal. B.M. 6597. Now referred to Jovellana (J. Sineclairii, Kranzl.) — C. tenella, Poepp. & Endl. Herbaceous, half-hardy, 6 in. high: Ivs. ovate or orbicular, small (Jiin. long), nearly or quite sessile: fls. yellow, spotted within. Chile. B.M. 6231. — C. Veitchii, Hort. Hybrid of C. alba and a garden variety: 3-5 ft., erect and branched: fls. many, rather small, pale lemon-yellow. G.C. III. 51, Suppl. June 1. Gn. 76, p. 271. (See No. 14.) — C. violacea, Cav. (Jovellana violacea, Don). Shrubby: Ivs.small, ovate-cordate, deep-toothed, stalked: fls. yellow-salmon, spotted within and without, the two lips not saccate. Chile. B.M. 4929. — C. virgata, Ruiz & Pav. Bushy, 1-1% ft.: Ivs. ovate, short-stalked : fls. rather small, numerous, white. Peru, Bolivia. G.C. III. 51:50. L. H. B. CALENDULA (Latin, calendse or calends: throughout the months). Composite. Flower-garden plants. Small herbs , the common cult, species annual, others perennial, with alternate simple Ivs., mostly large heads with yellow or orange rays, glabrous incurved achenes, plane naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre broad, with scales in one or two series, their margin usually scarious. — Some 15 species from Canary Isls. to Persia. officinalis, Linn. POT MARIGOLD. Fig. 741. Annual: 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy: Ivs. oblong and more or less clasp- ing, entire, thickish: heads solitary, on stout stalks, large with flat spreading rays, showy, closing at night. S. Eu. B.M. 3204. V. 5:44; 16:165.— One of the most universal garden fls., running into many vars., distinguished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The color varies from white-yellow to deep orange. This is the marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl. -heads are sometimes used in cookery, to flavor soups and stews. The calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm, loose soil. The seeds are usually sown where the plants are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a frame and the plants transplanted. The achenes are large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom most of the year. In the N. it blooms up to the first frosts, sometimes beyond. Sown in summer or autumn, it makes a good winter bloomer. Florets are used in medicine as a vulnerary and anti-emetic. The flowering plant was formerly used for removing warts. suffruticdsa, Vahl (C. Noedna, Boiss.). More dif- fuse, annual: Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate: heads bright yellow, not doubled, very numerous, on long peduncles. W. Medit. region.— Seeds are sold by American dealers. C. Pongei, Hort., and C. plurialis, Linn., will be found under Dimorphotheca. T -^ L/. M. r>. CALICO BUSH: Kalmia. CALIFORNIA POPPY: Eschscholtzia. CALIFORNIA YELLOW BELLS: Emmenanthe penduliflora. CALIMERIS (Greek, beautiful arrangement). Com- pdsitse. Good daisy-like border plants. Calimeris comprises about 10 Asian herbs, now mostly united with Aster, but horticulturally dis- tinct, and differing from that genus in the hemis- pherical involucre of few nearly equal scarious-mar- gined bracts, and broad convex receptacle: achene flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low growth, suited to the border in front of stronger plants. C. tatarica is described in the genus Heteropappus. incisa, DC. (C. incisaefdlia, Hort.? Aster indsus, Fisch.). One to 2 ft., erect, corymbose at the summit: Ivs. lanceolate, remotely incise-dentate; scales of involucre red-margined: fls. large, purple-rayed or almost white, and yellow-centered. — Of easy cult, in any good soil, making a display throughout July and Aug. The commonest species in cult. altaica, Nees (Aster altd- icus, Willd.). Lower, pu- bescent or hispid: lys. linear- lanceolate and entire: scales of involucre pubescent and white -margined; rays nar- row, blue.. L. H. B. CALIPHRURIA: CaUiphruria. CALLA (ancient name, of obscure meaning). Ardceas. A monotypic genus, contain- ing a native bog-plant with a white spathe. Herb, with creeping rhi- zomes and 2-ranked Ivs. Differs from Orontium in the parallel secondary and ter- tiary veins of the If.-blade, as well as in having a prom- inent more or less fleshy persistent spathe envelop- ing the spadix, and in the absence of perianth; lower fls. perfect, upper stami- nate; fr. a red berry. See Zantedeschia for C. asthio- pica, C. albo-maculata, and others. The calla of florists, or calla lily, is Richardia of recent books, but is properly Zantedeschia, where it is de- scribed and the culture given in this work. paiuslris, Linn. WATER ARUM. Fig. 742. Rhizome bearing many distichous Ivs. one year, the next only 2 Ivs. and the peduncle: petioles cylindrical, long- sheathed; blade cordate: spathe elliptical, or ovate- lanceolate, white. Eu., N. 741. Calendula officinalis, double-flowered. (XH) 628 CALLA Asia, and E. N. Amer. V. 2:197; 14:244. B.M. 1831. — An interesting little perennial plant, useful for out- door ponds. JARED G. SMITH. CALLIANDRA (Greek, beautiful stamens}. Legu- minbsse. Evergreen shrubs and trees of greenhouse culture, planted in the open far south. Leaves bipinnate ; Ifts. numerous: fls. usually in globose heads or clusters; corolla small, ob- scured by the nu- merous, long, silky, purple or white stamen s. — A bout 120 species, widely distributed in trop- ics. Distinguished from Acacia by the presence of a thick- ened margin on the pod. Propagation is by cuttings placed in sand over bottom heat. Keep in warm- house, with the ex- ception of those from Mexico. 742. Calla paxustris. Lamb ertiana, D. Don.) Unarmed; Benth. (Acacia Lambertidna, branches terete: Ivs. puberulous-villous; pinnae 2-3- yoked; Ifts. 9-12-yoked, oval-oblong, obtuse at both ends; peduncles 3-5, racemose, heads roundish; stamens 20-25, pink. Mex. B.R. 721. tetragona, Benth (Acacia tetragdna, Willd.). Un- armed; branches .tetragonal: pinnae 5-6-yoked: Ifts. 16-29-yoked, linear, acute, the outer larger: heads pedunculate, axillary; fls. white. Trop. Amer. portoricensis, Benth. (Acacia portoricensis, Willd.). Unarmed shrub or small tree: pinnae 2-4-yoked; Ifts. 15-25-yoked, linear, obtuse, closing at evening; branch- lets pubescent: heads globose, pedunculate, axillary, the white fls. opening as Ivs. close; calyx ciliate on the margin; stamens 20^25; filaments long, white: pod straight, linear, tapering at base. W. Indies. — Endures temperatures as low as 24° F. in Calif. Var. major, a splendid form, is known abroad. B.M. 8129. Tweedyi, Benth. Unarmed shrub, lightly pubescent: pinnae 3-4-yoked; Ifts. 20-30-yoked, linear, obtuse, shining: peduncles axillary, 1-2 in. long, from large scaly buds; calyx and corolla silky, lobes erect; stamens long, numerous, purple. Brazil. B.M. 4188. C. caHfornica, Benth. A stiff, hairy, much-branched shrub cult, in Calif. It is native near Magdalena Bay and is the most north- erly known representative of the genus. — C. caracasdna, Benth. (Mimosa caracasana, Jacq.) differs from C. portoricensis in having garple stamens, but is probably not distinct. — C. grandifldra, enth. Not over .10 ft.: foliage glaucous: fls. scarlet. Intro, by *ranceschi.=Mimosa grandiflora, L'Her.(?).— C. Samdn, Griseb., e=.ritnecolobiuin Saman. TT » *• -r-r HARVEY MONROE HALL.T CALLIANTHEMUM (Greek, beautiful flower). Ra- nunculacex. Two or 3 little herbs of the mountains of Eu. and Cent. Asia, allied to Anemone, some- times mentioned for outdoor planting. Lvs. radical (very small or none on the St.), decompound: fls. ter- minal, white or rose-color; sepals 5, deciduous; petals 5-15, showy, with nectaries at the base. The species apparently intergrade. C. anemonoides, Endl. Three to 10 in. high, blooming in spring: Ivs. as broad as long, triangular in outline, bipinnatifid: fls. 1^ in. or less across; sepals broad; petals narrow: rhizome somewhat fleshy. Tyrol. Useful in rockwork. CALLICARPA CALLICARPA (Greek, beauty and fruit). Verbend- ceae. Ornamental woody plants cultivated chiefly for their brightly colored berry-like fruit appearing late in autumn; also for the attractive flowers which appear in summer. Flowers perfect; calyx short-campanulate, truncate or slightly 4-toothed, rarely 4-parted; corolla with short tube, 4-lobed; stamens 4, of equal length; ovary 4- celled, cells 1-ovuled: fr. a subglobose berry-like drupe with 2-4 stones. — More than 30 species in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Austral., N. and Cent. Amer. Callicarpas are shrubs or trees, often with stellate hairs, with opposite, usually serrate, deciduous leaves and small pink, bluish or whitish flowers in axillary clusters, followed in autumn by small berry-like lilac, violet or red, rarely white fruits. The hardiest are C. dichotoma, C. japonica and C. Giraldii, which may be grown even North in sheltered positions, if somewhat protected during the winter. If killed to the ground, young shoots spring up vigorously, and will produce flowers and fruit in the same season. If grown in the greenhouse, they require a sandy compost of loam and peat, and plenty of light and air. Propagation is readily effected by greenwood cuttings in spring or summer under glass; also by hardwood cuttings, layers and seeds. A. Lvs. tomentose beneath. americana, Linn. Shrub, 3-6 ft., with scurfy, downy tomentum: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, 3-6 in. long: cymes short-stalked; corolla bluish, glabrous: fr. violet. July, Aug. Woods and rich soil, Va. to Texas and W. Indies. — One of the hand- somest in fr., but more tender than the Japanese spe- cies. Var. alba, Hort., has white fr.; very conspicuous in fall and early winter. AA. Lvs. not or slightly pubes- cent below and glandular: co- rolla glandular outside. B. Peduncles longer than petioles: Ivs. glabrous or nearly so below. japonica, Thunb. (C. Mimurazdki, Sieb.). Fig. 743. Shrub, 2-5 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, serrulate, 23^-5 in. long : cymes pe- duncled, many-fld.; fls. pink or whitish: fr. violet. Aug. Japan. S.I.F. 1:70. G.C. 1871:173. P. F.G. 2, p. 165. H.F. 1861:12. Var. leuco- carpa, Sieb. With white fr- dichotoma, Koch (C. grdcilis, Sieb. & Zucc. C. purpiirea, Juss.). Shrub, 1-4 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic or obovate, crenately serrate above the middle, entire toward the base, 1 ^-3 in. long : 743. Callicarpa japonica. ( X H) CALLICARPA CALLIRHOE 629 cymes peduncled, few- or many-fld.; fls. pink: fr. lilac- violet. Aug. Japan, China. Gn. 23:540. — Closely allied to the former, but smaller in every part. BB. Peduncles shorter than petio&s. Giraldii, Hesse. Shrub: Ivs. broadly elliptic or ellip- tic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, dentate, glandular beneath, and sparingly stellate-pubescent; petioles slender, l/y-Yivn.. long: fls. pink in dense cymes on pubescent stalks shorter than the petioles: fr. violet. W. China. C. cdna, Linn. Shrub: Ivs. broadly elliptic, shining above and whitish-tomentose beneath: fr. deep purple. E. India, China, Phil- ippine Isls. B.M. 2107. — C. longifolia, Lam. Shrub: Ivs. oblong- lanceolate or lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 3-5 in. long, stellate pubescent and glandular beneath: cymes short-peduncled ; fls. pink or purple: fr. white. Himalayas, China. B. R. 10:864. H.E.. 2: 133. — -C. mdllis, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceo- late, rounded at the base, tomentose beneath: fls. and fr. pink. Japan. S.I.F. 1:70. — C. pedunculdta, R.Br. (C. lanata, Schau., not Linn.) Shrub: Ivs. oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, and rounded at the base, green and slightly tomentose beneath: cymes slender- peduncled. E. Indies. Austral. Sieb. Flor. d. Jard. 4:97. — C. rubella, Lindl. (C. dichotoma, Hort., not Juss.). Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. cordate-oblong, tomentose beneath: fr. purple. Himalayas, China. B.R. 11:883. F.S. 13:1359. I.H. 6:202. G.C. 1859:96. R.H. 1859, p. 106, 107. ^^ REHDER. CALLICHRdA: Layia. CALLI6PSIS: Coreopsis. CALLIPHRURIA (Greek, beautiful prison; referring to the spathe inclosing the flowers) . Written also Cali- phuria. Amarylliddcese. Tender bulbs. Distinguished from Eucharis by the stamens, the filaments being petaloid, with 3 large linear teeth on top, the middle one bearing the anther. The fls. ap- pear with the Ivs.; perianth funnel-shaped, spreading upward; stamens inserted at the throat of the tube: caps, tardily splitting. — Three species from Colombia. Calliphrurias are warmhouse plants and should be grown in a rich soil of loam, peat or leaf -mold and sand. Propagated by offsets. Hartwegiana, Herb. Bulb ovoid, 1 in. thick, stolon- iferous, with brown membranous tunics: Ivs. bright green, firmer and more closely veined than in Eucharis, with an oblong-acute blade 4-5 in. long, 2 in. broad, narrowed into a petiole, which is flat above and round beneath: scape slender, 1 ft. long; fls. 6-8, in an umbel, white; perianth 1 in. long and wide. Andes of Bogota. — B.M. 6259. B.R. 30, p. 87, desc. Intro, in 1889 by Reasoner. C. subedentata, Baker=Eucharis subedentata. CALLIPR6RA: Brodisea. N. TAYLOR, f CALLIPStCHE (Greek, beautiful and butterfly}. Amaryllidaceas. Three bulbous plants from Ecuador and Peru, the Ivs. produced after the yellow or greenish yellow fls., probably not in the horticultural trade. Leaves thin, oblong and stalked: fls. many in an umbel on a hollow peduncle or scape; perianth funnelform with short tube, the segms. all equal and oblanceolate to oblong; stamens 6, much exserted, attached at the throat: fr. a deeply 3-lobed caps., with many seeds. They require the general treatment given amaryllis. C. mirabilis, Baker, has an oblong bulb 2 in. diam.: Ivs. 1 or 2, blade 5 or 6 in. broad: peduncle 2-3 ft.; fls. greenish yellow, about 30 in a dense umbel; stamens three times as long as perianth and widely spreading. July, Aug. C. aurantiaca, Baker, has an ovoid bulb 1 in. diam.: Ivs. few: peduncle 1^-2 ft.; fls. bright yellow, 6-8 in the umbel; stamens green, twice the length of perianth. Autumn and winter. B.M. 6841. L. H. B. CALLIPTERIS (Greek, beautiful fern). Polypodiaceae. Ferns allied to Asplenium and Diplazium, with elongate sori formed on both sides of the veins, and the veins uniting to form meshes or areoles. — Some 15 species are known from the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The following is the only one in cult. Culture the same as for tropical aspleniums. prolifera, Bory (Asplenium decussatum, Swartz). Lvs. 3-6 ft. long, the stalks 1-2 ft. long, the pinnae numerous, 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with deeply crenate margins and frequently with bulblets in the axils; veins pinnate, with the branches of contiguous veins uniting. Polynesia and Malaya. L. M. UNDERWOOD. CALLIRHOE (Greek mythological name). Written also Callirrhoe. Malvaceae. Hardy showy herbs, for out- door planting. Perennials or annuals: Ivs. alternate, with lobed or cleft blades or more finely dissected: fls. showy, axillary or sometimes in terminal racemes, the petals irregu- larly cut at the apex or truncate, differing in this from the notched petals of Malva; involucel of 1-3 bracts, or wanting. — Nine species, native. The callirhoes are of the easiest culture, and deserv- ing of a much greater popularity. They are chiefly propagated by seeds, but the perennial species may also be propagated by cuttings. 744. Callirhoe pedata. A. Annual: involucel absent. pedata, Gray. Fig. 744. Height 1-3 ft.: st. erect, leafy: radical and lower Ivs. round-cordate, palmately or pedately 5-^7-lobed or -parted, the lobes coarsely toothed or incised, upper 3-5-cleft or -parted, usually into narrow divisions: fls. red-purple, cherry-red, vary- ing to lilac. On plains and in sand, S. U. S., spring and summer. R.H. 1857, p. 430. AA. Perennial: involucel present. involucrata, Gray. Height 9-12 in., plant hirsute or even hispid: root large, napiform: sts. procumbent: Ivs. of rounded outline, palmately or pedately 5-7- parted or -cleft, the divisions mostly wedge-shaped, incised, the lobes oblong to lanceolate: fls. crimson- purple, cherry-red or paler. All summer. Minn, to Texas. R.H. 1862:171 (as C. verticillata) . Var. linearfloba, Gray (C. lineariloba, Gray). Less hirsute than the type: sts. ascending: Ivs. smaller, 1-2 in. across, the upper or all dissected into linear lobes: fls. lilac or pinkish. Texas and adjacent Mex. — An excellent trailer, especially for rockeries. Thrives even in very dry soils, the root penetrating to a great depth. A sunny position is preferable. C. Papdver, Gray. A perennial decumbent or ascending plant with 3-5-lobed or -parted Ivs. and involucrate purple-red fls. S.U.S. — Useful for very dry sandy places. jj TAYLOR t 630 CALLISTA CALLfSTA: Dendrobium. CALLISTEMON (Greek, kallos, beauty; stemon, a stamen; in most of the species the stamens are of a beautiful scarlet or crimson color). Myrtacese. BOTTLE- BRUSH. Ornamental shrubs, thriving without irriga- tion in California, where they are hardy and much used; also planted to some extent elsewhere in warm climates and occasionally seen under glass. Page 3566. Leaves alternate, entire, lanceolate or linear, mostly with oil- or resin-dots and fragrant when crushed : fls. in dense cylindric spikes, at first terminal but the axis growing out as a leafy shoot; calyx-teeth 5; petals 5, deciduous; stamens indefinite in number, not united; anthers versatile, the cells parallel and bursting longi- tudinally; ovary inferior, maturing into a caps, which persists for several years. — About 25 species, natives of Austral., where they inhabit arid districts. Distin- guished from Mela- leuca only by the stamens, which in that genus are united into bundles. Hall, Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 4:22. The showy flower-clusters, re- sembling bottle- brushes in shape, and so giving the common name to the genus, are highly colored and render these shrubs very ornamental. The quantity of bloom may be much increased by judi- cious autumn prun- ing. The various species are recom- mended for parks, depot-grounds, school - yards, and also for smaller yards if kept well pruned. Hardy only in warm-temperate districts but endur- ing temperatures less than 20° F. Propagation from seeds is satisfactory: these are gathered during the summer months by allowing the capsules to open in boxes or on sheets of paper kept in a warm place; sow in early spring in finely sifted mixture of sand, leaf-mold, and loam, and cover very lightly; the ordinary cool greenhouse is warm enough. 'Some nurserymen state that plants from cuttings of ripened wood or of wood which is getting firm at the base will blossom earlier than seedlings; others find no advantage in this method. Although adapted to nearly every variety of soil, these plants make but slow growth in heavy clay. A. Stamens %-l in. long. lanceolatus, DC. (Metrosideros semper fibr ens, Lodd.). Fig. 745. Height 6-12 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, 1^-2^ in. long, about y±m.. wide, acute, reddish when young; midrib and lateral veins prominent: spikes 2-4 in. long, bright red, less dense than in the following species: fr. ovoid, contracted at summit. Jan.- June. B.M. 260 745. Callistemon lanceolatus. (X?i) CALLISTEPHUS (as M. citrina). Maiden, Fl. PI. and Ferns of New S. Wales, 8. — Attains 30 ft. in Austral, where the hard and heavy wood is used for wheelwrights' work and for mallets. Garden hybrids between this and other species have been developed, especially in Eu. speciosus, DC. Large shrub: Ivs. narrowly lanceo- late, obtuse or acute, 13/2-4 in. long, about 34m- broad; midrib prominent but lateral veins obscure: spikes 2-6 in. long, bright red, very dense: fr. nearly globose, the summit scarcely contracted. March- June. B.M. 1761. — The most highly colored callistemon, the golden an- thers contrasting well with the dark red filaments. There are many garden forms varying in color, habit, and size. viminalis, Cheel. Tall slender tree of pendulous habit: Ivs. linear-oblong: stamens slightly shorter: rim of fr. thinner. — A handsome, graceful tree, very showy when in full bloom. Grown at Santa Barbara, Calif. (For- merly referred to C. speciosus, of which this may be a form.) rigidus, R. Br. (C. linearifolius, DC.). Lvs. narrowly linear, rigid, sharp-pointed, 2-5 in. long, about Km- wide; midrib and marginal ribs prominent; cross-nerves often hidden by oil-dots: spikes deep red, large, dense. March- July. B.R. 393.— Stiffly branched shrub, the branches inclined to become rangy; best form and bloom secured by means of autumn pruning. In order to have fine specimen plants, cult, well and now and then give an application of commercial fertilizer. linearis, DC. Scarcely more than an extreme form of C. rigidus with very narrow Ivs. channeled above, the midvein quite obscure: fr. more globular and con- tracted at opening. AA. Stamens %in. or less long. salignus, DC. Tall shrub or small tree: Ivs. lanceo- late, acute, 13/2-3 in. long, M~/4in. wide (much narrower in one variety), very distinctly permi veined : spikes yellow or light pink, 1-2 in. long: fr. nearly globular, with rather large opening. Apr., May. B.M. 1821. Var. viridifldrus, F. y. M. Lvs. only 1-2 in. long, thicker, rigid; veins obscure: fls. greenish yellow. B.M. 2602. brachyandrus, Lindl. Slender shrub, young shoots soft-hairy or whole plant gray with a soft pubescence: Ivs. rigid, nearly terete, %-13/£ in. long: spike 2-3 in. long, the filaments dark red but nearly obscured by the golden yellow anthers. — The slender habit, gray foliage, and golden bloom render this shrub very desirable for ornamental planting. HARVEY MONROE HALL. CALLISTEPHUS (Greek words for beautiful crown, said to be in allusion to character of fruit) . Com- posite. CHINA ASTER. (See page 419, Vol. 1.) One species in China and Japan. The genus Callistemma, also erected by Cassini, is older than Callistephus, but the latter is one of the "nomina conservanda" of the Vienna code, retained because accepted and in general use for fifty years following its publication. Under both these generic names, Cassini described the China aster as C. hortensis. It was first named by Linnaeus, however, as Aster chinensis, and Nees subsequently transferred this name to Callistephus, so that the plant now would better bear the name Callistephus chinensis, Nees. Callistephus is closely allied to Aster, from which it differs, among other things, in its pappus, which is minute and forming a crown in the outer series, and of slender longer barbellate and caducous bristles in the inner series: annual, erect, hispid-hairy branching herbs, with showy terminal fl.-heads: Ivs. alternate, XXII. Carnations.— Types of the American winter-flowering varieties. (Half size.) CALLISTEPHUS broadly ovate or triangular-ovate and deeply and irregularly toothed; blade decurrent into a petiole, those on the upper parts becoming spatulate or nar- rower: heads in wild plant heterogamqus and radiate, the ray-florets in 1-2 series and pistillate, the disk- florets perfect and fertile; involucre hemispherical, the bracts imbricated in many series and the outer ones large and green: fr. a compressed achene. The rays become much multiplied under cult., and they are also variable in size, shape and color. The colors are violet, purple, blue and white, the rays never being true yellow. Widely variable under cult., and one of the best of the garden annuals, growing from 6 in. to 2l/z ft. high. It is the Reine-marguerite of the French and the Sommeraster of the Germans. L, H. B. CALLITRIS (from the Greek for beautiful). Includ- ing Frenela and Widdringtonia. P.indcese. Evergreen trees or shrubs, not quite hardy in the open in England, but thriving well in the southernmost parts of the United States; allied to Thuja. Leaves scale-like or awl-like, in whorls of 3 or 4 on jointed branches, or sometimes alternate: monoecious; sterile catkins cylindrical or ovoid, the stamens in whorls of 3 or 4, the scales broad and sometimes pel- tate; fertile cones of 4-8 scales, and borne on short and thick peduncles, either solitary or clustered, usually ripening the second year and often persisting after the seeds have fallen. — About 15 species in Austral., New Caledonia and Afr. Little known in cult. here. A. Cone 6-valved. robusta, R. Br. (Frenela robusta, Cunn.). CYPRESS PINE. Ranging from a shrub to a tree 90 ft. high: branchlets crowded, short and erect: sterile catkins J^in. or less long, solitary or in 3's: cones solitary or few-clustered, nearly globular, about 1 in. diam. ; seeds usually 2-winged. Austral. — Trees about 30 years old are said to be growing at Santa Barbara. In S. Fla. it makes good specimens, in 5 years becoming 10-12 ft. high. The tree somewhat resembles red cedar, and is reported as useful for tall hedges and windbreaks. This is one of the "pines" of Austral., the wood being used in building and for the making of furniture. rhomboidea, R. Br. (Frenela rhomboidea, Endl.). Smaller, reaching 25-50 ft. : branches somewhat slender and often drooping, angled when young: cones usually only one-half the diam. of those of C. robusta, globular, the 6 valves alternately larger and smaller, the larger valves having a broadly rhomboidal apex with a pro- tuberance at the center. Austral, and Tasmania. — Timber used for telegraph poles and in construction. AA. Cone 4-valved. quadrivalvis, Vent. (Thitja articuldta, Vahl). ARAR-TREE. SANDARACH. GUM TREE. Small tree, with fragrant hard durable wood: branches jointed and spreading: Ivs. very small, flattened, distichous, reduced to scales at the nodes: cone 4-sided, small, the valves oval and with a protuberance near the tip. N. Afr., in the mts. L.B.C. 9:844. — Furnishes varnish resin (gum sandarach). Whytei, Engler (Widdringtonia Whyiei, M. Wood). The wood is dull reddish white, strongly aromatic, and locally used for furniture and for doors and win- dows. Tree attaining a maximum height of 140 ft., with a diam. of 5% ft. at a point 6 ft. above the ground, the trunk being clear for 90 ft. : Ivs. on ultimate branch- lets, deltoid and closely appressed opposite; on other branchlets usually linear-lanceolate, spreading at the tips, alternate: in seedling stage linear, spreading and about 1 in. long: cones 4-6 together, about %in. long and %-l in. wide when open. S. E. Afr. — It grows at an altitude of 5,000-7,000 ft. on Mt. Milanji in Nyassaland and is known as the Milanji cypress or cedar. Appar- ently hardy in parts of Cent. Calif. L Ht 3 CALOCHORTUS 631 CALLOPSIS (Calla-like). Ardcese. A single species from German E. Afr.: C. Volkensii, Engler. Spathe like that of a little calla, snow-white, 1J4 in. long by 1 in. broad, the spadix partly united to it (and yellow) : Ivs. crowded, cordate-ovate, 5 in. long, shining, the petiole about 2 in. long; semi-epiphytic, with creeping rhizome. Probably cult, only in botanic gardens or other collections. CALLUNA (Greek, to sweep; the branches are some- times used for making brooms). Ericaceae. HEATHER. Low evergreen shrubs cultivated chiefly for their bright rosy pink, rarely white flowers appearing in great pro- fusion late in summer. Leaves scale-like, opposite, in 4 rows, the branchlets therefore quadrangular: fls. in terminal, 1-sided spikes; corolla campanulate, 4-parted, shorter than the 4-parted colored calyx; stamens 8, with 2 reflexed appendages: fr. a septicide, 4- celled, few-seeded caps. — One species in W. and N. Eu., also in Asia Minor; in E. N. Amer. in some localities naturalized. The genus differs from the closely related Erica in its deeply 4- parted colored calyx, longer than the 4-parted co- rolla. For culture, see Erica. vulgaris, Salisb. (Erica vulgaris, Linn.). Fig. 746. From Yr-Z ft.: Ivs. oblong -linear, ob- tuse, sagittate at the base, glabrous or pubescent: fls. small, in long, erect, rather dense ra- cemes, rosy pink, sometimes white. Aug., Sept.-ySome of the most distinct of the numerous named varieties are the following: Var. alba, Don (and var. alba Hdmmondii), with white fls.; var. Alpdrtii, Kirchn., of more vigorous growth, with rosy carmine fls.; var. carnea, Hort., with flesh-colored fls.; var. plena, Regel, with double rose-colored fls.; var. hirsuta, Gray (var. tomentosa, Don), the branchlets and Ivs. with grayish tomentum; var. nana, Kirchn. (var. pygm&a, Hort.), forming low moss-like tufts; var. rubra, Kirchn., with deep rosy carmine fls.; var. pro strata, Kirchn., with the branches spreading and partly prostrate, fls. pink; var. Searlei, Hort. (var. alba Serlei, Hort..), fls. white, appearing late in autumn. — The heather is a very handsome small shrub, well adapted for borders of evergreen shrubberies, or for dry slopes and sandy banks and preferring sunny posi- tions; it is also found growing well in swamps and in partly shaded situations. Cut branches keep their life-like appearance for many months. ALFRED REHDER. CALOCHORTUS (Greek for beautiful and grass). Lilidcex. Incl. Cyclobothra. MARIPOSA LILY. STAR TULIP. GLOBE TULIP. West American cormous plants, the occidental representatives of Tulipa, useful as border plants and to some extent for indoor culture. Stem usually branched, and from a coated conn, more or less leafy: perianth of unequal segms., the outer ones the smaller and more or less sepal-like, the 3 inner ones large and showy and bearing glands and hairs; stigmas 3, sessile and recurved; stamens 6; fls. showy, shallow-cupped on the inner segms., arching.— From 40-50 species, mostly on the Pacific side of the con- 746. Calluna vulgaris. (Plant 632 CALOCHORTUS CALOCHORTUS tinent from Wash, to Mex., and some of them in the interior country. Nearly all the species are in cult. Monogr. by J. G. Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. 14:302-10 (1875); and by S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 14:262-8 (1879). See also Colochorti in the Sierra Nevada, by George Hansen, Erythea, 7:13-15; A. Davidson, Erythea, 2:1-2,27-30; Mallett. Gn. 1901, 60:412, vol. 61, pp. 185, 203, 220; Carl Purdy, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 2, No. 4 (1901). Calochprtuses extend into Brit- ish America, and a few, belonging to a peculiar group, are found in Mexico; the remainder are natives of the United States, from Ne- braska to the Pacific Ocean. While the generic characteristics are unmistakable, the species and even varieties have the most variable incli- nations as to soil, exposure and climate. The Colorado Desert and the summits of the Sierra Nevada, the heavy clay lands of Californian valleys, the volcanic soils of the foothills and the meadows of the North- west, each has its own representa- tives of this beautiful tribe. The character of the genus can be treated better under the various groups. Nearly every known spe- cies is in cultivation to some ex- tent. Some are readily grown, others present considerable cul- tural difficulties; but while there are some that probably will always be difficult to cultivate, there are many species — and the number in- cludes the very best — that can be grown suc- cessfully by anyone who is willing to give a little special care to them; and there are a few that possess such vigor and hardiness as to be adapted to extensive cultivation. All calochortuses are hardy in the sense of with- standing extreme cold, but they will not endure alter- nate thawing and freezing nearly so well; and thus there is the paradox of their going safely through severe eastern or European winters and suffering the loss of foliage in mild ones. They should be planted in the fall, and it is better to plant late, so that leaf-growth is delayed until spring. Diverse as are their natural habitats, one soil will answer the needs of all. A light loam, made lighter with sand or sawdust, powdered charcoal, or spent tan-bark, is best. Excellent results have been secured with a mixture of equal parts of a good light loam and spent tan-bark, with a little broken charcoal. Wallace, one of the most successful English growers, recommends making a bed sloping to the south, composed of leaf-mold and road grit in equal parts, with a smaller proportion of sharp sand. The idea is to have a light and porous, not [too stimulating soil, with perfect drainage. Wallace recommends covering the beds with reeds to throw off the heavy rains. The same end may be attained by such thorough drainage that the rains pass through quickly. In New York, they have been carried through the winter safely under a covering put on before the ground freezes hard. It is well to keep a few leaves about the shoots for a time and to have extra leaves at hand to be used when frost threatens. It is better to lift the bulbs as soon as they ripen, and replant in the fall. Water sparingly at all times. Under suitable conditions they are hardy and tenacious of life, but excessive moisture, either in air or ground, is not to their liking after the flowering season arrives. Theoretically, all calochortuses of Sec- tion A (star and globe tulips) should have shade, and all mariposas (AA) sunshine; but the light shade of a lath-house suits all alike, giving much finer bloom in the mariposas. The flowering season extends over three months, according to species. They take well to pot culture with similar soils and treatment. While not to be forced rapidly, they con- siderably anticipate their out-of-door season. The same treatment can be used in coldframe culture, but they must not be coddled too much. albus, 1. Howellii, 19. pictus, 27. amabilis, 3. Kennedy!, 21. Plummerse, 20. amoenus, 1. Leichtlinii, 33. pulchellus, 2. apioulatus, 12. lilacinus, 15. Purdyi, 13. alroviolaceus, 28. Lobbii, 9. purpurascens, 20, 27. aureus, 22. longebarbatus, 18. purpureus, 37. Bonplandianus, 37. luteus, 24, 25. robustua, 25. Benthamii, 6. Lyallii, 8. roseus, 5, 27. ; cseruleus, 7. Lyonii, 31. rubra, 5, 28. catalinse, 31. macrocarpus, 35. sanguineus, 27. citrinus, 25. major, 5, 28. splendens, 28. clavatus, 23. Maweanus, 5. sulphurous, 27. collinus, 10. montanus, 28. Tolmiei, 11. concolor, 24. nanus, 8. umbellatus, 10. Eldorado, 27. nitidus, 16. uniflorus, 15. elegans, 8, 9. nudus, 14. venustus, 25, 27. flavus, 36. Nuttallii, 32. Vesta, 26. flexuosus, 29. obispoensis, 20. vestus, 20. Goldyi, 4. oculatus, 25. Wallacei, 6. Greenei, 17. Palmeri, 30. Weedii, 20. Gunnisonii, 34. A. Blossoms or fr. more or less nodding (unless No. 4)-' inner perianth-segms. strongly arched: Ivs. long and glossy, not channeled. (Eucalochortus.) B. Fls. subglobose, nodding: st. usually tall and branch- ing. GLOBE TULIPS. — These have a single long and narrow shining If. from the base, and slen- der, flexuous, leafy sts., the perfection of grace in outline. The fls. are exquisite in delicacy of tints. Woodland plants. 1. albus, Douglas (Cyclobdthra dlba, Benth.). Fig. 747. Strong, 1-2 ft. high, glaucous: fls. globular, pendent, 1 in. across, of a satiny texture, delicately fringed with hairs, very strongly inarched or practically closed. Calif. B.R. 1661. F.S. 11:1171.— Chaste and delicate. The form from the Coast Range is the Pearl calochortus of gardens; the form from the Sierras with fls. less strongly inarched and at length opening slightly is the C. albus of horticulture. Var. amdenus, Hort. (C. amoenus, Greene). Like C. albus, but rose-colored, lower and more slender: fls. opening in full bloom. Fresno and Tulare Co., Calif. 2. pulchellus, Douglas (Cyclobdthra pulchella, Benth.) . Stout, glaucous, 8-16 in., usually branching: fls. yel- low, strongly inarched but parts not overlapping; sepals shorter than petals, ovate-acuminate, yellow tinged with brown on the back; petals ovate, obtuse, 1 in. or less long, canary-yellow, with long silky hairs above the gland. Cent. Calif. B.R. 1662. 3. amabilis, Purdy. Habit like C. albus: sts. stout, usually branching in pairs: petals clear yellow, very strongly inarched so that the tips overlap each other much like a child's pin-wheel; gland lined with stiff hairs that cross each other; petals margined with a line of stiff hairs. Cent, and N. Calif. 4. G61dyi, Watkins. Possibly C Benthamii x C. amabilis. Sts. several, freely branched, bearing 15-20 fls.: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate: fls. erect, 1 in. across, straw- yellow, inner surfaces covered with long silky sulfur- tinted hairs and a few shorter crimson hairs deep down in the cup; petals rounded and 'very hooded. Appar- ently of garden origin. CALOCHORTUS CALOCHORTUS 633 BE. Fls. bell-shaped, erect when open, mostly lined with hairs, the pedicels becoming recurved: st. mostly low, and fls. often more or less umbellate. STAR TULIPS proper. — Like the globe tulip, but smaller as a rule, and the fls. dainty open cups. All of the species resemble each other, and were first included under the name C. elegans. 5. Maweanus, Leichtl. Plant low (3-10 in.), very slender, usually branched: fls. white, purplish at the base, filled with silky hairs, the gland covered by a broad semi-circular scale: caps, long-elliptic. Calif., north. B.M. 5976 (as C. elegans). — Variable. Var. major, Hort. Twice as large in all its parts: fls. lighter colored. Var. roseus, Hort. Fls. tinged rose. 6. Benthamii, Baker. Sts. 7 in. high, very flexuose, dividing into pairs: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. nearly erect, yellow, the segms. Hin. long and brown at the base. Sierra Nevadas, in Calif. B.M. 6475. J.H. III. 30:549. Var. Wallace! (C. Wdllacei, Hort.). Claw of the petal dark red or nearly black. 7. caerilleus, Wats. Similar to small plants of C. Maweanus, but lined and dotted with blue: low, 2-5-fld., the pedicels very slender; perianth ciliate inside: caps, nearly or quite orbicular. Calif., in the Sierras. Not variable. 8. elegans, Pursh. Similar to the last: petals green- ish white and purplish at base, bearded, little or not at all ciliate: gland covered by a deeply fringed scale. Ore., Idaho. Var. nanus, Wood (C. Lyallii, Baker). Subalpine, dwarf and very slender: petals delicate cream-color, narrow and usually more acute, more hairy and ciliate. Mts. Calif., N. 9. L6bbii, Purdy (C. elegans yar. Ldbbii, Baker). St. 3-5 in. high: petals white tinged green, broadly rhombic-ovate, very deeply pitted and with the pit showing as a prominent knob on back of petal. Mt. Jefferson, Ore. 10. umbellatus, Wood (C. collmus, Lemm.). Low and branching, 3-15 in., flexuose: fls. 5-10, white; petals broadly fan-shaped, nude excepting for many white hairs just above the scale. In open grassy places around San Francisco Bay. BBB. Fls. bell-shaped: like BB, but tall (1 ft. or more), and stoutly erect, with several fine, erect cups, similar to C. Maweanus. GIANT STAR TULIPS. — In this splendid group the very dainty silky fls. and handsome glossy Ivs. of the star tulip are shown with a stout st. a foot or two high, and large fls. Unlike the others, they grow naturally in open places, and have a vigor and health which are a high recommendation. 1 1 . Tolmiei, Hook . & Arn . Stout, a foot high, generally branched: petals often more than an inch long, tinged lilac, with purple and white hairs: gland without a scale: caps, broad-elliptic, acutish. Mt. Shasta, N. — Remains a long time in bloom. 12. apiculatus, Baker. Taller and stouter, 12-18 in., with umbellate straw-colored fls. N. Idaho. 13. Purdyi, East. Glabrous and glaucous, 8-16 in., rather stout, branching, 2- to many-fld. : fls. creamy white or purple-tinged, filled with blue hairs, gland absent. S. Ore. G.C. III. 23 : 395.— Very handsome. BBBB. F Is. bell-shaped, the petals naked or hairy only at the base: low: If. solitary. MEADOW TULIPS. — These calochortuses are natives of wet meadows. C. uniflorus and C. Vesta grow well in all soils so long as well drained, and, as garden plants, thrive everywhere. In habit they are low, flexuous and leafy. The cups are open, erect and numerous, an inch or so in diam. 14. nftdus, Wats. Low, 2-4 in., delicate: If. solitary: fls. 1-6, umbellate, small, greenish white or pale lilac, nude except for a tuft of 2 or 3 short hairs at each extremity of scale, denticulate. Calif., in the Sierras. 15. unifldrus, Hook. & Arn. (C. lilaclnus, Kell.). Handsome species, 4-8 in. high: fls. 4-10, on long pedicels, clear lilac, hairy only at base: caps, elliptic, obtuse. B.M. 5804. — Grows naturally in wet meadows, and makes offsets very freely. Often seen in a depau- perate starved form, but responds at once to good treatment. AA. Blossoms on stout, erect pedicels, the sts. stout and strict: fls. open-bell-shaped. MARIPOSA TULIPS. — Excepting in B, the mariposa or butterfly tulips have slender, grassy, radical Ivs., stiff, erect sts. bearing cup-shaped fls., and sparingly leafy and with an erect caps. Bulbs small. B. Caps, oblong, acute-angled or winged: fls. lilac or white. These are hardy species, growing in the meadows from Ore. to Mont., where they endure much cold. They form a connecting link be- tween the giant star tulips and the true mari- posas. Their Ivs. are like those of the star tulips — long, broad and glossy. Like the star tulips, also, the seed-pod is handsome, 3-cornered and winged. The sts. are stiffly erect: the fls. cup- shaped, not so brilliant as the true mariposas, but very delicate: the plants are hardy, healthy and vigorous, and are to be highly recommended for cold climates. 16. nitidus, Douglas. Scape erect, but not stiff: If. solitary, glossy, narrow: fls. 1-3, large and showy, lilac, yellowish, or white, with a deep indigo blotch in the center, lined with yellow hairs. Meadows, E. Ore. to Mont, and N. E. Nev. Specimens from Yellowstone Lake are yellow. — Very beautiful and showy. 17. Greenei, Wats. St. stout and branching, 1 ft., 2-5-fld.: sepals with a yellowish hairy spot; petals lilac barred with yellow below, and somewhat purplish, loose-hairy, not ciliate: caps, beaked. Calif, and Ore. 18. longebarbatus, Wats. Slender, about 1 ft. high, bulb-bearing near the base, with 1 or 2 narrow radical Ivs., 2-branched and usually 2-fld.: fls. erect or nearly so, lilac with yellow at base, scarcely hairy except the long-bearded gland. Wash. 19. Howellii, Wats. St. erect, 1 ft. or more, 1-2-fld.: Ivs. very narrow: sepals ovate, short-acuminate; petals yellowish white, 1 in. long, denticulate, slightly ciliate near the base, brown-hairy inside, the gland yellow- hairy. Ore. BB. Caps, oblong, obtuse-angled. C. Color yellow or orange or orange-red, more or less marked with brown and purple (except in forms of C. luteus): in cult, forms running into other colors. 20. Weedii, Wood. Radical If. single, glossy, broad: st. tall, leafy, bearing large orange-colored fls. dotted with purple: petals triangular, square- topped : gland small, hairy: bulb heavily coated with fiber. S. Calif. B.M. 6200 (as C. citrinus). G.C. III. 16 : 183.— Varies to white. Var. purpurascens, Wats. (C. Plummerx, Greene). Similar, but lilac or purple and very showy. Calif. G.C. III. 16:133. J.H. III. 29:289. Gn. 47: 80.— A fine form with fl. of large size and full outline, lined with long, silky yellow hairs. Var. vestus, Purdy. Petals much more truncated and curiously fringed with brown hairs; reddish brown. Santa Barbara. Var. obispoensis, Purdy (C. obispoensis, Lemm.). Fig. 748. Tall and slender, branching, very floriferous: petals yellow, verging to red at the tip and less than half the length of the orange-brown sepals. Calif. G.F. 2:161 (adapted in Fig. 748).— Odd and bizarre. 634 CALOCHORTUS CALOCHORTUS 21. Kennedy!, Porter. Bulb small and ovoid: st. very low, 1-4 in. : Ivs. linear, tufted from the branching of the st.: fls. 2-4, in an umbel; sepals broad with a purple spot; petals red-orange to vermilion, not ciliate nor prominently hairy, purple-spotted at the center. Desert species of S. Calif. B.M. 7264. Gn. 43:108. — Brilliant and desirable, but difficult to grow. 22. avlreus, Wats. Low, 4-6 in., with a single carinate radical If.: petals yellow, not hairy, the hairy gland purple-bordered. S. Utah. 748. Calochortus obispoensis. No. 20 var. ( X J^) 23. clavatus, Wats. Petals yellow lined with brown, the lower part bearing club-shaped (clavate) hairs, the gland deep and circular; anthers purple. Calif. — In this excellent sort we have the largest-fld. and stout- est-stemmed of all mariposas. The bulb is very large, the single bare If . 1 or 2 ft. long: the st. is heavy, stout and zigzag. The fls. are shaped like a broad-based bowl, sometimes 5 or 6 in. across. The color is a deep, rich yellow, and the lower half is covered thickly with stiff yellow hairs, each tipped with a round translucent knob, and in the light look like tiny icicles. There are various strains: Eldorado, the largest, not so deep yellow; Ventura, very stout, deep yellow; Obispo, Like the last, but the upper half of the back of each petal is olive-brown, which shows through the deep yellow of the inside, giving changeable shades. 24. concolor, Purdy (C. luteus var. concolor, Baker). Bulb large reddish: Ivs. narrow, glaucous: st. 1-2 ft., umbellate, if more than 1-fld.; not zigzag; petals a rich deep yellow, tending toward orange, lower third densely hairy with long yellow hairs above an oblong gland. A desert species of S. Calif. Much like C. clava- tus in general aspect. 25. Iftteus, Douglas. BUTTERFLY TULIP. St. 1-10- fld., bulb-bearing near the base: Ivs. very narrow: sepals narrow-lanceolate, with a brown spot; petals 2 in. or less long, yellow or orange, brown-lined, slightly hairy below the middle, the gland densely hairy. Calif. B.R. 1567. — Variable. Some of the forms are sold as C. venustus. Var. citrinus, Wats. (C. Baker). Petals lemon-yellow, Var. oculatus, Wats. (C. Hort.). Petals pale or white, dark spot. Var. robustus, Purdy (C. Hort.). A very bulbiferous luridly tinged in browns and and also one of the hardiest. venustus var. citrinus, with a central brown spot. venustus var. oculatus, lilac or yellowish, with a venustus var. robustus, form having white fls. purples. Very beautiful 26. Vesta, Purdy. BUTTERFLY TULIP. Tall and large- fld. with petals more narrowly cuneate than in C. luteus var. oculatus, and the gland narrow and doubly lunate, color from white tinged through lilac to pink and lilac- purple; fl. often laciniately gashed, above the gland bearing rich maroon pencilings and markings. N. W. Calif, in adobe soil. — One of the largest-fld., showiest and most easily grown of mariposa tulips. Named by its author in compliment to his wife. cc. Color prevailingly white or lilac, but sometimes run- ning into yellows. 27. venftstus, Benth. BUTTERFLY TULIP. Stout, 6-36 in.: petals white or pale lilac, with a reddish spot at top, a brown-yellow center, and brown base: gland large and oblong, usually densely hairy: caps. 1-2 3/£ in. long. Calif. B.R. 1669. F.S. 2:104. Gn. 46, p. 395. — Very variable. The yellow forms (as var. sul- phureus, Hort.) are often treated as forms of C. luteus. To this group of calochortuses is properly applied the Spanish name mariposa (butterfly), for their brilliantly colored fls., with eye-like spots on each petal and sepal, and other delicate markings with dots, lines and hairs, which are strongly suggestive of the wings of a brilliantly colored butterfly. Botanists have variously divided this great group of allied forms between C. luteus and C. venustus. Botanically all may be consid- ered as either strains of one variable species or as a number of closely allied species. Var. Eldorado, Purdy. The finest strain of C. ven- ustus in cult. It occurs naturally in a wonderfully varied mixture, in color from pure white through pink, to deep glowing reds and through lilac to deep purples. In one locality a few may vary to light yellow. Some of these forms have been named var. pictus for the white form, var. sanguineus for the blood-red. The pur- ple forms are entirely distinct from C. venustus var. purpurascens. Sierran foothills from Eldorado County to the far South. Altogether these plants comprise the loveliest group of the mariposa tulips. Var. purpurascens, Wats. Petals deep lilac or pur- plish, darker at center, the fl. fully 3 in. across. Coast Range. Strong grower. Gn. 46:394. Var. rdseus, Hort. (C. rbseus, Hort.). Creamy white or lilac, with an eye midway and a rose-colored blotch at apex. Gn. 46:394. Var. sulphureus, Purdy. Taller than the type: petals light warm yellow with eye, and with a rose- colored blotch at top. Lower part of San Joaquin Valley, Calif. 28. splendens, Douglas. Tall and slender, 1-2 ft. : fls. 1-1^ in. across, deep purple with a dark spot on the claw and with or without a gland covered with matted hairs. San Diego Co., Calif . Known in horticulture as C. splendens var. atroviolaceus. Var. major, Purdy. Strong and tall, 1-2 ft.: fls. 2-3 in. across; petals large, clear lilac, paler below, with a CALOCHORTUS CALONYCTION 635 749. Calochortus Gunnisonii. darker claw and scattered long white hairs below the middle. Coast Ranges, Monterey Co., Calif. Var. montanus, Purdy. More slender than the type, often bulbiferous: lilac to salmon-pink, densely hairy with short yellow hairs about the gland. High mts., S. Calif. Var. rubra, Purdy. Large, with deep-seated reddish bulb, 1-3 ft.: fls. reddish lilac, pink or purple; petals quite hairy, with short hairs on the lower third. Lake Co., Calif. 29. flexudsus, Wats. Related to C. splendens, but with sts. so weak as almost to be said to creep. The fls. are large and very bril- liant, a dazzling purple, with a darker purple eye, and yellow hairs below. S. Utah. — Intro, by Purdy in 1897. 30. Pdlmeri, Wats. St. 1-2 ft., very slender and flexuous, 1-7-fld., bulb-bearing near the base: sepals with long, narrow, recurved tips, spotted; petals 1 in. or less long, white (or yellowish below), with a brownish claw and bearing scattered hairs about the gland: caps, very narrow. S. Calif. — The C. Palmeri of dealers is sometimes C. splendens var. montanus. 31. catalinae, Wats. (C. Lyonii, Wats.). Habit of C. splendens: st. 1-2 ft., branching: fls. white to lilac, or deep lilac, very large and handsome, a large round black spot at base of each petal. — A lovely species between C. splendens and C. venustm. Remarkable for blooming with the star tulip section, fully a month before other mariposas. Native to Santa Catalina Isl., off S. Calif.; also to Calif, coast. 32. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. SEGO LILY. St. erect and stiff, 1-2 ft., bulb-bearing at base, usually with only 1 cauline If., 1-5-fld.: sepals ovate-lanceolate, often dark-spotted; petals 1-2 in. long, white tinged with greenish yellow or lilac, with a purplish spot or band above the yellow base and hairy about the gland; anthers obtuse. Dak. and Neb. to Calif, and New Mex., having the widest range of any calochortus. — There are no more exquisitely beautiful fls. than these sego lilies (the Mormon name) of the Great Basin. Most of them are plants of the sage-brush deserts. The Ivs. are an ashy green, the foliage scant, but the great fls. are wonderful in tintings. There are shades in blue, pink, lilac, and yellowish; also white. The sego lily is the State flower of Utah. 33. Leichtlinii, Hook. f. Slender alpine species (5-6 in. high), by some regarded as a form of C. Nuttal- lii: fls. smoky white, banded with green and marked with dark brown. Sierra Nevadas. B.M. 5862. F.S. 20:2116. 34. Gunnisonii, Wats. Fig. 749. Much like C. Nuttallii: anthers acuminate: fls. light blue or almost white, delicate yellowish green below the middle, pur- ple-banded at the base, and bearing a band of green hairs across each petal. Rocky Mts., Wyo. to New Mex. 35. macrocarpus, Douglas. GREEN-BANDED MARI- POSA LILY. St. stiff, the cauline Ivs. 3-5: fls. 1 or 2; sepals acuminate, sometimes spotted; petals 2 in. or less, acute, lilac with a greenish midvein, somewhat hairy. B.R. 1152. N. Calif, to Wash, and Idaho — This fine species forms a group by itself. It has a very large bulb, a stout almost leafless st.; and a large fl. of an exquisite pale lavender, banded down the back with green. Petals long, narrow and pointed. BBB. Caps, linear, not winged or prominently angled. 36. flavus, Schult. f. (Cyclobdthra flava, Lindl.). St. slender, 1-2 ft., forked: Ivs. 2 or 3 below the 41 fork, linear, long-acuminate: fls. yellow, upright; petals and sepals acute, rhombic-oblong, with a darker somewhat hairy gland, the petals hairy and usually denticulate. Mex. 37. Bonplandianus, Schult. f. (C. purpureus, Baker. Cyclobdthra purpiirea, Sweet). Rather stout, 3 ft.: st.-lvs. short, acuminate-lanceolate: fls. yellow and pur- ple: the sepals with a purple pit and the petals purple outside: gland naked. Mex. CARL PURDY L. H. B. CALODENDRUM (Greek, beautiful tree). Palladia, Houtt, which is the older name. Rutacex. One of the handsomest deciduous trees at the Cape of Good Hope; cultivated in northern greenhouses, and outdoors in southern California and southern Florida. The great panicles of white or flesh-colored fls. are sometimes 7 in. across and 6 in. deep. It is a symmetri- cal tree, with attractive evergreen foliage and many interesting features. Called "wild chestnut" in Afr. Prop, by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass in heat. A monotypic genus. capensis, Thunb. CAPE CHESTNUT. Height in Afr. 70 ft. : branches opposite, or in 3's: Ivs. simple, decussate, ovate, obtuse retuse or acute, parallel-nerved, 4-5 in. long, studded with oil-cysts, which look like translucent spots when held to the light: panicles terminal; peduncles usually trichotomous; calyx deciduous; petals 5, linear- oblong, 1 % in. long, 2 lines wide, sprinkled with purple glands; stamens 10, 5 alternate, sterile, and petaloid: seeds 2 in each cell, larger than a hazelnut, black and shining. G.C. II. 19:217. Also written Calodendron capense. CALONYCTION (Greek, referring to the beauty of the flower, and the night-blooming habit). Con- volvulacese. MOONFLOWER. Twining perennial herbs with large night-blooming flowers. Flowers white or purple, fragrant, showy; sepals 5, the outer ones with horn-like tips; corolla salver- form, the limb more or less flat, the tube very long and not dilated at the throat; stamens 5, exserted; style capitate and obscurely 2-lobed; ovules 4: Ivs. broadj alternate. — Three species in Trop. Amer., two of which are widely cult. By some, the genus is united with Ipomcea, but it is well distinguished by the salver- form rather than funnelform or bell-shaped corolla, by the exserted stamens and style, and by the night- blooming habit. aculeatum, House (C. specidsum, Choisy. Ipomaba Bdna-ndx, Linn.). Mo9NFLOWER. Fig. 750. St. 10-20 ft. high, with milky juice: Ivs. 3-8 in. long, cordate to hastate, angular or 3-lobed, acute, glabrous: peduncles 2-6 in. long, 1-7-fld., equaling the petioles; corolla 3-6 in. long, 3-^3 in. wide, trumpet-shaped, white, some- times with greenish plaits; fls.fragrant,usually closing in the morning, sometimes remaining open till noon. Aug., Sept. B.M. 752. B.R. 11:889, 917 (as Ipomcea latiflora). Gn. 21, p. 259; 27, p. 473. V. 10:359. Known in gardens chiefly as Ipomcea Bona-nox var. grandiflora, Hort. (/. grandiflora, Roxbg. and Hort., not Lam.), which does not differ materially from the type. Most of the large-fld. and very fragrant forms in cult. may be referred here. Var. grandifldrum, Hort., is sold under the following names: Ipomoea Childsii, 750. Moonflower — Calonyctioa aculeatum. 636 CALONYCTION CALOTHAMNUS I. noctiphyton, I. noctiflora, I. mexicana grandiflora, I. mexicana grandiflora alba, I. mexicana grandiflora vera. These trade names represent strains of varying ex- cellence. (C. grandiflorum, Choisy, is Ipomcea Tuba.) A form with variegated Ivs. is offered. Var. heterophyllum, has Ivs. 3-5-lobed and subhastate. — The moonflower is most popular as a garden plant, but it also does well trained along the roof of a low house or against a pillar. It is excellent for cut-fls. in the evening. Little grown in the open N. because it does not mature in the short seasons. It grows wild in swamps and thickets in peninsular Fla., and is probably indigenous there. Widespread in tropics of both hemispheres. muricatum, G. Don. (Convdlvulus muricatus, Linn. Ipomoea muricdta, Jacq. Calonyction speciosum var. muricatum, Choisy). Fls. purple, smaller than those of C. speciosum, the tube very slender and the expanded partof the tubenot over 3 in. broad. — Tropical regions; extensively cult, in Japan and India, and often seen in American conservatories. C. tastense. House (Ipomcea tastense, Brandeg.) , is the third speciesof Calonyction. It is native to Lower Calif., and not in cult. C. grandifldrum, C h o i s y. =1 p o m ce a Tuba- L. H. B. CALOPHACA (Greek, kalos, beautiful, ana phaka, lentil). Leguminbsse. Or- namental plants cultivated chiefly for their bright yellow flowers ap- pearing in sum- mer. Deciduous shrubs or herbs, with alternate, odd-pinnate, pub- escent, and often glandular Ivs.: stipules scarious or herabceous, adnate to the petiole: fls. papili- onaceous, solitary or in racemes; calyx tubular with 5 nearly equal teeth; standard upright; wings oblong, free, as long as keel; ovary sessile with many ovules: pod pubescent and glandular, cylindrical. — About 10 species from S. Russia to E. India. The two cultivated species are low, prostrate shrubs, with grayish green foliage, and rather large yellow flowers in erect axillary racemes, followed by decorative reddish pods. They prefer a well-drained soil and sunny position, and are well adapted for borders of shrubberies and sandy or rocky slopes. Propagated by seeds sown in spring; the young seedlings should have plenty of light and air, as they are very liable to damp-off if kept too moist and shady. Sometimes grafted high on Cara- gana or Laburnum, forming a very attractive small standard tree with pendulous branches. wolgarica, Fisch. Fig. 751. Two to 3 ft.: pubescent and glandular: Ifts. 11-17, roundish-ovate or oval, Yy- 3^in. long: racemes long -ped uncled, with 4-7 fls.; corolla over %in. long. June, July. S. Russia, Turkes- 751. Calophaca wolgarica. (XH) tan. C. grandifldra, Regel, is similar, but Ifts. 17-25: racemes 10-16-fld.; corolla 1 in. long. S. Russia. Gt. 35:1231. ALFRED REHDER. CALOPHYLLUM (Greek, beautiful-leaved). Guttif- eracese. Woody plants of the Old World and American tropics, with shining leathery leaves, sometimes planted South. Leaves parallel- veined at right angles to the midrib: fls. polygamous in many axillary or terminal clusters; sepals and petals 4-12, in 2-3 series; stamens very nu- merous: fr. a drupe with a single erect seed. — Sixty species. Closely related to Garcinia, which, however, has only 4-8 sepals. In India, several species are of considerable economic importance, especially C. ionophyllum, which is the source of a gum, and the seeds of which contain the well-known domba oil used extensively for lighting purposes. They must be grown in a warmhouse and in a rich well-aerated soil. Calaba, Jacq. CALABA TREE. A tree, to 60 ft.: Ivs. variable, dark glossy green, 3-10 in long. : fls. in axillary racemes, white, rarely produced in cult., the petals about 3 lines long: fr. about 1 in. diam. W. Indies, perhaps intro. from the Old World. Timber and oil. inophyllum, Linn. A medium-sized tree, with gray smooth bark: Ivs. 4-8 in. long, 3-4 in. wide, shin- ing on both surfaces: racemes in the upper axils, the fls. about %in. diam. and pure white; inner sepals petal-like: fr. about 1 in. diam., yellow, smooth, almost fleshy. Trop. Asia. N. TAYLOR. CALOPOGON (Greek, beautiful beard, in allusion to the fringed or bearded lip). Orchidacese. A very attractive native orchid, sometimes planted in bog- gardens and rock-gardens. Flowers magenta-crimson, varying to white, in a loose raceme on a naked scape; sepals and petals all distinct and spreading, the lip narrow at base but broader and hairy above; column winged at summit, not attached to other parts; pollinia 2 in each anther cell. — One species, in bogs and moist meadows, Newfoundland to Fla. and westward. Cathea is an older name, but, be- cause of its general acceptance, Caloppgon is retained in the "nomina conservanda" of the Vienna code. A moist and shaded position and very porous soil are most suitable for this pretty plant, although it may do admirably in a rock-garden only slightly shaded at midday if the plants are watered very freely every day during hot or dry weather. Propagated by offsets, separated from the old tubers, but the old established plants should not be disturbed very often. Collected clumps of many native orchids are offered at very reasonable figures, and these give immediate results, while the small offsets would not be strong enough to flower for several years, and require much attention during the first year, or perhaps longer (J. B. Keller). pulchellus, R. Br. (Limoddrum tuberbsum, Linn., in part). Height 12-18 in., from a solid bulb or corm, bearing a single grass-like If. at the base: scape 2-12- fld.; lip bearded with white, yellow, and purple club- shaped hairs; pretty. G.F. 10:505. J.H. III. 35:45. B.M. 116. L. H. B.f CALOSCORDUM: Nothoscordum. CALOTHAMNUS (Greek, beautiful bush). Myr- tacese. Australian shrubs (more than twenty species) somewhat similar to Callistemon but more graceful in habit; evergreen greenhouse subjects, and hardy out- of-doors in California. Leaves long, alternate: fls. showy, usually red, in lateral clusters; stamens united in bundles opposite the petals; anthers erect, attached by the base, oblong or linear; cells parallel, turned inwards, opening by longitudinal slits. For cult., see Callistemon. CALOTHAMNUS CALYCANTHUS 637 quadrifidus, R. Br. Height 2-4 ft. : Ivs. narrow, terete or slightly flattened, heath-like, glandular-dotted : fls. rich crimson, 4-merous; calyx 2-lobed in fr.; staminal bundles nearly equal, of 15-20 or more filaments. W. Austral. B.M. 1506. C. rupfstris, Schau. Evergreen shrub, the branches densely covered with needle-like small Ivs.: fls. in small clusters on previous year's growth; stamens with crimson filaments and yellow anthers. S.M. 7906. j BURTT DAVY. CALOTROPIS (from Greek words referring to the beauty of parts of the flower). Asclepiadacese. Milk- weed-like shrubs, or small trees, grown in the Ameri- can tropics and one species offered in southern Cali- fornia. Branching, glabrous or tomentpse-canescent: Ivs. opposite, subsessile, broad: fls. with 5-parted calyx glandular inside; corolla bell-shaped or somewhat rotate, 5-parted with broad lobes; crown of 5 narrow fleshy scales adnate to the staminal tube and free and recurved at the base; pollinia solitary in each cell, obovate-oblong and compressed, hanging from the apex: fr. short horned gibbous acuminate pods mostly in pairs; seeds with silky hairs. — Three species in Trop. Asia and Afr., sometimes grown under glass in col- lections but in this country practically confined to the tropics. The bark of C. gigantea produces a strong fiber, and the acrid milky juice dries into a substance like gutta-percha. The silk on the seeds is used in fabrics by natives; that of C. procera is said to be exported from the Cape Verde Isls. as kapok (kapok is usually from the ceiba or silk-cotton tree). gigantea, R. Br. (Asclepias gigantea, Willd.). GIANT MILKWEED. Tree-like, 8-15 ft., with pale bark and woolly shoots: Ivs. obovate to broad wedge-shaped, entire, woolly beneath: fls. rose and purple, in simple or compound umbels with involucrate scales, the corolla-segms. bent downwards and twisted with age: fr. 3-4 in. long; seeds broadly ovate. B.R. 58. India, and planted or escaped in W. Indies. procera, Dry. (Asclepias procera, Ait.). Shrub or bush, to 15 ft. : Ivs. more oblong and acute than those of C. gigantea, grayish: fls. white and purple in long- peduncled cottony umbels; corolla-lobes erect: fr. 4-5 in. long, recurved; seeds ovoid. B.R. 1792. India. —Offered in S. Calif., and said to be known in Porto Rico as Algodon de seda. L. H. B. CALPURNIA (after Calpurnius, an imitator of Virgil, because these plants are allied to Virgilia). Legumi- nosse. Trees and shrubs from tropical and southern Africa, cultivated out-of-doors in southern California and other subtropical regions. Leaves odd-pinnate with numerous Ifts.: racemes long, axillary and terminal, the peduncles often panicu- late, giving rise to a splendid showy infl. ; fls. yellow, the calyx bell-shaped; petals pea-like: pods membranous- winged on one side, often flattish. — Ten species. sylvdtica, Mey. Shrub, 6-10 ft. high: Ivs. 2-6 in. long; Ifts. in 3-10 pairs, membranous, obovate-ellip- tical, retuse or obtuse: fls. ^in. long; ovary glabrous. Caffraria. — Also rarely cult. N. as a greenhouse shrub. lasiogyne, Mey. (C. aurea, Benth.). A taller shrub, very rarely tree-like, with larger evergreen lys., more coriaceous, more pubescent, and exactly elliptical or oblong Ifts: fls. racemose, much like Laburnum, appear- ing in winter, as do the fls. of most S. African plants. The silky ovary at once distinguishes it. Natal. N. TAYLOR.f CALTHA (Latin name of the marigold). Ranuncu- lacese. Beautiful hardy blooming marsh plants, the largest and best of which are used about water-gardens and moist parts of borders. Succulent perennial herbs, glabrous, with a fascicle of strong, fibrous roots: Ivs. simple, rather rounded- cordate at base: fls. yellow, white or pink; sepals large, deciduous, petal-like; petals none; stamens numerous: carpels sessile, becoming follicles, with 2 rows of seeds. — About 10 species of temperate and frigid regions. Monogr. by G. Beck, in Kaiserlich-Konigliche Zool. Bot. GeseUschaft (Vienna, 1886), 36:347-363; E. Huth, Monogr. in Helios 9:69-74. Calthas flourish best in wet places near running water. Though naturally bog-plants, they succeed ad- mirably well in an ordinary border in rather rich soil. They should be introduced more liberally into the flower-garden, where they bloom very freely year after year, and usually mature a second quite abundant crop of bloom in the fall. The flowers last a long time in water, and sell readily in the cut-flower market. The propagation is naturally accomplished by roots and by seed. The roots divide easily and several of the species send out rootstalks. The divisions may be made best in late fall or mild winter weather. If seeds are used, they must be fresh and given a moist, cool place in partial shade. bifl6ra, DC. No true st.: scape slender, usually 2- fld. : Ivs. as in C. palustris: sepals 6-9, nearly white or sometimes bluish : follicles at maturity distinctly stalked . Spring. Calif, to Alaska. leptosgpala, DC. Stout scape, 8-12 in. : Ivs. all basal or barely 1 on st.; nerves at base nearly parallel, other- wise like those of C. biflora: sepals 7-10, oblong, becom- ing narrower, white: fls. solitary: follicles scarcely stalked. May, June. Alaska to Wash, and Colo. Gn. 30:340. palustris, Linn. MARSH MARIGOLD. St. hollow, 1-2 ft., branching, several-fld. : Ivs. cordate or reniform, den- tate, crenate or entire: fls. bright yellow, 1-2 in. broad; sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7: follicles compressed, J^in. long. Apr .-June. Wet ground. Carolinas to Canada and west- ward. Gt. 47, p. 630. Gn. 59, p. 166.— Used before flow- ering in the spring as "cowslip greens." Var. monstrosa- pleno, Hort. (vaT.fldre-pleno, Hort.). An improvement on the above: fls. larger, of greater substance, and often much doubled. Very beautiful. Var. Tyermanii, Hort. A dwarf form with golden fls. G.M. 52:415. polypetala, Hochst. Two ft. high: Ivs. 10^12 in. across: fls. 3 in. across. Caucasus and Asia Minor. — The plant spreads rapidly by stolons and may thus be easily prop. Gn. 69, p. 269. C. data, Duthie. Fls. smaller than in C. palustris, golden yellow with orange-colored filaments and black anthers. Himalaya. Gn. W. 21:666,desc. K- £ DAVIS. CALTROPS: Trapa. CALVOA (apparently a personal name). Melas- tomdcese. A half-dozen or more herbs and shrubs in Trop. Afr., often succulent, with terete or 4-angled branches, enlarged nodes, long-petioled ovate 3-5- nerved Ivs., and red, rosy or violet fls. in scorpioid cymes. None of them is likely to be in commerce for cult., although C. orientalis, Taub., is known in botanic gardens. It is a small shrub with 4-angled sts. produc- ing aerial roots: Ivs. nearly ovate, shining green and veined red at the base, the petioles red: fls. red, becom- ing violet, less than %in. across. CALYCANTHUS (Kalyx and anthos, flower; the calyx is large and conspicuous). Syn. Butneria. Calycanthacese. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB. Orna- mental shrubs, cultivated chiefly for their fragrant flowers. Winter-buds small, without bud-scales, hidden by the base of petiole before the Ivs. fall: Ivs. opposite, petioled, entire: fls. with numerous imbricate sepals and no dis- tinct petals; stamens many, short with innate anthers; Eistils many, inclosed in a hollow receptacle: fr. caps.- ke, formed like the rose-hip by the calyx-tube and containing numerous achenes. — Four species in N. Amer. 638 CALYCANTHUS CALYPSO These are deciduous shrubs of aromatic fragrance, with opposite rather large leaves usually rough above and brown or brownish usually fragrant flowers, terminal on leafy branchlets followed by a large capsule- like dry fruit. Except C. occidentalis, the species are hardy or nearly hardy North. They grow in almost 752. Calycanthus floridus. any well-drained and somewhat rich soil, and succeed as well in shady as in sunny positions. Propagated by seeds sown in spring; also increased by layers put down in summer, and by suckers or division of older plants. A. Lvs. densely pubescent beneath. floridus, Linn. Fig. 752. Three to 6 ft.: Ivs. oval or broad-ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale or grayish green beneath, 1K~3 in. long: fls. dark reddish brown, fragrant, about 2 in. broad. Va. to Fla. B.M. 503. Gn. 21, p. 184; 33, p. 392. — This species is much cult, for its very fragrant fls. and is the hardiest of all. Var. ovatus, Lav. (C. ovdtus, Ait.). Lvs. ovate to ovate-oblong, rounded or subcordate at the base. L.I. 24. AA. Lvs. glabrous beneath or nearly so: fls. slightly or not fragrant. fertilis, Walt. (C. ferax, Michx. C. Uevigdtus, Willd. C. nana, Loisel.). Three to 6 ft.: Ivs. usually elliptic or oblong, acute or acuminate, green beneath, 2-5^ in. long: fls. reddish brown, 13^ in. broad; anthers oblong: fr. ovoid, contracted at the mouth as in the preceding species. Alleghanies; from Ga. to N. C. and Ala. B.R. 6:481. — Roots, Ivs. and bark used for their antiperiodic properties. Fr. said to be poisonous to sheep. Var. glaucus, Schneid. (C. glaucus, Willd.). Fig. 753. Lvs. usually ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, glaucous beneath: fls. paler. B.R. 5:404. Var. oblongifolius, Nutt., with oblong-lanceolate Ivs. glaucous beneath. occidentalis, Hook. & Arn. (C. macrophyllus, Hort.). To 12 ft.: Ivs. usually rounded at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate, green beneath and sometimes slightly pubescent, 4-6 in. long: fls. light brown, 3 in. broad; anthers linear: fr. campanulate, not contracted at the mouth. Calif. B.M. 4808. F.S. 11:1113. R.H. 1854: 341. Gn. 33, p. 392., C. Mdhrii, Small. -Shrub, 2-6 ft.: Iva. ovate to oblong-ovate at the base, rounded to subcordatfr or broadly euneate, densely pubes- cent beneath, 2-7 in. long: fls. purple, fragrant, more than 2 in. across. Tenn. and Ala. Little-known species, very similar to C. floridus var. ovatus, but the fr. campanulate and not contracted at the mouth. It has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum. — C. priecox, Linn.=Meratia pracox. ALFRED REHDER. CALYCOCARPUM (Greek, cup-fruit, alluding to the stone). Menispermdcese. A tall-climbing vine: genus monotypic. C. Lyonii, Nutt., in rich woods, Ky. to Kans. and south: woody twiner: Ivs. large and broad, simple, deeply palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes pointed: fls. small, greenish, in long racemose panicles, in May and June : fr. a globular drupe, the stone or pit hollowed out on one side, ripe in Aug. CALYCOTOME (Kalyx, and tome, a section or cut; calyx looks as if cut off). Leguminosse. Ornamental shrubs chiefly grown for their profusely produced yellow flowers; also used for low hedges. Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipules: fls. papiliona- ceous; calyx turbinate, truncate, colored; standard upright; keel obtuse, curved, shorter than standard; stamens 10 with the filaments connate; ovary sessile, many-ovuled: pod linear-oblong, along the upper suture winged or strongly thickened, 2-valved. — Five species in the Medit. region. Calyco tomes are low spiny shrubs with small 3-folio- late deciduous leaves and fascicled or solitary yellow papilionaceous flowers. Hardy only in warmer tem- perate regions. They prefer a sunny position and well- drained soil. For propagation, see Cytisus. villosa, Link. Two to 4 ft. : branchlets grayish tomen- tose: Ifts. obovate to oblong-obovate, densely silky beneath, under Kin. long: fls. %in. long, 3 or more, fascicled: pod villous. May, June. — It is excellent for dense low hedges. spindsa, Link. Closely allied, but somewhat larger in every part, and with glabrous branchlets and pods: fls. solitary or few. B.R. 32:55. ALFRED REHDER. CALYPSO (from the Greek goddess, whose name sig- nifies concealment; referring to its rarity and beauty). OrchidacesB. One of the rarest and most prized native orchids. A delicate bog-plant, 3-4 in. high, with a small bulb, 1 roundish or ovate striated If., and 1 pink fl. with a spotted sac. For culture, see Calopogon; but more diffi- cult to grow than that plant. A monotypic genus. bulbosa, Oakes. Fig. 754. Lf. an inch wide and long: scape 3-4 in. high, with about 3 sheaths; sepals and petals similar, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate, pink; lip larger than the rest of the fl., with brown spots in lines and purple and yellow markings, woolly-hairy 753. Calycanthus lertilis var. glaucus. ( X H) CALYPSO CAMASSIA 639 within; column petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like anther just below the apex. Maine to Minn, and N.; also Eu. Abundant in parts of Ore. and Wash. B.M. 2763. G.C. II. 16:656. CALYPTROGYNE (from calyptra, hidden, and gyne, woman, in allusion to the half-hidden gynoecium). Palmacese, tribe Geonbmese. Short, almost completely stemless and unarmed palms with unequally pinnate terminal leaves. Stems frequently stoloniferous, when present, ringed below: Ivs. numerous, often with the pinnate segms. joined together, in extreme youth 4-parted instead of bi-partite as in most related genera; Ifts. somewhat irregularly disposed on the rachis, broadly or narrowly scythe-shaped, running at the tip to an abrupt point, at the base revolute; petiole very short or practically none: spadix simple or sometimes branched at the base, long-stalked; spathes 2; fls. a little unequal, with 3 sepals, 3 petals and 6 stamens, the style half immersed in the spadix: fr. oblong or obovoid, 1-seeded. — About 4 species, all from Trop. N. Amer. From Geonoma, a near relative and horticulturally a much more impor- tant genus, Calyptrpgyne is distinguished only by the almost stemless habit, and the purely technical charac- ter of having prominently arrow-shaped anthers. In Geonoma the anthers are pendulous, but not sagittate. Calyptrogynes are handsome palms, seldom seen out- side of large collections. Special care must be given to the soil so that it will be sweet and porous, especially after the plants leave the seed-pan. Well-drained pots and a little charcoal mixed with the soil, and the plants kept in a uniformly moist state, are conditions essential to the healthy growth of the plants. In this genus, C. Ghiesbreghtiana is the most widely known species, another garden name for which is Geonoma Verschaffeltii. These are shade-loving palms, having leaves of compara- tively thin texture, and consequently are subject to attacks of red spider unless properly cared for in regard to moisture. Calyptrogynes are most useful in a small state, old plants in general being rather leggy and poorly furnished. (G. W. Oliver and W. H. Taplin.) 754. Calypso borealis. glatica, H. Wendl. (Gednoma glauca, Oerst.). Practi- cally stemless: Ivs. 4-5 ft. long, the sheathing petiole brownish, about 1 ft. long; Ifts. numerous, about 2-3 in. apart, with 4 principal nerves, and scarcely any secondary ones: spadix simple, dif- fering from the following species in which the spadix is often branched, 2-3 ft. long, the pistillate fls. half hidden in tiny pits. Cent. Amer. G.C. III. 30:179.— Not a common species, but young plants are specially at- tractive. Ghiesbregh- tiana, H. WTendl. (Gednoma Ghies- breghtiana, Lindl. & H. Wendl. G. magmfica and G. Verschaffeltii, Hort.). St. short or almost none: petiole 5 ft. long: Ivs. elongate-oval; segms. in 6 pairs, unequal, almost opposite, rather remote, lanceo- late, very long- acuminate, fal- cate, the 2 upper- most on each side very wide: spadix often branched below, the fls. half hidden in tiny pits. Chiapas, Mex. B.M. 5782. C. starapigu&nsis, H. Wendl. St. short: Ivs. 6 ft. long. Costa Rica. G.C. III. 29:217, desc. — C. spicigera, H. Wendl. St. evident: Ivs. irregularly pinnate, 3 ft. or less long, the stalks flat on upper side. Guatemala. — C. Swdrtzii, Hort., is a Geonoma. j^ TAYLOR CALYPTROSTfGMA. Diervilla Middendorffiana. CALYSTEGIA: Conwlwlu*. CAMAROTIS (a vault, in reference to the cavity in the apex of the lip). Orchidacex. Epiphytic hothouse orchids. Stems elongated, with short Ivs., and many-fld. racemes: sepals and petals similar, spreading; lip spurred, 3-lobed; rostellum and anther beaked; poll in i a 2, upon long thin sjtipes. — Species 2, in E. India. rostrata, Reichb. (C. purpiirea, Lindl. Sarchochllus purpitreus, Benth.). Fig. 755. Sts. 2-3 ft. long, climb- ing: Ivs. oblong-linear, bifid at apex, 3-4 in. long: racemes longer than Ivs.; fls. crowded, about 1 in. diam., rose-purple, the lip somewhat darker. India. P.M. 7:25. — A scarce plant, now offered in American lists. Free-growing plant with aerial roots similar to some epidendrums. The treatment accorded to the vandas and saccolabiums with similar roots will suit the camarotis. GEORGE V. NASH. CAMASSIA (Quamash or Camass is the Indian name). Sometimes written Quamasia. Liliacese. CAMASS. West American spring-flowering bulbs. Leaves all radical, long-lance-shaped, sheathing, from a true bulb that is pointed and with a rounded rather flattened base: sts. erect, 2-3 ft., bearing many bracted blossoms that open from the bottom of the raceme upward, in long succession: fls. blue, purple, white or cream, with 6 spreading 3-7-nerved segms., 755. Camarotis rostrata. 640 CAMASSIA CAMASSIA 6 thread-like filaments, filiform style, and 3-angled, 3-valved, several-seeded caps. — Five or 6 species in the temperate regions of W. N. Amer. from Cent. Calif, to Brit. Col. and east to Texas and Ark. They have resemblances to Scilla, but are much handsomer. The bulbs produce no offsets unless wounded. All the 756. Camassia Cusickii. (fls. species vary greatly in width of Ivs., size and number of fls., so that definite figures mean little. The large bulb and broad bluish lys. of C. Cusickii, the heavy St., regular fls., and twisted old segms. of C. Leicht- linii, the irregular fl. and drooping segms. of C. Quamash, and the time of flowering of C. Howellii, are good gen- eral characters to distinguish them. Camassias are natives of rich meadows, very wet in winter and spring but dry in summer. Water often stands on the surface at flowering time. While the very best success can perhaps be attained by giving them a rather heavy soil with abundant moisture in the early season, they are most amenable to cultivation and thrive in any loam (only avoiding too rank manures), and they are perfectly hardy. They have been thor- oughly tested throughout the region from Illinois east. Plant in early fall, from 3 to 4 inches apart and 3 to 6 inches deep, and do not disturb thereafter. As cut- flowers, they are excellent as they open in long succes- sion. Seeds grow readily, but from three to four years are required to make flowering plants. Cfcsickii, Wats. Fig. 756. Bulbs very large (weigh- ing 4-8 ozs.) : Ivs. numerous, broad, glaucous, somewhat undulate (15 in. long by 1J^ in. wide): st. often 3 ft. high: fls. 30^-100, very pale delicately blue; segms. spreading, crinkled at base, faintly 3-5-nerved. Ore. G.F. 1:174 (adapted in Fig. 756).— The very large bulb and broader and more numerous Ivs. easily dis- tinguish this species. Very easily grown. Quamash, Greene (C. esculenta, Lindl.). COMMON CAMASS. Fig. 757. This species varies greatly; some forms are low and slender, others 2-3 ft. high, stout and many-fld.; it can be distinguished by the irregular per- ianth in which 5 segms. are more or less on one side and 1 on the other: Ivs. %in. broad or less: fls. 10-40, varying from almost white to intense ultramarine in the varieties; segms. 3-5-nerved and a little longer than the stamens, narrow and channeled at the base; pedicels not exceed- ing the fls.: caps, ovate-oblong, obtuse, transversely veined. Calif, to Utah and north to Brit. Col. B.R. 1486. F.S. 3:275. Gn. 46:338 and p. 339.— Bulb cooked and eaten by the Indians. The fls. vary to white. The large ultramarine form is the one in the trade. The withered segments fall down about the pedicel irregularly. Leichtlinii, Wats. Stout, often 3 ft. or even more in height: fls. white, cream-colored, blue or purple, nearly regular; stamens and style ascending; segms. broad and flattened at the base, usually 5-7-nerved: caps, oblong- ovate, emarginate, obliquely veined. The withered segms. of the perianth twist about the caps, like bonbons; this is an infallible distinctive mark of the species. C. Leitchlinii is not common, but is distributed from Mendocino Co., Calif., to Brit. Col. B.M. 6287 (as C. esculenta var. Leichtlinii, Baker). — In Men- docino Co., a clear blue form grows rarely in mountain meadows. In the Umpqua Valley, Ore., the type is clear cream approaching white. In the same region and farther north, a very large deep blue or purple form is found, while in Brit. Col., the cream-colored form again appears but is rare. At their best, the sts. are stiff and heavy, the fls. large and many, and the masses of bloom approach the Eremurus in beauty and are even finer in separate fls. C. Leichtlinii is the finest of all camassias. Several color forms are described, as var. atrovioldcea, deep purple, and others. HSwellii, Wats. Bulb rather small: Ivs. few, 1 ft. long and less than Mm- wide: st. often 2 ft. high, many- fld., with spreading pedicels twice or more the length of the linear bracts: fls. pale purple, opening in the afternoon, the segms. J^in. long, 3-5-nerved; pedi- cels longer than the fls.: caps, small, broadly ovate and very obtuse. S. Ore. Intro, by Pilking- ton & Co., 1892. esculenta, Rob- ins. (C. Fraseri, Torr.). Scape 12- 18 in. high: Ivs. keeled : fls. light blue, smaller than in C. Quamash; segms. 3-nerved ; pedicels mostly longer than fls.Pa., west and south. B.M. 1574 (as Scilla esculenta) . Var. angusta (C. angusta, Hort.). Very slen- der, and Ivs. nar- rower ( J^in . wide) : fls. smaller, H or J^in. long. La. and Ark. to Texas. CARL PURDY. CAMELLIA CAMELLIA 641 759. Camellia japonica — Lucida. CAMELLIA (after George Joseph Kamel or Camellus, a Moravian Jesuit, who traveled in Asia in the seven- teenth century). Ternstrcemiaceae. CAMELLIA. Woody plants, chiefly grown for their showy white or red flowers and also for their handsome evergreen foliage. Evergreen trees or shrubs with alternate short-peti- oled serrate Ivs. and large terminal or axillary white or red fls. followed by subglobose woody caps.: fls. sessile, up- right; sepals many, imbricate, deciduous; petals 5 or more; stamens numerous, more or less connate; ovary 3-5-celled, with slender styles connate, at least be- 758.- Camellia japonica — Abby Wilder. low: fr. a dehiscent caps., with few large subglobose seeds. — About 10 species in tropical and subtropical Asia. Often united with Thea, which differs in its nodding and stalked fls. with a persistent calyx consisting of 5 nearly equal sepals. There is a monograph of this genus by Seemann in Trans. Linn. Soc. 22:337-352 (1859) and by Kochs in Engler Bot. Jahrb. 27:577-634 (1900). Illustrated monographs of the horti- cultural varieties are: Curtis, Monogr. of the genus Camellia (1819); Baumann, Bollweiler Camelliensammlung (1828); Chandler, Camelliese (1831); Berlese, Monogr. du genre Camellia a (1839); Verschaffelt, Nouvelle Monographic du Camellia (1848-1860): the last with 576 and the previous one with 300 colored plates. Camellias grow like natives on sandy lands and even on high pine land in central Florida, but they flower best in half-shady somewhat moist places. The half-double varieties of Camellia japonica do best, while the very double kinds often drop their buds entirely. The flow- ers suffer very much from the sun and cannot be grown much farther south than central Florida. Camellia Sasanqua, single, half-double and double kinds, grow much more satisfactorily than the varieties of C. ja- ponica. They begin to flower late in October and early November, and the double white C. Sasanqua is a mass of pure white usually at Christmas time. All the varieties of C. Sasanqua have somewhat fragrant flowers. C. reticulata does equally well in Florida. It is very distinct in foliage from the two former species which have glossy leaves, while the leaves of C. reticu- lata are dull green. All the camellias are extremely slow growers if not carefully cultivated and fertilized. A mulch of old cow-manure, now and then a little commercial fertilizer, and thorough watering during the dry season several times a week start the bushes into a vigorous and healthy growth. They are so ex- tremely beautiful when in flower that all the care given them is well repaid. (H. Nehrling.) A. Ovary and Ivs. perfectly glabrous. japonica, Linn. (Thea japonica, Nois.). Figs. 758- 761. Shrub or tree, sometimes to 40 ft., glabrous: Ivs very shining and dark green above, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, sharply serrate, 2-4 in. long: fls. red in the type, 3-5 in. across; petals 5-7, roundish. China, Japan. B.M. 42. S.Z. 82. F.S. 20:2121. S.I.F. 1:73. Gn. 24, p. 411; 28, p. 203; 36, p. 241. Var. alba, Lodd. Fls. white. L.B.C. 7:636. Gn. 54, p. 243. J.H. III. 54:227; 64:397. Var. alba-plena, Lodd. Fls. white, double. L.B.C. 3:269. Gn. 53, p. 244. Var. anemonifldra, Curtis. Fls. red, with 5 large petals, the stamens changed into numerous smaller and narrow petals; the whole fl. resembling that of a double anemone. L.B.C. 537. B.M. 1654. Gn. 44, p. 329. Var. magno- liaefldra, Hort. Fls. pale rose, semi-double, with 12-15 petals rather narrow and half upright. Gn. 76, p. 31. Var. apucaeformis, Rehd. (C. apucseformis, Jacob- Mackoy). Lvs. bifid at the apex. — For the numerous other garden forms, see the above-mentioned mono- graphs; also, Flore des Serres, L'lllustration Horticole, and other older horticultural publications contain a large number of varieties with illustrations. AA. Ovary and Ivs. on the midrib above pubescent. reticulata, Lindl. (Thea reticulata, Pierre). Large shrub, glabrous: Ivs. dull green, not shining above, reticulate, flat, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, serrate, 3-5 in. long: fls. 5-7 in. across, purplish rose; petals 15-20, obovate, loosely arranged. China. B.R. 13:1078. B.M. 2784. P.M. 3:101. G.M. 35: suppl. Apr. 2. F.W. 1880:321. G. 25:59. Var. plena, Hort. Fls. with twice as many petals, and more regularly arranged. B.M. 4976. F.S. 12: 1279-80. Sasanqua, Thunb. (Thea Sasdnqua,Nois.). Shrub of loose, straggling habit, and with the branches pubes- cent when young: Ivs. ellip- tic to oblong- ovate, bluntly pointed at the apex, crenate- 760. Camellia japonica — H. A. Downing. 761. Camellia japonica — President Clark. serrate, shining, dark green ana hairy on the midrib above, 1-2 in. long: fls. lJ^-2 in. across, white; petals 5 or more, obovate or oblong. China, Ja- pan. Gn. 54:142. S.Z. 83 (except the red vars.). S.I.F. 2:52. J.H. III. 43: 131. G.M. 36:51. Runs into many forms. Var. semi-plena, Hort. Fls. semi-double, white. B.R. 1:12; 13:1091. Var. anemo- niflora, Seem. Fls. large, double, outer petals white, inner ones much smaller, yellow. B.M. 5152. Var. oledsa, Rehd. (Thea Sasdnqua var. oleosa, Pierre. C. oleifera, Lindl.). Of more robust habit, with Ivs. and the single white fls. larger than in the type. B.R. 11: 942. L.B.C. 11:1065. Var. Kissi, Rehd. (Thea Sasdn- quav&r. Kissi, Pierre. C. Kissi, Wall.). Lvs. oval-oblong to ovate, long-acuminate, to 3J^ in- long. Himalayas. 642 CAMELLIA CAMPANULA C. axillaris, Roxbg.=Gordonia anomala. — C. cuspidata, Hort.=Thea cuspidata. — C. drupifera. Lour. Shrub, to 8 ft.: Ivs. elliptic, long-acuminate: fls. \l/i in. wide, fragrant, white, petals obovate. Himalayas, India. L.B.C. 19:1815. — C. euryoides, Lindl. =Thea euryoides. — C. euryoides, Hort.=Thea maliflora. — C. hong- kongensis. Seem. (Thea hongkongensis, Pierre). Tree with glabrous branches: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, indistinctly serrate, lustrous above, coriaceous, 3—1 in. long: fls. red, 2 in. across; petals slightly emarginate; ovary pubescent. Hongkong. Trans. Linn. Soc. 22:60. — C. maliflora, Lindl.=Thea maliflora. — C. rosifldra, Hook.=Thea maliflora. — C. sinensis, Kuntze=Thea sinensis. — C. spectabilis, Champ.=Tutcheria spectabilis. — C. Thea, Link=Thea Binensis- ALFRED REHDER. CAMOENSIA (Louis Camoens, Portugese poet). Leguminosse. Two species of climbing shrubs from W. Trop. Afr., with digitately 3-foliolate Ivs., and large papilionaceous fls. Calyx top-shaped; petals with long claws, the standard orbicular or nearly so; stamens free; ovary stipitate, with many ovules, the stigma small and capitate: fr. a broad-linear flattened 2-valved pod. C. maxima, Welw., has recently been offered by an English firm. Described by Baker as "a magnificent species" and by Bull as "one of the most gorgeously beautiful of tropical climbers:" Ifts. pbovate-oblong, 5-6 in. long, cuspidate: fls. milk-white tinged with gold and frilled on the edges of the petals, in short- stalked 6-8-fld. axillary racemes; standard projecting 4 in. beyond the calyx, 3-4 in. broad; other petals shorter and not more than 1 in. broad: pod 6-8 in. long. Trans. Linn. Soc. 25:36. B.M. 7572. G.C. III. 20:597. L. H. B. CAMPANULA (Latin, little bell, from the shape of the corolla in some species). Campanuldceae. BELL- FLOWER. HAREBELL. BLUEBELL. A large group of attractively flowering herbs, containing some of the most popular garden plants, especially of hardy her- baceous perennials. Annual, biennial or perennial, mostly the last, often small and tufted: root-lvs. usually larger than the st.- lys., and often of different shape and more or less tran- sitory: fls. blue, violet or white, sometimes yellow; calyx 5-fid; corolla 5-lobed or 5-fid; stamens 5, free; filaments wide at the base, membranaceous; stigmas 3 or 5, filiform: caps. 3-5-valved, dehiscing on the sides or (as in Fig. 762) at the base by 3-5 small valves; seeds ovate, complanate or ovoid. — Probably 250 species, nearly all in the northern hemisphere with the center of distribution in the Medit. region; about a dozen species are N. American. The species mostly inhabit swamps or moist ground, or alpine and boreal regions. Allied genera of garden value are Adenophora, Jasione, Lightfootia, Michauxia, Ostrowskia, Phyteuma, Platycodon, Specularia, Symphyandra, Trachelium, and Wahlenbergia, in which genera many species originally described as campanulas may be sought. Of these, perhaps the two best known cases are Platycodon grandiflorum, the "balloon flower," with its characteristic inflated buds, dark green, glossy, leathery Ivs.; and Specularia Speculum (C. Speculum), "Venus' looking-glass," a pretty annual, which grows in the grain fields of S. Eu., and is cult, for its violet fls. with a white eye. The calyx- tube of Specularia is relatively much longer than in any campanula. The most prominent campanulas now in cult, seem to be the forms of C. Medium, C. carpat- ica, C. persicifolia, C. pyramidalis, C. punctata, C. pusilla (csespitosa), C. rotundifolia. Botanically, campanulas fall into two important groups, based on the presence or absence of calyx appendages. The subgenus Medium has the appen- dages, and Eucodon lacks them. These appendages are often small and disguised. The genus may also be 762. Capsule of Campanula with basal dehiscence. thrown into two broad groups based on the dehiscence, — the subgenus Medium with capsule opening near the base, and Rapunculus with the openings near the top. For the horticulturist, the most serviceable classi- fication is based on the use that he makes of the plants, — whether as a garden vegetable, as border plants, or as rock-garden or alpine subjects; and this is the division attempted here. In cultivation, campanulas tend to become taller and more robust, less hairy, more branched, and more floriferous. Blue is the prevailing color in the genus. A very few have white or yellowish flowers, with no blue or violet forms. Any blue or violet-flowered form is likely to have white varieties, and double and semi-double forms are common in three or four of the most popular species. All flowers tend to become larger and more numerous on a stem. In cultivation, the three-celled species are likely to have five stigmas instead of three, and five-celled cap- sules, often along with normally constructed flowers on the same plant. The height is the most variable feature of all, and in the scheme below C. carpatica, C. punctata and forms of C. glomerata especially will seem wrongly placed to many. But the characters used by botanists are well-nigh useless to the gardener, and nothing but a distinction of height can bring out the two important cultural groups of campanulas. For a recent garden monography of dwarf campanulas, see Correvon, "The Garden," 59 (1901) pp. 276, 450; 60, pp. 51, 64, 111, 161, 218. Cultivation. — The genus Campanula is extraordi- narily rich in flowering garden plants of merit. The alpine section is distinguished by a charming grace both in character of growth and size and bearing of flowers. The peach-leaved class (C. persicifolia) is characterized by the noble and beautiful form of single and semi-double blossoms carried by thin erect stems 2-3 feet high. The luster and clearness of tints of the bushy biennial Medium and calycanthema type are remarkable, while the rambling habit and the marvelous floriferousness of the varieties C. isophylla and its descendant C. Mayii, indicate the wide range of orna- mental usefulness of bellflowers. Considering the good lasting qualities in a cut state and the great popularity of the flowers of long-stemmed sorts for indoor decora- tion, it is safe to say that campanulas will steadily gain in importance as material upon the florists' counter as well as for garden planting. The greatest curiosities are C. punctata, C. macrostyla, C. Zoysii and C. rotundi- folia var. soldanellse flora. For exhibition and for pot culture and also for large single specimens, C. pyram- idalis is most used. For edgings, C. carpatica is per- haps the favorite. Of all wild forms, the best known is certainly C. rotundifolia, the true harebell, or "blue bells of Scotland." It is native in North Amer- ica as well as in Europe, on rocky banks and shores. — Wherever rock-gardens are planned, alpine cam- panulas have become indispensable. The greater part of typical mountain inhabitants chiefly available for this purpose being spring-flowering plants, the summer flowers of campanulas are especially welcome. One of the best bellflowers for rock-gardens is C. carpatica, blue and white, with its var. compacta also in blue and white, var. cselestina, sky blue, var. pelviformis, light blue, and var. Riverslea with large dark-blue bells; but there are a number of other very handsome species possessing commercial value that deserve the atten- tion of progressive growers. The demand is for a plant material easy to handle, resistant and free-flowering. As such may be recommended for rockeries, C. gargan- ica and C. garganica var. hirsuta, both 4 inches high, flowers light blue. C. pusilla, in white and blue, is regarded as the hardiest low-growing alpine bellflower. Excellent effect may be secured from a number of the garden hybrids, when rightly employed; plantations of C. Wilsonii, cross between C. pulla and C. turbinata, dark blue, 6 inches tall, and C. Fergusonii and C. Hen- CAMPANULA CAMPANULA 643 dersonii, 12 to 18 inches, all blooming freely from late in June to early August, are good examples. Cam- panula glomerata var. acaulis, a clustered-flowering low- growing form, violet-blue, June and July, answers the same purpose, while C. glomerata var. dahurica, 12 to 18 inches, dark violet-blue and white, very free-flower- ing, is valuable also as a border plant. Other good rock- ery kinds are C. fragilis (which needs protection, but makes a good pot-plant), C. pulla in sheltered position, C. Portenschlagiana, and C. rotundifolia. Many of the larger-growing kinds are also good for the rock-garden. — The best two representatives of the biennial class, are C. Medium and C. calycanthema, both standard garden flowers. In the northern states, especially, they do exceedingly well. When used for mass effects, their full bloom becomes a prominent feature of June. The deli- cate shades of pink and pale lavender, the purity of the white, and the rich tints in purple and blue are a reve- lation. They transplant very easily, even in an ad- vanced state of growth, and readily respond to mild forc- ing under glass in spring. In a cut state, they show remarkably good lasting qualities and are of excellent value as material for filling vases. A few other good biennials are C. sibirica, C. primulsefolia, C. spicata, (p. 650), C. thyrsoides. — The peach-leaved section com- prises the most perfect forms of the bellflower family, although C. persicifolia has been surpassed in popular favor by the more yigorou < C. grandiflora varieties in white and blue, which are really platycodons. C. iso- phylla, native of Italy, is not hardy in Maine and must be overwintered under glass. It is a very effective basket- and balcony-box plant, its long hanging vines being covered with large and attractive flowers in July and August. The color is a delicate light blue, while the bells of its garden descendant C. Mayii, have a deeper shade. For the South, both are valuable acqui- sitions for rockeries. — Of the perennial species, according to Robert Cameron, the best border plants are the fol- lowing: C. carpatica and vars. alba and turbinata; C. glomerata, especially var. dahurica; C. lactiflora; C. lati- folia, especially its vars. eriocarpa and macrantha; C. nobilis (about 2 ft. in height); C. persicifolia and its numerous vars., especially the white kinds; C. punc- tata (about 1 % ft.) ; C. pyramidalis, a very showy plant when well grown, but not quite reliable in the eastern states as to hardiness, making a good pot-plant for the cool greenhouse; C. rapunculoides, which spreads rap- idly and must be so placed that it will not crowd out the other plants that are near it; C. rotundifolia; C. Trachelium; C. Van Houttei, a hybrid, and one of the best bellflowers. — Campanulas are raised from seed and also by division or cuttings. Seeds should be started early under glass. Cover very shallow, and place the shallow seed-pans near the light in an aver- age temperature of 60°. Shade at midday while in pro- cess of germinating; avoid over-watering and "sticky" atmosphere. Transplant seedlings into flats as soon as they can be handled. Harden young plants gradually and transfer them to the open ground in May. C. Medium, C. calycanthema, and all the C. persicifolia varieties, when grown for the cut-flower trade, should be placed on beds where they are intended to pe flow- ered and cropped the next season. They thrive best in a rather light well-manured garden soil. Some of the alpine species require a sandy humus with addi- tions of fine limestone material. When grown for floral garden effect, the open sunny position is preferable throughout the North, while for the South half-shade at midday is likely to prolong the flowering season. Seedlings of single varieties come true to color to a high percentage. Of the semi-double and double C. persicifolia sorts, propagation is usually by division in September. C. isophylla and C. Mayii are shy seeders and are propagated by cuttings in spring. For winter protection, a light covering of straw, leaves or ever- green boughs is sufficient south of New York. In more northern parts, hardy campanulas require a uniform layer of leaves 2 to 3 inches thick. The annuals can be raised in the border by seeds sown late in April or May, or raised in the greenhouse and then transferred to the border. The best of the annuals are C. ramosis- sima and var. alba, C. drabifolia, C. Erinus, C. macro- styla, and C. americana. (Richard Rothe.) INDEX. acaulis, 12. grandis, 11. pusitta, 46. alaskana, 44. Grossekii, 7. pyramidalis, 16. alba, 11, 16, 19, 32, haylodgensis, 39. Rainerii, 37. 39, 45, 46. Hendersonii, 39. ramosissima, 32. alba grandiflora, 10. hirsuta, 33, 34. rapunculoides, 21. alliariaefolia, 5. Hohenackeri, 30. Rapunculus, 1. Allionii, 26. Hostii, 44. rhomboidalis, 19. alpina, 29. imperialis, 4. riverslea, 39. americana, 9. isophylla, 40. rotundifolia, 44. arctica, 44. lactiflora, 13. ruthenica, 18. attica, 43. lamiifolia, 5. sarmatica, 6. Backhousei, 10. latifolia, 17. Scheuchzeri, 45. barbata, 27. latiloba, 11. Scouleri, 41. biserrata, 13. lini folia, 45. sibirica, 30. bononiensis, 18. longestyla, 3. soldanella, 44. csespitosa, 46. Lorei, 32. soldanellaeflora, 44. calycanthema, 4. macrantha, 10, 17. sparsiflora, 12. carpatica, 39. macrophytta, 5. speciosa, 12, 14. celtidifolia, 13. macrostyla, 2. Stansfieldii, 31, 39. ccelestina, 39. major, 36. stenocodon, 44. ccerulea, 13. marginata, 10. superba, 12. compacta, 16, 39. Mayii, 40. Tenorii, 38. coronata, 10. Medium, 4. Tommasiniana, 31. dahurica, 12. mirabilis, 8. thyrsoidea, 14. divaricata, 23. Moerheimei, 10. thyrsoides, 14. divergens, 30. mollis, 28. Trachelium, 20. drabifolia, 43. muralis, 36. turbinata, 39. Elatines, 35. nobilis, 24. urtici folia, 20. Erinus, 49. pallida, 25, 46. Van Houttei, 25. eriocarpa, 17. parviflora, 3. velutina, 44. excisa, 47. pelviformis, 39. versicolor, 22. eximia, 30. persicifolia, 10. verus, 1. Fergusonii, 16. Portenschlagiana, 36. Vidalii, 15. floribunda, 40. pulla, 42. Waldsteiniana, 31. fragilis, 33. pulloides, 42. Wiegandii, 4. garganica, 34. pumila, 46. Wilsonii, 39. glomerata, 12. punctata, 24. Zoysii, 48. C. primukefolia and C. spicata will be found in the supplementary list, p. 650. GROUP I. Kitchen-garden vegetable: roots radish-like: a salad plant. 1. Rapunculus, Linn. (Rapunculus verus, Fourr.). RAMPION. Fig. 763. Biennial or perennial, 2-3 ft.: root spindle- or long-radish-shaped, %in. thick, white: st. erect sulcate: lower Ivs. obovate, short-petioled, somewhat crenate; st.-lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire: fls. calyx-tube obconical, lobes lilac, in a spike or raceme; glabrous or bristly, erect, awl-shaped, a half shorter than or nearly equal to the funnel-shaped corolla. Eu., Orient, N. Asia, N. Afr. — The roots and Ivs. are eaten as a salad. The seeds, which are very small, are sown in the open ground in early May either broadcast or in drills. A little sand mixed with the gives an evener sow- ing. Press firmly, and water carefully. Thin out the seedlings if necessary. Water freely in hot weather. A fresh sowing may be made in June, as early - sown plants may run to seed. Roots are gathered in Oct. and may be stored in sand for win- ter use. "Rapunculus" means a little turnip. 763. Root of rampion — Cam- panula Rapunculus. 644 CAMPANULA CAMPANULA GROUP II. Tall or border campanulas, characteristically afoot or 15 in. or more high. Nos. 2-23. A. Calyx with an appendage at the base of each sinus. B. Caps. 5-celled and stigmas 5 (variable in No. 8). c. Style excessively long, the stigma an inch or more long. 2. macrostyla, Boiss. & Heldr. Annual, 1-2 ft., branched from the base, hispid with rigid spreading scattered bristles: branches stout: Ivs. scattered, small for the size of the plant, sessile, bristly on both sur- faces; lower ones ovate-oblong, acute; upper ovate- lanceolate, recurved, cordate, eared at the base: calyx- tube hidden by the bladdery appendages, small, broader than long; fls. solitary; on stout peduncles, 2-2 >£ in. broad; corolla very broad and open, pale pur- ple without, dull purple within, marked with violet, and hairy toward the bot- tom; lobes very broad, short and acute. Mt. Taurus in Ana- tolia. Gn. 15: 356 and 12, p. 209. B.M. 6394. — The very long exserted style is brown and spin- dle - shaped be- fore spreading open. Self-sown seeds sometimes remain a year before sprout- ing. cc. Style not ex- cessively long. 3. longestyla, Fomine. Peren- nial, \y2-2 y2 ft., more or less hairy: basal Ivs. lance -oval, lobed, the st.- Ivs. oblong and sessile: fls. blue- purple, droop- ing; calyx-lobes lanceolate- pointed, the appendages re- flexed on the peduncle;corolla almost urn-shaped, dilated below the middle; style exserted with 3, 4 or 5 stigmas: caps. 3-5-celled. Cau- casus. Gn. W. 23:671. Var. parvifldra, Bois. Fls. smaller. R.H. 1911:548; p. 549. 4. Medium, Linn. (Medium grandiflorum, Spach). CANTERBURY BELLS. Fig. 764. Biennial, 1-4 ft.; plant pilose: st. erect: Ivs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, crenate-dentate : raceme lax, many-fld.; fls. violet-blue, varying to several shades and to white, 2 in. long; calyx-lobes ovate-acuminate, the appendages half as long as the ample ovate obtuse lobes; corolla bell- shaped, inflated. S. Eu. Gn. M. 14:9. Two forms (aside from thesingle-fld.) occur: thedouble, Fig. 764a, with 1-3 extra corollas, and the var. calycanthema, Hort., Fig. 7646, with an enlarged spreading and petal-like outer part sometimes deeply divided and sometimes little lobed or nearly entire (varying on the same plant) . The var. calycanthema is the CUP-AND-SAUCER form (the 764. Campanula Medium, the Canterbury Bell. Modified forms are shown. name hose-in-hose, sometimes applied in Campanula, would better be retained for Primula elatior); a fair percentage come true from seed; usually a stronger plant than the common C. Medium. G.C. III. 24:65. R.H. 1896, p. 301; 1897, p. 238. Gng. 5:88. Gn. 48, p. 295. F.S. 19, p. 152. G.W. 3, p. 291. G.Z. 17: 113. Var. Wiegandii, Hort. Lv&. golden yellow: fls. blue. Var. imperialis, Hort., is a very floriferous form or possibly a hybrid. — Canterbury bells are most commonly treated as hardy biennials, the seed being sown in the open border, but they do not flower the first year. They can also be treated as tender annuals, the seed being sown indoors in early spring and the plants set out May 1-15. They will then flower well the first season, but always better the second year. Sowings may also be made in April, May or later, in pots, boxes or beds, and plants then be transferred into some sheltered place where they can be slightly pro- tected during the winter, and then transplanted in spring to their permanent places into good rich soil, where they will make a great show if they have had the right treatment. Let them stand 18-24 in. apart. Seed- lings potted up in autumn may be brought into bloom readily indoors in spring; and even blooming plants, if not spent, may be potted direct from the garden and used in the house in autumn. BB. Caps. 3-celled: stigmas 3. 5. alliariasfdlia, Willd. (C. lamiifolia, Bieb. C. ma- crophylla, Sims). Perennial, 1K~2 ft.: st. erect, striate, woolly, branched only at the top: root-lvs. large, heart- shaped, crenate, tomentose; st.-lvs. on petioles which gradually shorten upward, the highest being sessile: fls. white, nodding, on short stalks, borne singly in the axils of the floral Ivs. as in C. sarmatica, but the floral Ivs. larger and broader; calyx a third or a fourth shorter than the corolla, with margins rolled back, and appen- dages less minute than in C. sarmatica; corolla always white, 2 in. long, ciliated at the margin, and with char- acteristic tooth-like processes at the base of each sinus. Caucasus, Asia Minor. B.M. 912. Gn. M. 14:9. 6. sarmatica, Ker-Gawl. Perennial, 1-2 ft.: st. simple, striate, pubescent: Ivs. remarkable for their gray color, harsh, leathery, wrinkled, tomentose, oblong-cordate, crenate, the lower long-petioled, the upper sessile: calyx with minute reflexed appendages, and a short, densely hairy tuft: fls. about 6 on a st., nodding; corolla about 1 in. long, and 1^ in. across, pale blue, marked with 5 hairy lines. Caucasus, in subalpine places. B.M. 2019. L.B.C. 6:581. 7. Grdssekii, Heuff. Has the habit and infl. of C. Trachelium, but the calyx is appendaged; perennial, 2^2 ft., branching from the base, angled, pilose: Ivs. hispid, the lower cordate, unequally petioled, doubly crenate-serrate, the uppermost ovate-acute, narrowed into a petiole: calyx setose-ciliate, lobes spreading, reflexed at the apex, appendages lanceolate, a third shorter than the lobes; corolla hispid, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx-lobes: fls. large, bell-shaped, violet, in a long raceme. Hungary. Gt. 35, p. 477. G. 27:459. 8. mirabilis, Alboff. Biennial or short-lived peren- nial, 1 ft. or more; whole plant forms a broad dense cone with such a profusion of bloom as almost to hide the foliage: lower Ivs. 4-6 in. long, obovate or spatu- late, obtuse, coarsely toothed, petiole winged: fls. pale lilac, erect, broadly campanulate, 2 in. across, the corolla hairy on margins and back. Caucasus. B.M. 7714. G.C. III. 24:33; 42:144-5. Gt. 47, p. 192. Gn. 54, p. 454; 60, p. 58. G.W. 12, p. 445.— A very beauti- ful and remarkable plant. AA. Calyx without an appendage at the base of each sinus. B. Fls. rotate or wheel-shaped. 9. americana, Linn. Annual and biennial, 3-6 ft.: st. erect, simple: Ivs. thin, serrate, somewhat pilose; CAMPANULA CAMPANULA 645 root-lvs. ovate-acute, subcordate, petiolate; st.-lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends: calyx-tube long, obconical, the teeth linear-acuminate, almost entire, spreading, shorter than the 5-fid, wheel-shaped corolla; fls. light blue, 1 in. broad, in long spikes, soli- tary or in 3's; corolla shallow, lobes pilose outside and at the apex; style long, strongly declined and upwardly curved: caps, cylindrical, grooved. Shaded low ground Canada to Iowa, south to Fla. and Ark. — Rarely cult. It is possible that Phyteuma canescens is still cult, as C. americana. BB. Fls. saucer-shaped or broadly bell-shaped, i. e., the tube shallower and the limbs more widely spread- ing than the bell-shaped. c. St.-lvs. linear-lanceolate, crenulate. 10. persicifolia, Linn. Fig. 765. Perennial, 2-3 ft. : st. erect: Ivs. glabrous, rigid, crenulate; root-lvs. lanceolate- obovate; st.-lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatula te, of ten 3 in. long: calyx-lobes acuminate, wide at the base, entire, half as long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla: fls. blue or white, pedicelled, solitary, terminal and axillary, often 1^ in. long, 2 in. broad: caps, ovoid, 3-grooved. Eu. B.M. 397. G.C. III. 43:384. Gn. 75, p. 30. G. 6:297. Gn. M. 14:9. G.W. 3, p. 292. C.L.A. 13:478; the white form in G. 13:71 and Gn. W. 23:Suppl. Jan. 27; the double white in G.C. 111.27:409 and G. 3:563. One of the best of all perennial campanulas. Var. macrantha is a large-fld. form with fls. all along the st. Gt. 44, p. 148. Gn. 48, p. 306. A.F. 6:383. S.H. 1:131. Var. alba grandifldra and var. Bdckhousei are among the popular white-fld. forms. There are double and semi-double forms in blue and white. The double white is useful for cutting. For portraits of var. grandi- flora, see G. 27:458; 28:553, 673; G.W. 12, p. 433. Var. coronata, Hort., is a semi-double white form. F.S. 7:699. The pictures hi B.M. and F.S. show distinctly saucer-shaped fls. Var. Moerheimei, Hort. White-fld., double, 2-3 in. diam. : excellent. G.C. III. 27:414. G.M. 49:535. G.W. 6, p. 545; 12, p. 434. A.G. 23:497. Var. marginata, Hort., has white fls. tinted blue on the bor- ders. R.B. 32, p. 252. This species occasionally runs wild, especially in England. The Ivs. are very charac- teristic, and, once seen, are never forgotten. cc. St.-lvs. wider and coarsely toothed. 11. latfloba, DC. (C. grdndis, Fisch. & Mey.) Peren- nial, \-\lA ft., glabrous: st. erect, simple, terete: st.- lvs. 3-5 in. long, 4-6 lines wide, lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, crenate-serrate: calyx-lobes ovate-acute, broad, entire, erect, one-half shorter than the broadly bell-shaped corolla: fls. blue, often 2 in. wide, sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered, sometimes equaling the ovate-acute, dentate bracts. Mt. Olympus. P.M. 10:31. H.U. 3, p. 137. Gt. 7:202.— Fls. like C. persi- cifolia. Quickly forms a dense carpet. Variable in color. Var. alba, Hort. White fls. G. 19:440. BBS. Fls. bell-shaped or tubular, not saucer-shaped. c. Infl. a dense roundish head. 12. glomerata, Linn. One of the most variable: perennial, 1-2 ft., typically pubescent: st. erect, simple, terete: Ivs. serrulate, lower ones rough with very short, stiff hairs, 1^-3 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with a cordate, ovate-oblong blade shorter than the petiole; upper ones sessile, ovate, acute: fls. violet-blue to white, in dense heads or glomes, 15-20 in the terminal heads, fewer in axillary ones. Eu., Armenia, Persia, Siberia; some- times escaped in this country. Gn.M. 14:9. B.M. 2649 is var. specidsa, which has the largest fls. L.B.C. 6 : 505 is var. sparsifldra, with much smaller clusters. — This is one of the earliest flowering and easiest of cult. Fls. typically ^dark purple, running into lighter varieties. Var. dahurica, Hort., is probably the com- monest form: terminal clusters 3 in. or more thick, a very characteristic infl. The fl. has a longer tube than C. lactiflora and C. thyrsoides. G. 26:305. Var. acaulis, Hort., is an almost stemless form with very large fls.: sts. only 3-5 in. high. G.W. 9, p. 272. Var. superba, Hort., is a cross of the dwarf variety with var. dahurica: large heads of deep violet fls. cc. Infl. a spike or raceme, dense or loose. D. Color of fls. normally white or yellowish. E. Corolla small, short-tubed. 13. lactifldra, Bieb. Perennial, 2J^-6 ft.: st. erect, branching: Ivs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acutely ser- rate: calyx-lobes very broad, acute, serrulate, one-half shorter than the broadly bell-shaped corolla: fls. in a loose or dense panicle, which may be 3^ in. long and thick; corolla white or pale blue, 1 in. long, nearly 1}^ in. broad: caps, ovoid, erect. Caucasus, Siberia. B.M. 1973. G.C. III. 50:438. Gn. 61, p. 29; 63, p. 90; 71, p. 418; 75, p. 89. G.M. 46: 168; 48:545. Gn. W. 23:623. The normally milk-white blue- tinged fls. are characteristic. Var. ccerulea, Hort., has light blue fls. — C. celtidifolia, Boiss., referred to the above, may be a strongly marked variety. C. biserrdta, Koch, is also referred here. 14. thyrsoides, Linn. Bien- nial, 1-13^ ft.; st. grooved: Ivs. all covered with long hairs at the margin; root-lvs. sessile, spatulate or obtusely lanceo- late, 2^2 in. long, %in. wide, in a dense rosette, lying on the ground; upper Ivs. more narrow and acute: fls. 40^-50, sulfur or creamy yellow, in a dense thyrse-like spike, which may be 6 in. long and 2H in- broad; style exserted. Alps and Jura, 3,000-6,000 ft. B.M. 1290. L.B.C. 17:1644.— Inter- mingled with the fls. in the spike are Ivs. which are longer than the fls., which is not true of C. lactiflora. Should not be confounded with C. thrysoidea, Lapeyr., which = C. speciosa, (see supplementary list). Ap- parently no blue or purple forms are known. The picture in B.M. shows a characteristic red- tipped calyx. Garden hybrids are reported with C. spicata (see Kew Bull. 1910, p. 322) . EE. Corolla large, long-tubed. 15. Vidalii, H. C. Wats. Perennial, 1-2 ft.: st. branching from the base: some branches short, sterile, others tall, floriferous, all grooved, clammy, glossy: Ivs. 3-4 in. long, oblong-spatulate, coarsely serrate, thick, fleshy, firm, viscid, the upper ones gradually becoming bracts: fls. 2 in. long, nodding, about 9 in a loose terminal raceme; calyx-lobes triangular, thick, one-fourth shorter than the corolla; corolla tubular, swelled below, constricted above, white with a yellow base. Azores. B.M. 4748. F.S. 7:729. A.F. 3:116. G.C. III. 18:95; 34:330-1. Gn. 54, p. 299; 63, p. 297; 74, p. 402; 75, p. 410. J.F. 3, pi. 274.— Very distinct. DD. Color of fls. normally blue or purple (with white varieties) . E. Size of fls. large. F. Raceme pyramidal or long-conical, usually dense. 16. pyramidalis, Linn. CHIMNEY CAMPANULA. Fig. 766. Glabrous perennial, 4-5 ft.: Ivs. glandular-den- 765. A narrow-flowered form of Campanula per- sicifolia. 646 CAMPANULA CAMPANULA tate, lower petiolate, ovate-oblong, subcordate; st.- lvs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate: calyx-lobes acuminate, spreading, half as long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla: fls. numerous, in pyramidal racemes, pale blue varying to white and darker at the base. G.C. III. 32:388. Gn. 45, p. 67; 48, p. 306; 51, p. 221 (a staked pot plant); 47, p. 86 (with exten- sive cultural notes) ; 53, p. 535; 62, p. 254; T. 64, p. 96; 68, p. 137; ,| 69, p. 4; 74, p. 548. R.H. 1897, p. 238. G.M. 46:612; 53: 811. G.W. 1, p. 39; 7, p. 7; 11, p. 137; 13, p. 571. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. Gn. 74, p. 645. J.H. III. 51:257. Var compacta, Hort. Dwarf er: fls. larger and of better substance. The compact variety is very floriferous and convenient for conser- vatory, but lacks the characteristic erect, pyramidal habit. Gn. 73, p. 54. G. 18:64. S.H. 2:97. C. Fer- gusonii, Hort., is a hy- brid of C. pyramidalis and C. carpatica, re- sembling a dwarf form of the former in growth, 18 in.: petals more pointed than those of the latter: fls. bright lilac. Gn. 66, p. 276. Hybrids between C: pyramidalis and C. versicolor are reported. FF. Raceme not pyramidal, usually looser. 17. latifolia, Linn. Perennial, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. large, doubly serrate; root-lvs. sometimes 6 in. long, petiolate, cordate, covered with soft hairs; st.-lvs. sessile, more acuminate: peduncle 1-fld.; calyx-lobes long-acumi- nate, one-third shorter than the corolla; fls. 6-15 in a loose spike or raceme about 8 in. long, erect, very large, 2^2 in. long, purple or dark blue, hairy. Eu., Persia. G.W. 8, p. 445. Var. macrantha, Sims (C. macrantha, Fisch.) is commoner in cult, than the type, a little hairier, with a glabrous calyx and very large fls. B.M. 2553, 3347. R.H. 1897, p. 239. J.H. III. 60:263. Var. eriocarpa, DC., has the st. and Ivs. pilose and more pallid, and a hispid calyx- tube. There is a white-fld. form. It is native to England, and is easily naturalized there in wild gardens. The st.-lvs. are probably the largest of any of the garden kinds, often 3^ in. long and 2 in. wide. EE. Size of fls. small, less than 1 in. long. 18. bononiensis, Linn. Perennial, 2-2^ ft.; sca- brous: st. simple: Ivs. serrulate, ovate-acuminate, pallid beneath; root-lvs. cordate-petiolate; upper Ivs. clasp- ing: calyx-lobes acuminate, one-fourth shorter than the funnel-shaped corolla: fls. normally purplish, in a long, loose, pyramidal spike, which may be 2 ft. long, with 60-100 small fls.; corolla %in. long and broad. E. Eu., W. Siberia, and Caucasus. Var. ruthenica (C. ruthen- ica, Bieb.), has Ivs. wider and tomentose beneath. Caucasus and Tauria. B.M. 2653. There is a white- fld. form. The fls. are much smaller than in C. latifolia, and the raceme is much larger. 19. rhomboidalis, Linn. Perennial, 1 ft., sometimes 2 ft.: st. simple, erect: Ivs. sessile, ovate-acute, serrate: 766. Campanula pyramidalis. calyx-lobes awl-shaped, one-half shorter than the bell- shaped corolla; fls. 8-10 in an almost corymbose raceme, the lower pedicels of which may be 3 in. long, the uppermost 1 in. or less; corolla purplish blue, 1 in. long, and a little wider. Mts. of Eu. B.M. 551 (as C. azurea). J.H. III. 50:541. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. G.W. 3, p. 14. — It flowers in July and August, after which the sts. and Ivs. die down quickly. 20. Trachelium, Linn. THROATWORT. Fig. 767. Perennial, 2-3 ft.: st. angular, somewhat bristly (as also the fls.) : Ivs. rough, acuminate, coarsely crenate- dentate; root-lvs. cordate, ovate, short-stalked: calyx- lobes erect, triangular-acuminate, one-third shorter than the bell-shaped blue or white corolla: peduncle 1-3-fld.; fls. erect at first, at length tending to droop in a loose raceme, which may be 12-18 in. long: caps, nodding. Eu., Caucasus, Siberia, Japan, and run wild in parts of N. Amer. R.H. 1897, p. 239. There is a double-fld. form and variations in color. — One of the commonest and hardiest of the border plants, often running out the other campanulas, and passing under many names, especially as C. urticifolia. 21. rapunculoides, Linn. Fig. 768. Perennial, 2-4 ft.: st. indistinctly pubescent or almost smooth: Ivs. rough, ovate-acuminate; root-lvs. petiolate, cordate, crenulate; st.-lvs. serrulate: calyx a little rougher than in C. Trachelium, the lobes linear-lanceolate, at length reflexed, one-fourth length of the oblong-campanu- late bright blue corolla; fls. soon declined or nodding, in long mostly 1-sided racemes or spikes, bright blue. Eu., Caucasus, Siberia, and common in patches on old roadsides and about yards. Summer. Gn. M. 14:9. 22. versicolor, Sibth. & Smith. Perennial, 3-4 ft.; plant glabrous: st. ascending: Ivs. serrate; root-lvs. long-petioled, ovate-acute, subcordate; st.-lvs. short- petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: calyx-teeth acuminate, spreading, at length reflexed, one-half as long as the corolla: fls. in long, spicate racemes; style exserted: caps, spheroid. Greece. ccc. Infl. an open, compound panicle. 23. divaricata, Michx. Glabrous peren- nial, 1-3 ft.: st. erect, slender, paniculate above: branches slender, divergent: Ivs. sparse, subsessile, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- nate at both ends, coarsely serrate: calyx- lobes awl-shaped, one- half shorter than the tubular, bell-shaped cor- olla; fls. small, nodding, pale blue, in a very open and compound panicle; style straight, exserted. Alleghanies, from Va. to ( Ga. — Rare in gardens. GROUP III. Low-growing or rock-garden cam- panulas, mostly less than a foot or 15 in. high. Nos. 24-49. A. Calyx with an append- age at the base of each sinus , often minute or disguised in form. B. Throat of corolla spotted violet. 24. punctata,Lam. (C. nobilis, Lindl.). Named from the spotted whitish corolla, the purplish spots being inside and showing through faintly 767. Campanula Trachelium. (xlA) in the fresh fl. but CAMPANULA CAMPANULA 647 more plainly in the dried specimen: like C. alliar- isefolia. Perennial, 1 ft., with long and loose hairs: upper Ivs. nearly sessile, and more sharply toothed than the lower: calyx-lobes one-third as long as the corolla, longer, looser and hairier than in C. alliarise- folia, and the margins much more recurved: peduncle 1-4-fld.; fls. nodding; corolla cylindrical, 2% in. long, white, spotted within, strongly ribbed. Siberia, Japan. G.C. III. 38, supp. Aug. 26; 42:96. Gn. 73, p. 423; 75, p. 458. G.M. 51 : 781. G. 29:595.— C. nobilis has been considered distinct. In F.S. 3:247 the corolla is dark violet without, the limb hairy, while in B.M. 1723 (C. punctata) the corolla is white outside and not bearded. In F. S. 6:563 (C. nobilis var. alba) the limb is not bearded and the st. is red, and not hairy. The three pictures show great differences in foliage, pubes- cence and appendages. This is one of the most inter- esting of all campanulas, and is, unfortunately, usually considered more quaint than beautiful. The spotted throat readily separates it from other campanulas. BB. Throat of corolla not spotted, c. Sts. commonly 1-fld. 25. Van Hoilttei, Carr. Perennial, 2 ft. : root-lvs. long-petioled, roundish cordate, more or less lobed; st.-lvs. sessile, oval-lanceolate, irregularly bi-dentate, 23^-4 in. long, more or less villous, strongly nerved: fls. usually solitary, nodding at the end of a small branchlet, 2 in. long, half as broad, indigo-blue, or violet; calyx-lobes linear, spreading, 1 in. long. — A gar- den hybrid resembling C. punctata. Intro, into France 1878 by Thibaut and Keteleer. Var. pallida, Hort., has pale lavender fls. 26. AlliSnii, Vill. Perennial, 3-5 in.: rootstock slender, creeping underground, sending up sts. at inter- vals of %-l in. : Ivs. few, about 7 on a st., 1-2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, sessile, slightly hairy, entire, midrib distinct, lower ones in a whorl of about 5, upper ones similar but more erect: calyx-lobes lanceolate, half as long as the corolla, the appendages ovate, reflexed, one- third the length of the calyx-lobes; fls. purple, with a rare white variety, only one on a st., inclined or nodding, 1 ^2 in- long) and as broad across the mouth, probably the largest for the size of the plant of any campanula. A very local species, found only in the western Alps. B.M. 6588. G.C. III. 52:52. Gn. 60, p. 51. cc. Sts. usually several-ftd. D. Margin of corolla bearded. 27. barb&ta, Linn. Perennial, 6-9 in.: st. pilose: Ivs. villous, entire or nearly so; root-lvs. tufted, lanceolate; st.-lvs. few, ligulate (?): raceme loose, 3-4-fld.; fls. nod- ding, pale blue; calyx appendage ovate, obtuse, half as long as the lobes; corolla bell-shaped, shorter than in C. Allionii, and with a bearded mouth. Alps. L.B.C. 8:788. G.C. III. 48: 388. Gn. 48, p. 297. G.W. 12, p. 447. — There is a white-fld. form, but apparently no purple. Readily distinguished from C. Allionii by the differ- ent colored, bearded and smaller fls., which are rarely borne singly, and by the dense, soft hairs of the st. Alps, 2,400-6,000 ft., widely distributed; mts. of Nor- way, and the Carpathians. Becomes coarse when grown in rich ground. DD. Margin of corolla not bearded. E. Fls. erect. 28. m611is, Linn. Perennial, velvety gray, 6-8 in.: sts. procumbent, about 2-fld.: root-lvs. tufted, obovate or spatulate; st.-lvs. ovate or rotund: fls. loosely pani- cled ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, erect, half shorter than the glabrous, bell-shaped corolla; appendages minute, shorter than the calyx-tube; corolla erect, dark pur- Klish blue or lavender, with a white throat, the tube >ng, segms. short, broad, spreading, acute. Spain, Crete. B.M. 404. — Rock or border plant. EE. Fls. nodding. 29. alpina, Jacq. Perennial, 3-8 in.: st. furrowed: Ivs. smaller than in C. barbata, more narrowly lanceo- late, entire, hairy: fls. typically deep blue, bell-shaped, with broader and shorter segms. than in C. barbata; calyx-lobes proportionately very long, surpassing the fl.-bud, and nearly as long as the flower, but widely spreading. Alps of Austria, Lombardy and Transylvania, 6,000-7,000 ft. altitude. B.M. 957. J.H. III. 29:5.— There is a white-fld. var. The plant has a characteristic shaggy appearance from the hairy Ivs. Easy of cult. 768. Campanula rapunculoides. ( X H) 30. sibirica, Linn. (C. Hbhenackeri, Fisch.). Bien- nial or perennial, setaceous-pilose: st. erect, simple, panicled above: Ivs. crenulate; root-lvs. petioled, obovate, obtuse; st.-lvs. lanceolate-acuminate: calyx hairy, the lobes long-acuminate, a third shorter than the corolla; calyx appendages like the lobes but half shorter and reflexed; fls. 25 or more, violet, with a longer and narrower tube than in C. alpina, and longer divisions of the limb. N. Asia, Caucasus, W. Eu. B.M. 659. R.H. 1861:431.— The type is rare, but var. eximia, Hort., is somewhat commoner: it is dwarf er, much branched, with long, scabrous Ivs. and pale bluish to violet fls. Var. divergens, Willd., has larger fls. and broader Ivs. than the type. G.C. III. 16:597. C. sibirica usually does best when treated as a biennial. AA. Calyx without appendages. B. Fls. very wide-spreading, i.e., rotate, wheel-shaped, almost flat, c. Blossoms all erect. 31. Waldsteiniana, Roem. & Schult. Perennial, 4-6 in. : sts. rigid, glabrous : Ivs. fleshy, sessile, gray-green, 648 CAMPANULA CAMPANULA lanceolate, slightly serrate-dentate, the lower obtuse, the upper long-acuminate: calyx-lobes awl-shaped, spreading or recurved, one-fourth shorter than the corolla: fls. 5-9 in a corymbose raceme 1% in. long, in. wide, pale purplish blue; corolla rotate, almost starlike, with a dark spot in the throat; pistil large, white, twice the length of the corolla, with a yellow stigma. S. Austria. Gn. 8, p. 173. G. 18:81. G.W. 12, pp.446, 710. C. Tommasinidna, Hort., is an allied plant, with very wiry growth and pendent pale blue fls. C. Stdnsfieldii, Hort., is a supposed hybrid, perhaps between C. Waldsteiniana and C. car- patica. 32. ramosissima, Sibth. & Smith (C. Lorei, Poll.). Annual, 1 ft. or less, branching: lower Ivs. obovate and crenate; upper Ivs. narrow, entire: fls. violet with white base and blue intermediate parts, erect on long simple pedicels. Eu. B.M.2581. Var. alba, Hort. Fls. white, cc. Blossoms not all erect. D. Habit trailing or pendulous. 33. fragilis, Cyrill. Peren- nial, 4—6 in. : st. diffuse, trailing: root -Ivs. long-petioled, roundish - cordate, ob- tusely dentate, or cre- nately lobed; st. -Ivs. smaller, scattered, the uppermost ovate-lanceo- late: fls. pale purplish blue with a white center, m- wide, in loose corymbs ; calyx - lobes linear- lanceolate, acuminate, erect, almost equaling the corolla; style exserted: caps'. Italy. B.M. 6504. P.M. 11:25. G.C. III. 43:378. Gn. 8, p. 174; 47, p. 278; 63, p. 53. G. 18:120. G.W. 2, p. 381. Var. hirsuta, DC., is a hairier form. — This is the best species for hang- ing-baskets, window- and veranda- boxes, and for covering large stones in the rockery. Prop, by cuttings in spring, the roots being too fragile to divide well. Not so hardy as C. garganica. 34. garganica, Tenore. Perennial, 3-6 in.: st. diffuse, with pendent branches: lower Ivs. reniform-cordate, crenate-dentate; upper Ivs. ovate-acute, dentate: raceme lax; peduncles 1-2-fld.; calyx-tube spheroid, the lobes spreading, a third or fourth shorter than the glabrous blue rotate corolla. Mt. Gargano in Italy, and elsewhere. B.R. 1768. Gn. 48, p. 295; 43, p. 25. G.M. 54:664. G.W. 4, p. 255. Var. hirsilta, Hort., is a hairier form. Gn. 46, p. 253; 48, p. 297.— Half-shaded position. Prop, by cuttings or by'division. DD. Habit not trailing or pendulous. 35. Elatines, Linn. Perennial, more or less pubes- cent, 5-6 in.: Ivs. cordate, coarsely and acutely den- tate, lower rotund, others ovate-acute: raceme lax; calyx-tube spherical, the lobes spreading, linear-lanceo- late, somewhat unequal, a half shorter than the rotate purplish corolla; style exserted. Piedmont. Gn. 60, p. 64. — Rare rock-plant for light, stony soil. 36. Portenschlagiana, Roem. & Schult. (C. muralis, Port.). Perennial, 6-9 in.: sts. somewhat erect: Ivs. all 769. Campanula carpatica. (XJi) alike petiolate, cordate, roundish, acutely angular-den- tate: calyx- tube spheroid, lobes erect, acuminate, a third shorter than the infundibuliform blue-purple corolla: fls. racemose. Dalmatia. — Allied to C. gar- ganica, but the corolla not so deeply 5-cut. Gn. 61, p. 225; 72, p. 469. Var. major, Hort. Fls. nearly twice larger than in the type, 13^ in. across, making a large mound of purple-blue. G.C. III. 48:58. Gn. 60, p. Ill; 63, p. 110. G.W. 3, p. 13. BB. Fls. broadly bell-shaped, less widely spreading than in B, wider than in BBB (except perhaps in No. 40). c. Height 2-3 in. 37. Rainerii, Perpenti. Perennial, 2-3 in.: sts. suberect, branching: branches 1-3-fld.: Ivs. subsessile, ovate, distantly serrate, the lower smaller and obovate: calyx-tube obconical, the lobes long-acuminate, erect, half shorter than the broadly infundibuliform corolla: fls. large, solitary, erect, dark purplish blue; style short, not exserted: caps, obovate. Mts. N. Italy. F.S. 18:1908. Gn. 60, p. 163.— One of the choicest rock-plants, but somewhat rare. Several forms of the hybrid C. Wilsonii are often cult, under this name, but their Ivs. are lighter green and less tomentose than C. Rainerii. Thrives in a well-drained, sunny position. cc. Height more than 2-3 in. D. Style not exserted. 38. TenSrii, Moretti. Perennial, 8-12 in., glabrous: st. ascending or prostrate: Ivs. leathery; root-lvs. long- petioled, ovate, subcordate, irregularly serrate; st.- Ivs. petiolate, ovate-acute, coarsely serrate: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, spreading, half as long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla: fls. racemose, blue: caps, spherical. Apennines, near Naples. — This is referred by botanists to the Grecian species C. versicolor, which is typically taller, but is kept distinct by Correvon and others. In the garden, C. Tenorii resembles C. pyramidalis in foliage and fl., but is shorter. 39. carpatica, Jacq. Fig. 769. Perennial, 9-18 in., glabrous: st. branching: lower Ivs. thin, long-petioled, ovate-rotund, cordate, coarsely dentate, undulate; upper ones shorter petioled, ovate-acuminate: pedun- cles long, terminal and axillary, 1-fld.; fls. large, often 13^ in. wide, bright deep blue; calyx-tube obconi- cal, the lobes acute, wide at the base, subdentate- erect, a third or half as long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla; style not exserted: caps, ovoid-cylindrical. Carpathian Mts. of Austria. B.M. 117. G.C. III. 46:412. G.W. 12, p. 436. Gn. 48, p. 297; 62, p. 326. Var. coelestina, Hort. Fls. sky-blue. Var. alba, Hort. Fls. white. G.M. 55:615. Var. turbinata, Hort. (C. turbinata, Schott), is dwarf er, more compact, with fls.' more bell- or top-shaped, and often 2 in. across, purplish blue. It also has larger Ivs. and more decumbent habit. Gn. 45, p. 171; 68, p. 179; 75, p. 201. G.W. 12, p. 446. F.E.17:15. A form 770. Campanula pulla. (Detail x|) CAMPANULA CAMPANULA 649 with pallid fls. is rarer. Var. Wflsonii, Hort. (C. Wil- sonii, Hort.), is a hybrid of var. turbinata and C. pulla, with the large fls. of the former and the handsome dark foliage of the latter: it is compact, dwarf, and small, ovate, very hairy Ivs., with crenate-serrate margin. Gn. 60, p. 219. Var. haylodgensis, Hort. (C. hay- lodgensis, Hort.), is a garden hybrid, probably between C. carpatica and C. csespitosa. Raised by Anderson Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh. Height 6-9 in.: root- Ivs. tufted, roundish cordate, slightly dentate; st.-lvs. light green, ovate-cordate, conspicuously toothed: fls. light blue, bell-shaped, few, at the ends of sts. Var. pelviformis, Hort., from Crete, has very large, pale lilac, almost saucer-shaped fls. R.H. 1882, p. 509. G.C. III. 44:64. Var. Hendersonii, Hort., is often referred to var. turbinata, but is more robust; there is doubt as to its origin, C. pyramidalis or C. alliarisefolia possibly having played some part in it: Ivs. ovate and ovate- cordate, \Yz in. long, Min. broad, slightly hairy on both sides, folded upwards, serrate; petioles 1-13^2 m- long: fls. dark blue, 1^-2 in. wide, in short, 6-9-fld. racemes. G.W. 8, p. 65; 14, p. 581. Var. riverslea, Hort. Fls. dark blue, 2-3 in. across: sts. 12-15 in. long but spreading; parts of corolla often 6 or 7. G.M. 43:627. Var. compacta, Hort., is a condensed dwarf form. C. Stdnsfieldii, Hort., is supposed to be a hybrid between C. carpatica and C. Waldsteiniana (No. 31). — This species is very variable in height and in shape of fls. DD. Style exserted. 40. isophylla, Moretti (C. floribunda, Viv.) . Perennial : st. suberect: Ivs. all of same form, petiolate, roundish cordate, crenate-dentate: calyx-lobes acuminate, half shorter than the broadly bell-shaped or saucer-shaped corolla; fls. pale blue, 1 in. or more wide, corymbose; style exserted: caps. ovoid. Italy. B.M.5745. Gn. 49, p. 483; 48, p. 297.— A desirable basket or rock plant in sun or half shade. The white form, Var. alba, is most excel- lent: free-flower- ing. C. Mayii, Hort., is supposed to be a derivative of this species: Ivs. soft and woolly. Choice. BBS. Fls. bell-shaped. c. Style exserted. 41. Scoilleri, Hook. Perennial, 3-12 in.: st. simple or branched: Ivs. acutely serrate, somewhat hirsute; lower ones ovate-acute, petioled; middle ones ovate - lanceolate ; up- per linear - lanceolate, sessile; calyx-lobes awl- shaped, erect, one-third shorter than the co- rolla: fls. pale blue, racemose, or more or less panicled; style exserted: caps, ovoid. N. Calif, to Puget Sound. — The capsular valves are a little above the middle, while in C. carpatica and C. persicifolia they are near the apex. cc. Style not exserted. D. Color dark purple. 42. pulla, Linn. Fig. 770. Perennial, 3-8 in., tufted or in clumps, showy: st. normally 1-fld.: Ivs. glabrous, 772. Campanula rotundifolia var. sol- danellseflora. 771. Campanula rotundifolia. (XI) crenulate-dentate; lower ones short-petioled, ovate- rotund; upper sessile, ovate-acute: calyx-lobes long- acuminate, erect, a half shorter than the bell-shaped, nodding corolla. Mts. of Austria, 4,000-6,000 ft. In B.M. 2492 the calyx-lobes are short-acuminate, a sixth as long as the corolla. L. B.C. 6:554. Gn. 63, p. 440. C. puttoldes, Hort., is a supposed hybrid between C. pulla and C. turbinata, with habit of former: 5 in. : fls. glistening purple-blue. Gn. 66, p. 203. DD. Color not dark purple, but violet or blue (varying to white.) 43. drabifdlia, Sibth. & Smith (C. dttica, Boiss.). Annual, hispid, 3-4 in. : lower Ivs. oblong or ellip- tic, dentate, tapering into a petiole: fls. large, blue and lighter on the tube, bell-shaped, on fork- ing sts. Greece. 44. rotundif61ia, Linn. HARE- BELL. HAIRBELL. BLUE BELLS OF SCOTLAND. Fig. 771. Peren- nial, 6-12 in.: root-lvs. petiolate, orbicular or cordate, crenate-den- tate: st.-lvs. linear or lanceolate, usually entire: calyx-lobes awl- shaped, erect, a third shorter than the bell-shaped bright blue cor- olla; fl.-buds erect. Eu., Siberia, N. Amer. Gn. 53:42; 62, p. 59. Gn. M. 14:10.— This is one of the most cosmopolitan of all campanulas, and the true harebell or bluebell of litera- ture. In the wild it is usually slenderer and taller than in the garden. In shady woods it often grows 2 ft. high. The type has a white-fld. variety which is much less popular, but G.C. 1861:698 shows an excellent pot- plant of it. Var. alaskana, .Gray. Dwarfer, leafy to the top: radical Ivs. cordate, lowest st.-lvs. ovate and the upper ones becoming lanceolate: calyx-lobes attenuate, becoming deflexed; corolla ^2-1^2 in. long. Alaska. Var. arctica, Lange. Rigid, 1- to few-fld.: corolla 1 in. long, the calyx-lobes very slender and soon spreading or deflexing. Canada north. Var. velutina, DC. Herbage whitish pubescent. Var. Hostii, Hort. (C. Hbstii, Baumg.), has larger fls. than the type and stouter sts. The lower st.-lvs. are lanceolate, remotely dentate, the upper linear entire: calyx-lobes longer than in the type, a half shorter than the corolla. The white-fld. form is not so vigorous. |G. 5:207. The most pronounced variant is var. soldanellaefldra, Hort. (C. soldanella, Hort.). Fig. 772. With semi-double blue fls. split to the base into about 25 divisions. F.S. 18:1880. Gn. 60, p. 162. This curious variation is unique in the genus. The alpine soldanellas are famous among trav- elers for melting their way through the ice. They have fringed blue fls. — The name C. rotundifolia seems singu- larly inappropriate until one finds the root-lvs. in early spring. C. stenocodon, Boiss. & Reut., by some referred to C. rotundifolia, is more slender and with nar- rower st.-lvs.: fls. long and narrow, tubular, rich lilac- purple. Alps. 45. Scheftchzeri, Vill. (C. linifolia, Willd.). Peren- nial, 4-12 in.: st. 1-4-fld., usually 1-fld.: root-lvs. roundish, ovate, or cordate; st.-lvs. linear or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, denticulate, the lowest st.-lvs. spatulate : calyx-lobes slender, linear-awl-shaped, nearly as long as the bell-shaped dark blue corolla. Alpine and subarctic regions of Newfoundland, Labrador, Alaska, and Rocky Mts. to Colo., also in Eu. and N. Asia. F.S. 21:2205, not L.B.C. 5:485, which De- Candolle states is C. rotundifolia. Var. alba, Hort. Fls. white. Gn. 60, p. 164. The st.-lvs. of C. Scheuch- 650 CAMPANULA CAMPSIDIUM zeri are distinctly serrate, while in C. rotundifolia they are entire; the fl.-buds nod in the former, but are erect in the latter. The calyx-lobes are relatively longer in C. Scheuchzeri, and perhaps the bell is deeper. 46. caespitdsa, Scop. (C. pumila, Curt. C. pusilla, Hsenk.). Perennial, 4-6 in.: root-lvs. tufted, short- petioled, ovate, glandular-dentate, shining: calyx- lobes linear, erect, a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla: fls. nodding, blue; pollen violet-colored. B.M. 512. Gn. 43:24; 48, p. 297; 60, p. 161. G. 25:307. R.H. 1908, p. 223. — Dwarf er than C. rotundifolia, with root-lvs. never reniform, shorter-petioled, and lasting until after fls. have gone. Perennial, quickly forms a dense mat, and blooming from June till Oct. The European trade catalogues usually offer C. csespitosa and C. pusilla separately, and doubtless plants of dis- tinct horticultural value are passing under these names, but there seem to be no sufficient botanical characters to distinguish them. Correvon says that C. pusilla differs from C. csespitosa only by its less stoloniferous character. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. G.C. Ill, 48:96. Gn. 72, p. 143; 75, p. 368. G.M. 54:466. Var. pallida, Hort., has pale blue fls. G.M. 53 : 612. 47. excisa, Schleich. Perennial, glabrous, height 4-5 in.: sts. slender, 1-fld.: root-lvs. spatulate; upper Ivs. linear; calyx-lobes bristly, spreading, at length reflexed, a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla: fls. pale blue, divided to about half their depth, with a round hole at the base of each sinus, which easily distinguishes it from C. pulla and all other campanulas. Rare in Alps. B.M. 7358. L.B.C. 6:561. Gn. 60, p. 64.— A rare rock-plant. Likes cool, moist air, and not too full exposure to sun. BBBB. Fls. tubular, often long and narrow. 48. Zoysii, Wulf. Perennial, 3-4 in.: plant tufted, glabrous: sts. few-fld. : root-lvs. entire, crowded, petio- late, ovate-obovate, obtuse; st.-lvs. obovate-lanceolate and linear: peduncles 1-fld., terminal, rarely axillary; fls. azure-blue, large for the plant, terminated by a stellar process before expansion; calyx-lobes linear, awl-shaped, spreading, a fourth shorter than the corolla; corolla long-cylindrical, constricted at the apex, wider at the base, sharply angled, pale blue. Austrian Alps, 6,000-8,000 ft. Gn. 8, p. 173. G.C. III. 20:183; 38:228. — -A rare and abnormal species. 49. Erinus, Linn. Annual: plant hispid: height 3-9 in.: Ivs. small, glossy, ^-%in. broad, cor- date, deeply cut, the pointed lobes conspicuous: fls. sessile, pale blue with a light center, tubular, %in. broad, with acute narrow lobes; style long, conspicuous, colored like corolla: racemes long, semi-prostrate, 10-12-fld. Medit. — Rare, short-lived rock-plant; also for edgings and pots. C. abietina, Griseb. Rare tufted rockery plant, with slender, wiry sts. 9-15 in. high: fls. light blue, in loose branching spikes. July, Aug. E. Eu. — C. acut&ngula, Ler. & Lev. Dwarf, with trail- ing sts. from a rosette of ivy-like Ivs.: st.-lvs. small, rounded and toothed: fls. solitary on each St., rather large and star-like, purple- blue. N.Spain. G.C.III. 50:220. — C. amdbilis, Leicht.=C. phycti- docalyx. — C. Beaverdi&na, Fomine. Slender, to 2 ft., glabrous or finely hairy: lower Ivs. oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate: fls. few or solitary, slender-pedicelled, blue, IJi in. across. B.M. 8299. Caucasus. — C. calycdnthema, Hort.=C. Medium var. calycanthema. — C. cenlsia, Linn. A rare rock-plant from Mt. Cenis and other mts. of the Alps, with solitary deep blue fls. on sts. 2 in. high. Root-lvs. obovate, obtuse; st.-lvs. ovate- oblong; all Ivs. sessile-entire: calyx hirsute, the lobes linear-lanceo- late, a half shorter than the deeply 5-cut, spreading corolla. — C. grandifldra, Jacq.=Platycodon.— -C. hederacea, Linn.=Wahlen- bergia.— C. imeretina, Rupr. Dwarf, branching, resembling C. sibirica: Ivs. small: fls. violet-blue. Caucasus. — C. incurva, Aucher= C. Leutweinii. — C. kolenatiana, Mey. Perennial, 9 in. or less: Ivs. mostly radical ovate, about 1 in. long: fls. in long-stalked raceme, bluish violet, 1 in. long, inside hairy. Caucasus. — C. laciniata, Linn. Robust much-branched biennial, 2 ft., somewhat pubescent: lower Ivs. 8 in. long by 2J^ in. broad, deeply cut: fls. about 2 in. across, upwards of 1 in. long, pale blue; Greece. G.C. III. 40:165. — C. Leutweinii, Heldr. (C. incurva, Aucher). Perennial, simple, 1 ft. or more: Ivs. cordate, white-downy, crenate, rounded at apex: fls. pale blue, 1J^ in. long. Greece.— -C. Mariesii, Hort.=Platy- codon. — C. michauxoides, Boiss. Tall-growing: fls. bluish white, the segms. recurved. Asia Minor. — C. Lamdrckii, D. Dietr.=» Adenophpra Lamarckii. — C. nitida, Ait.=C. planiflora. — C. petrxa. Linn. Biennial, with ascending st., hairy, 6-12 in.: lower Ivs. lance-oblong, narrowed to the base, toothed; upper Ivs. ovate and sessile: fls. small, pale yellow, in dense terminal and axillary heads. N. Italy. — C. phyctidocalyx, Boiss. & No6 (C. amabilis, Leicht.). Like C. Rapuneulus in habit, 2-2^ ft.: Ivs. lanceolate or cordate: fls. 10-12 in raceme, dark blue with black styles, resembling those of C. persicifolia. Armenia. — C. plani- fldra, Lam. (C. nitida, Ait.). Glabrous: height 3-9 in.: st. simple: Ivs. sessile, leathery, shining; root-lvs. crowded in a dense rosette, ovate or obovate-obtuse, crenulate, \Yi in. long; st.-lvs. linear- lanceolate, acute, nearly entire: fls. blue or white, with double varieties, in spicate racemes; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, broad, erect, a third shorter than the broadly bell-shaped or saucer-shaped corolla. Not American, though commonly so stated. Habitat unknown. J.H. III. 33:283. — Rock-plant, for sunny position. — C. primu- Isefdlia, Brot. St. hairy, simple, 1-3 ft.: lowest Ivs., lanceolate, st.-lvs. oblong: fls. blue, downy at bottom, nearly rotate. Portugal. B.M. .4879. — C. Raddeana, Trautv. Perennial, glabrous, 1 ft.: Ivs. cordate, long-stalked: fls. large, dark purple. Caucasus. — C. specidsa, Pourr., is a rare species. Most of the plants passing under this name are likely to be C. glomerata. B.M. 2649 is C. glomerata var. speciosa. C. thyrsoidea, Lapeyr., is referred here. — C. Specu- lum, Linn.=Specularia. — C. spicdta, Linn. Biennial, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. very narrow, nearly or quite entire: fls. 1-3, sessile, in a long inter- rupted spike, blue. Eu. J.H. III. 47:267. — C. sulphured, Boiss. Annual: fls. size of those of C. rotundifolia, pale straw-color out- side and sulfur-yellow inside. Palestine. — C. urticifdlia. This name is now abandoned. Plants are likely to be C. Trachelium. WILHELM MILLER. L. H. B.f CAMPANUM^)A (variant of Campanula). Cam- panulaceae. Twining or loose-growing perennial herbs, with rhizomes or tubers, rarely grown in .greenhouses. Lvs. mostly opposite, simple and often cordate, petioled: fls. yellowish or greenish, broadly bell-shaped, . 4-^6-lobed: fr. a berry. — Five species occur in the Himalayan and E. Asian region and the Malay Archi- pelago. C. javdnica, Blume, and C. inflata, Clarke, both with yellowish brown-veined fls. are mentioned in gardening literature: the fls. are about IJ^in.; in the former the calyx is nearly free from the berry, which is hemispherical; in the latter the calyx is adnate to the berry, which is ellipsoidal; both are twiners. C. grdcilis, Hort., is of the genus Leptocodon, and C. lanceolata, Sieb. & Zucc., is a Codonopsis. CAMPH6RA: Cinnamomum. CAMPION: Silene. CAMPSIDIUM (alluding to its similarity to Camp- sis}. Bignoniaceas. Ornamental vines grown for their bright orange flowers and also for their handsome evergreen finely pinnate foliage. Evergreen shrubs, high-climbing, without tendrils and without rootlets, with odd-pinnate, opposite Ivs. and tubular, orange, slender-pedicelled fls. in terminal, loose and short racemes: calyx turbinate, 5-toothed, glandless; corolla tubular, slightly ventricose, straight, with 5 short equal lobes; stamens, 4, the 2 longer with the anthers exserted; anther-sacs parallel^ disk cupular, flat: fr. a narrow caps, with many winged seeds. — Two species in Chile and in the Fiji Isls. They are adapted only for subtropical regions and do not seem to bloom readily, but even without flowers they are worth planting for their foliage alone. In Old World gardens, they are sometimes cultivated as stove plants, but C. valdivianum, judging from its habitat, might do better in the cool greenhouse. Propagated by greenwood cuttings under glass. For further culture, see Campsis. Campsidium filidfolium, from the Fiji Islands, has never flowered in the writer's garden (in Florida) and is cut down by frost almost every winter, but it is a strong grower and worth planting for the foliage alone. C. valdivianum has proved to be a very poor grower and is very difficult to keep in health for any length of time. (H. Nehrling.) valdivianum, Seem. (C. chilense, Reissek & Seem. Tecoma valdiviana, Phil.). Climbing, to 50 ft. : branches angular, glabrous : Ivs. glabrous, 4-6 in. long; If ts. usually 11-13, sessile, elliptic-oblong, %-lH in. long, serrate near the apex or almost entire: racemes pendulous, 6-10-fld.; CAMPSIDIUM CAMPSIS 651 fls. about l^z in. long, oretnge: caps. 3-4 in. long, nar- rowly elliptic-oblong. Chile. G.C. 1870:1182. B.M. 6111. F.S. 20:2142. filicifolium, Van Geert (Tecoma filicifblia, Nichols.). Climbing evergreen shrub: Ivs. odd-pinnate, 5 in. long; Ifts. 19-25, ovate, with 2 or 3 lobes on each side, the larger lobes sometimes dentate. Fiji Isls. F. 1874:280. ALFRED REHDER. CAMPSIS (Greek kampsis, curve, refer- ring to the curved stamens). Bignoniacex. TRUMPET-CREEPER. Ornamental vines cultivated for their strik- ing scarlet or orange flowers. Deciduous woody plants, climb- ing by aerial rootlets, with oppo- site, odd -pinnate Ivs., large orange or scarlet fls. in terminal clusters or panicles, followed by large elongated caps. : calyx tubu- lar - campanulate, 773. Trumpet-vine — Campsis radicans. ( X K) leathery, un- equally 5- toothed; corolla f unnelf orm- campanulate, enlarged above the calyx, 5-lobed, with spreading lobes, slightly 2-lipped; stamens 4, 2 longer and 2 shorter with diverging anthers; ovary 2-loculed, sur- rounded at the base by a large disk : f r. an elongated caps., loculicidally dehis- cent, with the 2 valves separating from the sep- tum to which the seeds are attached; seeds numerous, compressed, with 2 large translucent wings. — One species in N. Amer. and one in China and Japan. By some botanists, Bignonia is con- sidered the correct name for this genus, because the original description was chiefly based on C. radicans, while Tecoma is the proper name for the genus known as Stenolobium. The hardiest species is C. radicans, which may be grown as far north as Massachusetts, at least in shel- tered positions, while C. chinensis is more tender; the hybrid is intermediate between the two in hardiness. C. chinensis and C. hybrida, as well as C. radicans var. speciosa, can be grown as bushy specimens and will bloom freely on the young shoots, even if cut back almost to the ground by frost. Such plants can be easily protected during the winter by laying them down and covering them with earth. C. radicans is particularly adapted for covering walls and rocks, as it climbs with aerial rootlets and clings firmly to its sup- port. The species of campsis prefer rich rather moist soil and sunny positions. Propagated by seeds, by greenwood cuttings under glass, or by hardwood and also by root-cuttings and layers. Trumpet -vines in the South. — The trumpet- vines are very successfully cultivated in Florida, being well adapted to the soil and climate, but to do their best need to be planted from the start in rich soil; and in addition they should be well fertilized at least once a year. They prefer a fertilizer rich in nitrogen; and a heavy mulch will also prove very beneficial. They should be grown on posts and tall stumps, or they may be trained over small oaks, persimmon trees or catalpas. Other bignoniads of similar culture are Tecomaria capensis, a half-climbing species with scarlet flowers eff ec- 42 tively used for decoration of the veranda, and Tecoma stans. That and Campsis chinensis are the two showiest bignoniads cultivated in Florida, the latter being a climber, flowering abundantly in May and June, while the first one is a large-growing bushy species opening its immense corymbs of vivid yellow flowers the latter part of November and early in December. The Chinese trumpet creeper, C. chinensis, is the most floriferous and gorgeous. In the writer's garden a large pine stump, about 16 feet high, in May and June is completely covered with masses of brilliant fiery orange-scarlet flowers which can be seen at a distance of half a mile. The flowers are much larger, more brilliant and much more abundantly produced than those of the native C. radicans. It is sometimes infested by a voracious caterpillar, which devours the leaves greedily. The lubber grasshoppers also attack the lower foliage. C. chinensis grows well in the poor sandy soil, perfecting luxuriant shoots 25 to 30 feet long in one season if well fertilized. The native trumpet creeper, C. radicans, is very common in the southern woodlands and fields. There is a great variety in the brilliancy of the blos- soms. This is an excellent plant for covering the bare trunks of palmettos. (H. Nehrling.) radicans. Seem. (Tecoma radicans, Juss. Bignonia radicans, Linn.). TRUMPET-CREEPER. TRUMPET- VINE. T R U M P E T-HONEYSUCKLE. Figs. 773, 774. High-climb- ^ ing shrub, clinging with rootlets: Ivs. odd-pinnate; Ifts. 9-11, oval to ovate- oblong, acuminate, serrate, dark green above, pale and pubescent beneath, at least • • - r — 3 along the midrib, l%-2% in. long: fls. in terminal racemes; corolla tubular- f unnelf orm, about 3 in. long, with 5 spreading lobes, usu- ally orange with scarlet limb, tube almost thrice as long as the short-toothed calyx: fr. cylindric-oblong, keeled along the sutures, '** stalked and with a beak at the apex, 3-5 in. long. July- Sept. Pa. and 111. to Fla. and Texas. B.M. 485. Gn. 22, p. 339. F. 1873, p. 220. A. F. 12:34. Mn. 2:9. Var. atropurpurea, Voss (var. grandifldra atropur- purea, Hort.). With large, "' deep scarlet fls. Var. spe- cidsa, Voss. Scarcely climb- ing, usually forming a bush with long and slender branches: Ifts. small, oval, abruptly narrowed into a slender point often %in. long: fls. orange-red, with rather straight tube; limb about 134 in. across. Var. * prsfecox, Schneid. Large scarlet fls. in June. Var. aurea, Hort. Fls. yellow. chinensis, Voss (Tecoma grandifldra, Delaun. T. chi- nensis, C. Koch. Bignonia chinensis, Lam. C.adrepens, Lour.). CHINESE TRUMPET- CREEPER. Fig. 775 (adapted % from Gardening). Climbing ?74. The Trumpet-creeper shrub, with few or no aerial climbs by means of aerial rootlets: Ivs. odd-pinnate; roots. — Campsis radicans. 652 CAMPSIS CANANGIUM 775. Campsis chinensis on a clothes-post. Ifts. usually 7-9, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous beneath, l%-2% in. long: fls. in terminal racemes; corolla funnelform-campanulate, shorter and broader than that of the preceding species, scarlet, about 2 in. across; calyx 5-lobed to the middle, about as long as the tube of the corolla: fr. obtuse at the apex. Aug., Sept. China, Japan. B.M. 1398; 3011. F.S. 11:1124-5. Gn. 27, p. 94; 33, p. 348; 47, p. 373. G.F. 3:393. F.R. 2:27. Gng. 4:195. — Less high- growing and sometimes shrubby; blooms when quite small and can be grown as a pot-plant, also suited for forcing. Var. Thunbergii, Voss (Tecoma Thunbergii, Sieb.). Fls. bright scarlet, with very short tube and reflexed lobes. Often a var. of C. radicans is cult, under the name C. Thunbergii. Var. Princei, Voss (Tecoma grandiflbra var. Princei, Dipp.), probably belongs to the following hybrid. hybrida, Schneid. (Te- coma hybrida, Jouin. T. intermedia, Schelle. T. radicans grandiflbra atropur- purea, Hort. T. Princei grandiflbra, Hort. T. chinensis aurantwca, Hort.). Hybrid between the two preceding species: somewhat climbing, often forming a bush with straggling branches: Ifts. 7-11, ovate to elliptic-ovate, usually pubescent along the veins beneath: fls. in ter- minal loose panicles; calyx divided for about one-third into ovate long-acuminate lobes much shorter than the corolla-tube; corolla funnelform-campanulate with orange-yellow tube and scarlet limb, about 2 in. across and 3 in. long. July-Sept. Garden origin. S.T.S. 1:47. M.D.G. 1904:123.— The fls. are almost as large and showy as those of C. chinensis and the plant is hardier. ALFRED REHDER. CAMPTOSORUS (Greek, bent sori, alluding to the irregular arrangement). Polypodidcese. Two species of hardy ferns, with simple pointed Ivs., which take root at the apex, and are hence known as "walking-leaf ferns." A single species is native mostly on lime^bearing rocks, and an allied species is known from Japan and N. Asia. rhizophyllus, Link. Fig. 776. Lvs. evergreen, simple, tapering from a heart-shaped base, 4-12 in. long; veins forming meshes near the midrib; sori irregularly scattered, linear, straight or bent. Canada to Ala. — Sometimes grown in rockeries and wild gardens. L. M. UNDERWOOD. CAMPYLOB6TRYS: Hoffmannia. CAMPYLONEURON: Polypodium. CANADA: British North America. CANAIGRE: Rumex hymenosepalus. CANANGIUM (Makassar, kananga; Malay . kenanga). Annonacese. Perfume-yielding tropical trees. Closely allied to Desmos but differing in having the apex of the connectives of the stamens prolonged into a point, instead of being broadened into a hood-like covering for the pollen-sacs: sepals 3; petals 6 in 2 series, valvate, nearly equal, flat, linear ; stamens many, closely crowded on the convex torus, the connective produced into a long tapering point; carpels indefinite, CANANGA:|Canon- 776. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. 777. Canangium odoratum. a, flowering branch ; b, stamens; c, longitudinal section of fruit; d, fruit cluster. clustered in the center of the mass of stamens; ovules in 2 columns or apparently in a single column; style linear or linear-oblong, terminating in an obtuse swelling; ripe carpels (fr.) several, pedicelled, ovoid or oblong and more or less constricted between the seeds. The name Cananga, usually applied to this genus, was used by Aublet in 1775 for an entirely different genus, and cannot therefore be valid for the present one. Baillon recognized this fact, and proposed the name Canan- ;ium, without, however, coupling it with specific names. t was taken up by Sir George King in his Annonacese of British India, 1893, and was applied by him to the celebrated ylangylang tree, Canangium odoratum. odoratum, King (Uvdria odordta, Lam. Unona odordta, Dunal. Candnga odorata, Hook. f. & Thorns.). YLANGYLANG. ILANGILANG. ALANGILANG. Mqso'oi. MOTO-OI. Fig. 777. A tree bearing a profusion of greenish yellow fragrant fls. with long narrow petals, from which the celebrated ilangilang is made. The tree is found in S. India, Java, the Philippines, the Malay Archipelago, and many islands of the tropical Pacific. It occurs spontaneously as well as in cult., and its seeds are widely scattered by fruit-pigeons and other birds. In the Samoan Isls. it is much beloved by the natives, who make garlands of "moso'oi" with which to adorn themselves, and they celebrate its fragrance in their songs. The fls. yield a fragrant volatile oil known in commerce as the oil of ilangilang, usua'ly obtained by steam distillation. The natives use a much simpler process in securing oil for anointing their heads and bodies. Fls. are p'ut into coconut oil and, after remaining a short time, are replaced by fresh ones, CANANGIUM CANNA 653 the oil being subjected to a gentle heat. "Macassar oil" is prepared in this way, fls. of Michelia Champaca being often added to those of the ylangylang. Brandisanum, Safford (Unbna Brandisana, Pierre. Undna latifoiia, Hook. f. & Thorns., not Dunal). A tree endemic in the forests of lower Cochin China and Cambodia, with very fragrant fls. resembling those of C. odor alum but with the petals relatively broader, con- stricted at the base, and thicker, and the Ivs. usually cordate at the base and tomentose beneath, instead of rounded at the base and pubescent beneath: the fr. resembles that of the preceding species but with fewer seeds arranged almost in a single row, but on close inspection seen to be biseriate. The fls. yield a per- fume similar to that of the true ylangylang of com- merce. \V. E. SAFFORD. CANARINA (from the Canary Islands). Campanu- Idcese. Cool-house tuberous-rooted herb closely allied to Campanula, but with the tubes of the calyx and corolla grown together, and the floral parts in 6's. — Three species. C. Campanula, Lam., is a tender per- ennial from the Canaries, about 6-8 ft. tall, with drooping, inflated buds and solitary, bell-shaped fls. more than 1 in. long and 1^ m- wide, dull yellow, flushed and veined with dull purplish brown: the lobes of the corolla strongly reflexed: Ivs. hastate, coarsely repand-dentate : fr. a fleshy berry. B.M. 444. — Intro, by Franceschi in 1895. CANARY-BIRD FLOWER: Tropxolum, CANARY GRASS: Phalaris. CANAVALIA (an aboriginal name). Including Malocchia. Leguminosx. Bean-like plants, some of them producing edible seeds and some more or less grown for ornament. Prostrate trailing or twining herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate Ivs.: fls. in axillary racemes or fascicles, often large, violet, rose or white, with bell-shaped, 2-lipped calyx, papilionaceous corolla, 9 stamens united and 1 free for all or part of its length: pods large and ribbed on edges. — A dozen species, widely dis- tributed in warm countries. ensiformis, DC. (C. gladidta var. ensiformis, DC.). JACK BEAN. CHICKASAW LIMA. Figs. 485 (Vol. I), 778. Glabrous or nearly so: Ifts. ovate-oblong or ovate, mucronate: upper lip of calyx longer than the tube, recurved and notched; keel blunt, curved: seeds white, with a dark raphe. Tropics of both hemispheres. — B. M.4027. A.G. 14: 84. — Grown in the southern states for stock, but the pods make passable snap beans when not more than 4-6 in. long. In warm countries it is a bushy plant, with little tendency to climb. The pods reach a length of 10-14 in., the walls being very hard and dense when ripe; the halves of the pod, when split apart, roll up spirally often into an almost perfect cylinder. The large white turgid beans, bearing a very prominent brown seed-scar, are packed crosswise the pod, imbedded in a very thin white papery lining. The fls. are small and light purple, resembling those of the cowpea (but larger) and of various species of Dolichos. The Ifts. are large and broad (5-8 in. long and half or three-fifths as broad), strongly veined and dull, dark green, abruptly pointed and smooth. Beans said to be used as a coffee substitute. 778. Seeds of Canavalia ensiformis. (XI) C. bonariensis, Lindl. Twining: Ifts. ovate, with the long apex obtuse: fls. purple in drooping racemes that exceed the Ivs., the standard large broad and notched. Uruguay and IS. Brazil. B.R. 1199. H.U. 4, p. 129. — C. obtusifolia, DC. Prostrate or climbing: Ifts. nearly orbicular to oval or obovate, rounded or cuneate at base: fls. pink, m racemes exceeding the Ivs.: seed brown, oblong. Fla. and Texas south. Known as "mato de la playa" in Porto Rico.— C. rusiosperma, Urban. Large and tall, ascending highest forest trees: seeds red. Known as "Mato Colorado." W. Indies. T tr r> Jj. 11. 1 >. CANDELILLO: Euphorbia antisyphilitica. CANDLEBERRY, CANDLENUT: Aleurites. CANDOLLEA (A. P. DeCandolle, 1778-1841, fa- mous botanist of Geneva, Switzerland). Candolledcex; formerly referred to Dillenidcex. Herbs or woody plants sometimes grown under glass or in the open far South for the mostly yellow flowers. Shrubs or undershrubs or herbs, mostly glabrous: Ivs. simple, mostly narrow, sometimes with margins revolute: fls. few or solitary at the ends of the branches; sepals and petals 5; stamens many, united into 5 bundles or sets, each set bearing several anthers; carpels 2-3-5, with 1-3 ovules in each. — As now under- stood, probably 80-90 species, mostly W. Australian, but 1 in Trop. Asia and S. China and 1 in the E. Indies. Little known in cult., but the following Australian species are now offered. tetrandra, Lindl. Shrub, with branches angular, pubescent: Ivs. narrow-oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse or short-acuminate, 2% in. or less long, clasping, mar- gins not revolute: fls. much larger, paler yellow, the petals 1 in. long and the acute sepals %in. long: fr. with orange aril. B.R. 29:50. — Offered as a green- house plant. cuneif6rmis, Labill. Erect shrub, 6 ft. and more, with short crowded branches that are somewhat hairy when young: Ivs. oblong-cuneate to obovate, truncate or few-toothed at apex, 1 in. long: fls. bright sulfur- yellow, sessile in the crowded floral Ivs.; sepals about ^in., and the notched petals somewhat longer. B.M. 2711. — Offered in S. Calif., where it blooms March- June- L. H. B. CANDYTUFT: Iberis. CANE-BRAKE: Species of Arundinaria (treated under Bamboo). CANISTRUM (Greek, a basket). Bromelidcese. Epiphytic or terrestrial hothouse plants, requiring the treatment of billbergias. Leaves in a dense tuft, acute, spinulose on the margin : infl. compound, in a cup of Ivs., on a very short st. as in Nidularium, or on a longer exserted st. ; fls. usually green, rarely golden or blue. — A genus of about 10 species, natives of Brazil. They are sometimes referred to Nidularium. Lindenii, Mez (jEchmea eburnea, Baker. Guzmdnia frdgrans, Hort. Nidularium Lindenii, Regel). Lvs. about 20, in a dense rosette, tomentose, green-spotted, the bract-lvs. cream-white: fls. white or greenish. amazonicum, Mez (Karatas amazdnica, Baker. Nidularium amazonicum, Lind. & Andre". dEchmea amazdnica, Hort.). Lvs. 15-20, 10-20 in. long, and rather wide at the middle, greenish brown above and light brown beneath, not spotted or scurfy, the bract- lvs. greenish brown: fls. white, with a green tube, in a dense head. C. aurantiacum, E. Morr. (JSchmea aurantiaca, Baker). Plant vigorous: Ivs. expanded in the middle: fls. yellow, 2 in. long. S. Amer. B. H. 1873: 15. GEORGE V. NASH.f CANNA (name of oriental origin, of no application). Cannaceae. Popular tall ornamental plants, prized for their stately habit, strong foliage and showy flowers; much used for bedding. Stout, unbranched: fls. mostly red or yellow, in a terminal raceme or panicle, very irregular: caps. 3- loculed and several- to many-seeded (Fig. 779, p.] ; sepals 654 CANNA CANNA 779. The parts of the Canna flower. (s) 3 and small and usually green; petals (ccc) 3, mostly narrow and pointed, green or colored; style (e) single and long; the stamens are commonly petal-like, oblanceolate bodies or staminodia (aaab), 2 or 3 of which are usually much produced and broadened, and one is deflexed and narrower and forms the lip of the fl. (6); the pollen is borne in a single-ioculed an- ther (/), borne on the side of a nar- row and more or less coiled stam- inodium. — In the latest monograph, 1912 (Kranzlin, in Engler's Pflan- zenreich, hft. 56), 51 species of Canna are de- scribed from sub- tropical and tropi- cal Amer. and Asia. A generation or two ago, cannas were grown for their foliage or mass-effect. They were tall and long-jointed, with small and* late flowers (Fig. 780). An old-time garden race of tall cannas was C. Anmei, raised by M. Anne"e, of France, from seeds of the true C. nepal- ensis, sown in 1848. The flowers from which the seeds were taken probably had been pollinated by some other species, most likely with C. glauca. In 1863, a new race appeared, as the result of the union of C. iridiflora with C. Warscewiczii. This hybrid was known as C. Ehemanni (and C. iridiflora hybrida). This was of inter- mediate stature, with showy foliage and better droop- ing flowers. Under this name plants are still sold, but they may not be identical with the original C. Ehe- manni. This race has been variously crossed with other species and forms, and from innumerable seedlings there have been selected the dwarf and large-flowered cannas (Figs. 781, 782), which have now practically driven out the old tall small -flowered forms. These dwarf cannas are often known as French cannas, from the country of their ori- gin; also, as Crozy cannas, from a renowned breeder of them. Within recent years, another race of cannas has arisen from the amalgamation of our native C. flacdda with the garden forms and with C. iridiflora. These have come mostly from Italy and are known as Italian cannas; also as orchid-flowered cannas. The flowers are characterized by soft and flowing iris-like out- lines, but they are short-lived. Of this class are the varieties Italia (Fig. 783), Austria, Ba- varia, Burgundia, America, Pandora, Burbank and others. For a sketch of the evolution of the garden cannas, see J. G. Baker, Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc., Jan., 1894; also, for the his- tory of the Italian race, Revue Horticole, 1895, 516, and Gar- deners' Chronicle, Dec. 14, 780. Old-time canna. 1895; Kranzlin, cited above. The culture of cannas is simple and easy. They demand a warm, friable, rich and moist soil. They are injured by frost, and therefore should not be planted out until the weather is thoroughly settled. For dense mass effects, set the plants not more than 1 foot apart each way, but if it is desired to show individual plants and their flowers at the best, give three times that amount of room to a single plant. Pick the flowers as soon as they wilt, to prevent the formation of seeds (which causes the plant to lessen flowering), and keep the plants in tidy condition. Give the soil and treat- ment that produce the best results with Indian corn. New varieties are raised from seeds. The seeds usually germinate slowly, and sometimes not at all, unless the integument is cut or filed, or is softened by soaking in water; these precautions taken, they germi- nate quickly. Sow late in winter, in rather strong bottom heat, in flats or pots. Prick out, and give plenty of room. They should make blooming plants the first year. Commonly, cannas are propagated by dividing the rootstock. This rootstock is a branchy mass, with many large buds. If stock is not abundant, as many plants may be made from a rootstock as there are buds, although the weak buds produce weak plants. Leave as much tissue as possible with each bud. These one-bud parts usually give best results if started in pots, so that the plant is 6 to 12 inches high at planting time. The commercial canna plants are grown mostly in pots. If one has sufficient roots, however, it is better not to cut so close, but to leave several strong buds on each piece (as shown in Fig. 784). These pieces may be planted directly in the ground, although more certain results are to be secured by starting them in the house in boxes or pots. If strong effects are desired, particuarly in shrub borders, it is well to plant the entire stool. In the fall, when the plants are killed by frost and the tops have dried a few days, dig the roots, and let them dry, retaining some of the earth on them. Then store them on shelves in a cellar that will keep Irish or round pota- toes well. Take care that the roots do not become too warm, particularly before cold weather sets in; nor too moist. Well-cured roots from matured plants usually keep without much difficulty. If they do not hold much earth, it is well to throw a thin covering of light soil over them, particularly if they are the highly improved kinds. Cannas are commonly used only in formal beds, but most excellent effects may be secured by scattering them singly or in very small clumps in the hardy border or amongst shrubbery. Against a heavy back- ground of green, the gaudy flowers show to their best, and the ragged effect of the dying flowers is not noticed. They also make excellent centerpieces for formal beds. The tall-growing cannas, with small and late flowers, have given way almost wholly to the modern race of Crozy or French dwarf cannas, which usually remain under 4 feet high, and give an abun- dance of large early flowers. The canna always must be used for bold planting effects, because the flowers 781. Modern flowering canna. CANNA CANNA 655 have not sufficient durability to be very useful as cut- flowers. As individual blooms, the flowers are not usually attractive, but they are showy and interesting in the mass and at a distance. The new race of Italian or Flaccida cannas has more attractive flowers, but even these are most useful when on the plant. It is impossible for the gardener to determine species of canna in the common garden forms. In fact, the species are little known except in herbaria and as wild plants growing in their original habitats. The mon- ographers do not agree as to the definitions of what have been described as original or wild species. The following account of species is included more for the purpose of showing the range within the genus and of making a catalogue of leading botanical names than to set specific limits or to indicate what species- forms are in cultivation. The Crozy experiments began with crossing C. Warscewiczii with a variety of C. nepalensis of gardens (C. flaccida?) having large yellow flowers and very long creeping tubers; and some of the progeny was crossed with C. aureo- picta (a garden form). The recent attractive orchid - flowered cannas spring largely from the C. flaccida forms. Achiras, 3. Altensteinii, 23. angustifolia, 13. Annxi, 16. aurantiaca, 7. aureo-cittata, 19. Buekii, 15. earned, 8. cearensis, 12. ehinensis, 10. cinnabarina, 9. coccinea, 17, 18. commutata, 7. compacts, 2. concinna, 6. crocea, 17. densifolia, 7. discolor, 6. edulis, 20. esculenta, 20. excelsa, 1. exigua, 9. eximia, 12. Fintelmannii, 14. flaccida, 13. flavescens, 11. floribunda, 7, 19. formosa, 18. fulgida, 9. INDEX. gemella, 23. gigantea, 23. glauca, 13, 16. helicpniifolia, 23. humilis, 9. indica, 17. iridiflora, 24. beta, 19. lagunensis, 4. Lambertii, 22. lanceolata, 16. lanuginosa, 3. latifolia, 23. leptochila, 10. leucocarpa, 16. liliiflora, 25. limbata, 19. longifolia, 16. lutea, 7. macrophylla, 23. maculata, 7. mexicana, 16. Moritziana, 5. neglecta, 23. nepalensis, 10. orientalis, 11. pallida, 5. paniculata, 1. patens, 17, 19, 21. pedunculata, 15. Poeppigii, 22. polyclada, 12. polymorpha, 10. portoricensis, 19. recurvata, 19. reflexa, 15. Reevesii, 13. rotundifolia, 6. rubra, 18. rubricaulis, 20. rubro-lutea, 16. sanguinea, 10, 21. saturate-rubra, 10. Schlechtendaliana, 16 Selloi, 21. speciosa, 10. spectabilis, 17. stolonifera, 16. sulphurea, 7. sylvestris, 19. tenuiflora, 17. Tinei, 7. variabilis, 8. variegata, 19. centricosa, 19. violacea, 16. Warscewiczii, 21. xalapensis, 23. A. Petal-like staminodia none. 1. paniculata, Ruiz & Pav. (C. excelsa, Lodd.). St. very tall, slender, glabrous: Ivs. oblong or ovate and acute, green and glabrous above and pubescent beneath: racemes lax, disposed in a squarrose panicle, the fls. in 2's; sepals lanceolate, fin. long, obtuse; petals lanceo- late, yellow-green, 2-3 in. long; lip rather longer than the petals, crimson. Subequatorial Andes. AA. Petal-like staminodia 2. B. Plant woolly-pubescent on the sheaths and sometimes on the If. -blades. 2. compacta, Roscoe. St. tall, stout, and green: Ivs. many, oblong to ovate and acute: raceme simple and densely many-fld., the rachis 3-angled; sepals ovate, acute, Hin. long; petals unequal, narrowly lanceolate and long-acuminate, 1J^ in. long, red-yellow; stamino- dia oblanceolate, slightly emarginate, 1^-2 in. long, scarlet or deep orange-red ; lip broad-linear, emarginate, red-yellow. S. Amer. 3. lanuginfisa, Roscoe (C. Achiras, Litt.). St. green, woolly, 4-6 ft., densely Ivd.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acute, green: raceme long and contracted, many-fld., simple, the bracts obtuse, small and green; sepals ovate-lanceo- late, greenish red, l/2\n. or less long; petals long-lanceo- late, \Y<i in. long, tinged with red; staminodia entire, red or red-yellow; lip the same color, and revolute. Brazil, Peru. B.R. 1358. 4. lagunensis, Lindl. Differs from C. lanuginosa in having long pale yellows fls., by some referred to C. lutea: plant of medium size, lightly lanate on the sheaths: If .-blades ovate-oblong, short-acute and apicu- late, pale-margined: petals linear-lan- ceolate and acuminate: lip strongly revolute, red -spotted. Mex., Cent. Amer. B.R. 1311, 1358. Aug.-Nov. 5. pallida, Roscoe (C. Moritziana, Bouch6). Plant medium height: If .-blade elongate-elliptic, acuminate and filamentous at end, sometimes white-margined : raceme simple and narrow, the bracts broadly oblong- cuneate; sepals ovate and obtuse, green; petals lanceo- late and -acuminate, green- ish-sulfur-color; lip linear, 2-tipped, revolute, pale yel- low, spotted. W. Indies and N. S. Amer. BB. Plant glabrous on sheaths and jX If .-blades. fcV>*'* c. Lvs. of 2 colors, 6. discolor, Lindl. (C. rotundifolia, Andre). St. stout, 6-10 ft., purple and gla- brous: Ivs. very broad-oblong, acute, the lower ones sometimes 3 ft. long, dark green and purple-margined, red-purple beneath: fls. in a deeply forked panicle of lax racemes, the bracts small and oblong; sepals lanceo- late, obtuse, Hin. long, green, tinted with purple; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 1}^ in. long, pale green tinted with rose; staminodia entire, 2H> in. long, bright red, exterior yellow; lip lanceolate and emarginate, brick- red. Cent, and S. Amer. B.R. 1231. C. con- cinna, Bouche",is a related species with lance- olate Ivs. narrowed at both ends. S. Amer. cc. Lvs. unicolored, green. D. Fls. narrow, the parts connivent. 7. lutea, Miller (C. commutata, C. flori- bunda and C. densifolia, Bouche". C. macu- lata, Link. C. sulphurea, Hort.). St. slender and green, 3-4 ft., distantly foliated: Ivs. oblong or broad-lanceolate, acute: raceme lax, simple or rarely forked, the small green bracts oblong and obtuse; sepals ob- long, Hin., green, white-margined; petals lanceolate, pale yellowish white, 1-1 % in. long; staminodia pale yellow, often emar- ginate, 1H~2 in. long; lip linear, pale yel- low, emarginate. Mex. to Brazil. B.M. —Prince 2085. L.B.C. 7:646. C. Tinei, Tod., perhaps lohenlohe. a hybrid, apparently is to be associated with this species. Var. aurantiaca, Kranzl. Fls. orange; lip yellow. 8. vari&bilis, Willd. (C. cdrnea, Roscoe). St. green, 3-6 ft.: Ivs. broad-lanceolate or elliptic, acute, bright green: raceme simple and lax, the small bracts oblong and obtuse; sepals lanceolate, green, J^in. long; petals lanceolate, acuminate, concave, 1H in. long, pale flesh-color; staminodia 2, spatulate-linear, mostly entire, variable in color but mostly orange or rose; lip linear or ligulate and entire: caps, small, globose. S. Brazil, the particular place unknown. 656 CANNA CANNA DD. Fls. ringent or gaping, or open-spreading. E. Infl. simple or only moderately branched. 9. h&milis, Bouche (C. exigua, Bouche). Low, 3 ft. or less, slender: Ivs. short-petioled, the blade oblong, acute or short-acuminate, glabrous above and below, 10-16 in. long: raceme sub-simple (rarely paniculate), bearing fls. large for size of plant (about 3 in. long); sepals very unequal, ovate-oblong; petals long-lanceo- late, concave, connate at base into a tube, scarlet; staminodia spatulate, more or less 2-lobed at apex; lip rather narrow, about 2J4 m- long. Farther India, China, etc. C. cinnabarina, Bouche" (C. fulgida, Bouche"), is a related species but larger and with yellow and scarlet rather smaller fls. Mex., Cent. Amer., W. Indies. 10. speciosa, Roscoe (C. leptochila and C. saturdte-rubra, Bouche. C. polymdr- pha, Loud. C. sanguinea, Hort.). Large: st. green, 5-6 ft.: Ivs. broad- oblong, acute: fls. in an elon- gated raceme or sometimes paniculate; sepals lanceolate, %in. long, pale purple; petals linear-lanceolate, l^in. long, erect, pale purple; staminodia 3 in. long, emarginate, bright red; lip emarginate, yellow. Himalayas. B.M.2317. B.R. 1276. C. chinensis, Willd. (C. nepalensis, Wall.), differs in having reflexed petals. 11. orientalis, Roscoe (C. flavescens, Link). St. slender, glabrous, 3-4 ft. : Ivs. ovate-oblong, a foot or more long: raceme lax, simple or forked, the bracts oblong; sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, J^in. or less long, pale green and rose-tinted; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 1^ in. long, pale roae; upper staminodia 23^ in. or less long, bright red, often emarginate; lip red-yellow: caps, globose and very small. Malaysian tropics. EE. Infl. much-branched; fls. purple. 12. polyclada, Wawra (C. eximia, Bouche. C. cearensis, Huber). St. tall and very slender: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute: fls. (often in pairs) in a long, much-branched panicle, the bracts nearly orbicular; sepals lanceolate, Hm- long; petals long-lanceolate and unequal, acuminate, the longest about 2^ in., purple; staminodia acute, scarcely longer than the petals; lip oblanceolate, scarlet-spotted. Brazil. AAA. Petal-like staminodia 3 (exception in No. 18). B. Lvs. lanceolate: fls. mostly yellow or orange. c. Petals deflexed. 13. flaccida, Salisb. (C. glauca and C. angusti- folia, Walt.). St. green and glabrous, 4—6 ft., very leafy below: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acute, green: raceme simple, lax and few- lanceolate, acuminate, greenish yellow, lJ^-2 in.; staminodia obtuse and entire (or 2-lobed at apex), 2-3 in., yellow; lip linear, strongly reflexed, yellow, mottled red: caps, large. Mex. and Cent. Amer. 15. pedunculata, Sims (C. Buekii, Weinm. C. reflexa, Nees). St. tall, slender, green and glaucous, 5-6 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, green and glaucous, 1-2 ft. long and 3-4 in. broad: fls. in a many-fid, long raceme, with a hairy rachis and long-spreading pedicels, the bracts small, oblong and obtuse; sepals oblong, small and green; petals linear-lanceolate, greenish yellow, reflexed, 2 in. long; staminodia emarginate, about 2 in. long, pale yel- low; lip oblanceolate, yellow: caps, globose, small. W. Indies, S. Amer. B.M. 2323. L.B.C. 7:622. cc. Petals erect. 16. glaftca, Linn. (C. Schlechtendaliana, Bouche. C. A nnsei, Andre. C. mexicana, and C. stolonifera, Bouche. C. lanceoldta, Lodd.). St. green and glaucous, 5-6 ft., from a long and stoloniferous rhizome: Ivs. green and glau- cous, oblong-lanceolate and very acute, tapering both ways (the middle of the blade 4-6 in. wide), white-mar- gined: raceme lax, simple or forked; sepals ovate-obtuse, green, Min. long; petals linear - lanceolate, yellow- green, 13^-2 in.; staminodia entire, 2J^-3 in., yellow, not spotted; lip linear or obovate-oblong, emarginate, pale yellow: caps, oblong, lJ^-2 in. long. W. Indies, S. Amer. Var. rfibro-lfitea, Hort., has fls. deep yellow tinted red, or in some portraits represented as deep purple. B.M. 3437. C. longifolia, Bouche, from Mex. and Cent. Amer., has the petals all free, whereas they are united in a tube in C. glauca, and with curved sulfur-yellow fls. C. leucocarpa, Bouch6, S. Amer., has petals united into a short tube, the fls. small, pale orange with broad leafy style. C. violacea, Bouche, habitat unknown, has pet- als united in short tube, fls. violet, strongly gaping, plant deciduous-woolly above. BB. Lvs. broadly oblong or elliptic: rhizome tuberous. c. Plant low or medium in height (mostly 5 ft, or less) . D. Staminodia entire at apex. 17. indica, Linn. (C. patens, Roscoe. C. crbcea, Hort. C. tenuiflora and C. spectdbilis, Bouch6. C. coccinea, Link). INDIAN SHOT. St. slender, 783. fld., the bracts very small; sepals lanceolate or ob- Italia canna- glabrous, green, 3-5 ft.: Ivs. oblong and acute, long, acuminate, 1 in. long, green; petals broadly linear-lanceolate to obovate and reflexed, to 3 in. long (as is also the tube); staminodia obovate, sulfur-yel- low, 2-3 in. long by \1/^ in. broad; lip large, yellow. Swamps S. C. to Fla., near the coast. L.B.C. 6:562. G.W. 12, p. 253. — Useful for its good habit and iris- like fls. C. Reevesii, Lindl., of India and the Philip- pines, has the outside staminodia acute rather than all obtuse or emarginate as in C. flaccida, and fls. less than 4 in. across rather than about 6 in. across. B.R. 2004. 14. Fintelmannii, Bouche. St. green and glaucous, 4-5 ft.: Ivs. oblong or ovate-elliptic and acute, bright green: raceme few-fld. and rather dense, the bracts green and oblong; sepals oblong, J^in., green; petals green, not glaucous, half as broad as long (1-1^ ft. long) : racemes simple or very nearly so and lax, some of the fls. in pairs, the bracts green and nearly or- bicular; fls. small; sepals oblong and green, J^in. long; petals lanceolate, pale green, about .1^ in. long; upper staminodia bright red, entire, 2 in. long but narrow; lip linear, red-yellow, minutely spotted with red : caps, globose, 1 in. diam. W. Indies, Cent, and S. Amer. Naturalized in parts of southern states. B.M. 454. B.R. 776. L.B.C. 17:1693. 18. coccinea, Miller (C. rubra, Willd.). St. slender, green, 4-5 or sometimes 6 ft.: Ivs. oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, and acute: raceme simple and lax, with small green, orbicular bracts; sepals lanceolate, J^in. or less CANNA CANNABIS 657 long, green tinged with red; petals lanceolate, acumi- nate, \l/z in. long, pale scarlet; staminodia 2, long and narrow, mostly emarginate; lip yellow-spotted: caps, globose and small. W. Indies, Cent, and S. Amer. C. formosa, Bouche, Brazil, has 3 unlike staminodia. DD. Staminodia 2-lobed. 19. sylvestris, Roscoe (C. portoricensis, Bouche1). Plant stout, 4-5 or 6 ft.: Ivs. long-oblong or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, bright green, to 2^ ft. long and one-third as wide: raceme slender, usually squarrose, rarely simple; fls. narrow and elongated, red; sepals lanceolate and acute, J^in. long; petals much longer, lanceolate and very acuminate; staminodia sub-equal, narrow-spatulate; lip narrow, strongly revolute. W. Indies, Cent. Amer. C. limbata, Roscoe (C. patens, Hook. C. aureo-vittata, Lodd. C.floribunda,C.variegdta, C. recurvata, C. loeta and C. ventricbsa, Bouche), of S. Brazil, has unlike staminodia, the largest being 2-lobed, the medium one emarginate, the other entire, all red with yellow margins. B.R. 771. L.B.C. 449. cc. Plant tall, often up to 10ft. (No. 21 perhaps excepted). D. Staminodia of medium length (3 in. or less). E. The staminodia not united. 20. edftlis, Ker (C. esculenta, Lodd. C. rubricaulis, Link). Rootstock thick and edible: st. stout, 8-12 ft., purple: Ivs. large, oblong, or ovate-oblong, green or bronze, 1-2 ft. long: raceme lax, forked or simple; fls. red or brick-red, usually in pairs, the bracts orbicular or oblong; sepals oblong-lanceolate, Min. long, tinged with red; petals oblong-lanceolate, 1^4 m-j staminodia entire or emarginate, 2^ in. long, bright red or orange; lip bright red or yellow-red: caps, large. W. Indies, S. Amer. B.M. 2498. B.R. 775. — Starch is procured from the roots, and for this purpose the plant is widely cult, in the tropics. 21. Warscewiczii, Dietr. (C. sanguinea, Warsc.). St. claret-purple and glaucous, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. oblong and acute, more or less claret- or bronze-tinged, Htt- long and nearly one-half as broad: raceme simple and rather dense, with ovate, brown, glaucous bracts; sepals lanceolate, Hin., glaucous purple; petals lanceo- late, acuminate, nearly 2 in. long, reddish and glaucous; staminodia oblanceolate, entire, 2J/2-3 in. long, bright scarlet; lip oblanceolate, emarginate, bright scarlet. Costa Rica, Brazil. B.M. 4854. C. Selldi, Hort. (C. patens, Baker), of S. Brazil, is tomentose: sepals ovate; petals oblong-lanceolate, united into a tube; staminodia strongly reflexed, one 2-parted. EE. The staminodia united into a tube, or at least connate at base. 22. Lambertii, Lindl. (C. Pceppigii, Bouche1). St. stout, very tall (to 10 or 11 ft.): green and glabrous, 12-14 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, green, acute: raceme simple or forked, lax and few-fld., the bracts large and oblong, green; sepals lanceolate, pale purple or lilac, Hm- long; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 1^ in. long, purple; staminodia unlike, obovate, entire, scarcely longer than the petals, connate at base, bright crimson; lip bright crimson-purple: caps, oblong, large. W. Indies, S. Amer. B.R. 470. 23. latifdlia, Miller (C. gigantca, Desf. C. macro- phylla, Hort. C. neglecta, Weinm. C. gemella, Nees. C. Altenstemii, Bouch6). St. stout, very tall (10-16 ft.) pubescent: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, green, but purple-margined when young, the lower ones often 3-4 ft. long: fls. in several racemes forming a panicle, the bracts oblong or the lower ones becoming several inches long; sepals oblong and green, Kin. long, very unequal, petals lanceolate, acuminate, 2 in. long, scarlet; staminodia united into a tube, entire at apex or one of them 2-lobed, somewhat twisted, brick- red; lip brick-red : caps, large. S. Amer. L.B.C. 7:634. — C. heliconiifdlia, Bouche, Texas to Venezuela, has the staminodia more or less connivent: fls. orange- red: Ivs. long-petioled, more or less woolly, oblong- acuminate: plant 7-8 ft. Var. xalapensis, Kranzl (C. xalapensis, Bouch6), has narrower Ivs. and smaller stature. DD. Staminodia large (5 in. or less long), united into a tube. E. F Is. pendulous, rose-colored. 24. iridifldra, Ruiz & Pav. St. green, 6-12 ft.: Ivs. broad-oblong, bright green, slightly pubescent beneath: racemes paniculate, drooping; fls. large, beautiful rose- color; tube of corolla and staminodia as long as the blade; sepals lanceolate, 1 in. long; corolla-lobes lanceo- late, 2K in. long; 3 upper staminodia somewhat longer than the corolla-lobes, obovate, nearly or quite 1 in. broad, rose-crimson; lip narrow, deeply emarginate, rose-crimson. Andes of Peru. B.M. 1968. B.R. 609. L.B.C. 10:905. R.H. 1861:110. 784. Stool of canna, showing how it may be divided. EE. Fls. erect-spreading, white and red. 25. liliifldra, Warsc. St. robust, green, 8-10 ft.: Ivs. many, oblong, green, 3-4 ft. long, spreading from the st. at a right angle: fls. in a corymbose panicle; sepals linear, as long as the tube of the corolla; corolla- lobes lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, pale green, the tube of equal length; 3 upper staminodia white, united into a tube for half their length, the blade obovate and spread- ing; lip oblanceolate, as long as the staminodia. Colom- bia. R.H. 1884:132. F.S. 10:1055^.— A fine species. The white fls. 'finally become tinged with brown; lonicera-scented. L. H. B. CANNABIS (the ancient Greek name). Moracese. HEMP. A widely cultivated fiber plant, and also used occasionally as an ornamental subject, being grown from seeds and treated as a half-hardy annual. Hemp is dioecious: staminate fls. in axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens and no petals; pistillate fls. in short spikes, with 1 sepal folding about the ovary: Ivs. digitate, with 5-7 nearly linear, coarse- toothed Ifts. : fr. a hard and brittle achene. C. sativa, Linn., probably native in Cent. Asia, is now escaped in many parts of the world: tall, rough and strong- smelling, 8-12 ft.: Ifts. 5-11, linear-lanceolate, toothed, the upper Ivs. alternate and the others more or less opposite. Only one species, but various forms have received specific names. In gardens, the form known as C. gigantea is commonest; this reaches a height of 10 ft. and more. The seeds are usually sown where the 658 CANNABIS CAPSICUM plants are to stand; but if quick effects are wanted, they may be started indoors in pots or boxes. Hemp makes excellent screens in remote places.. It thrives best in a rich rather moist soil. For field cult, for fiber (which is derived from the inner bark), see Cyclo. Amer. Agric., Vol. II, p. 377. L. H. B. CANTELOUPE: Muskmelon. CANTERBURY BELL: Campanula Medium. CANTUA (from Cantu, Peruvian name). Pole- moniacex. Showy flowering shrubs, with variable foliage, in greenhouses, and out-of-doors far South. 785. Capparis spinosa. (XK) Flowers corymbose; calyx campanulate, of 5 (rarely 3) sepals, which are much shorter than the long tubular corolla; stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, but exceeding it in length. -y-Six species in S. Amer. One kind is recommended in Eu. as a coolhouse shrub. No tenderer than fuchsias. Prop, by cuttings in sand under a bell-jar. buxif&lia, Juss. (C. dependens, Pers.). Much- branched shrub, about 4 ft. high; branches more or less downy: Ivs. very variable, generally oblong-obovate, acute, tapering at the base, entire or serrate, downy or glabrous: fls. 5-8, drooping vertically, in a kind of leafy, terminal corymb; calyx pale, membranous, green- streaked, 5-toothed, a fourth shorter than the corolla- tube; corolla long-funnel-shaped, the tube 2^ in. long, red, usually streaked; limb of fringed, obcordate, crimson lobes which are much shorter than the tube; stamens included. Peru. Apr., May. B.M. 4582. F.S. 7:650. R.H. 1858, p. 294. R.B. 27:181.— One of the choicest of European greenhouse plants. Very liable to red spider. C. bicolor, Lem. Distinguished from the above by the entire Ivs. which are shorter, about 1 in. long, and the solitary fls. with a short, yellow tube, the limb not fringed. The fls. droop, but not vertically. Peru. B.M. 4729. F.S. 4:343. Probably less desirable than the above. — C. pyrifdlia, Juss. Lvs. generally broader and more toothed than in C. bicolor: fls. as many as 17, in an erect, terminal, compound corymb; calyx red-tipped, nearly half as long as the yellow corolla-tube; corolla about \}4 in. long, with a white limb; stamens long, exserted. Peru. B.M. 4386. F.S. 4:383. WILHELM MILLER. N. TAYLOR, f CAOUTCHOUC TREE: Hura, Manihot, Ficus elastica, Castilloa, Hevea, Landolphia, and others, not treated here. CAPE BULBS. A name applied to bulbous and bulb- like plants native to South Africa. They are dry-region plants, and often bloom with us in summer and autumn. Some of the leading genera are Amaryllis, Brunsvigia, Nerine, Ixia, Tritonia, Watsonia. See Bulbs. CAPE'CHESTNUT: Calodendrum capensis. CAPE GOOSEBERRY: Physalis. CAPE JESSAMINE: Gardenia. CAPER: Capparis. CAPE-SPURGE: Euphorbia Lathyrus. CAPPARIS (Greek, caper, said by some to have been derived from the Arabic name of the plant). Cappa- riddcese. CAPER- BUSH, or CAPER-TREE. Greenhouse plants North, and suited to the open in Florida and California. Trees and shrubs, with simple Ivs.: sepals 4, rarely 5; petals usually 4; stamens usually many, inserted on the receptacle, the filaments thread-like and free; ovary long-stalked, 1-4-celled, with many ovules.— More than 150 species distributed throughout the warm regions of the earth. Differing from Cleome and most other cult, genera of the family in having baccate, not capsular, fr. Capers are pickles made by preserving the flower- buds of C. spinosa, a straggling shrub which grows out of old walls, rocks, and rubbish in Mediterranean regions and India. Also rarely cultivated as a green- house flowering shrub. Propagation is by cuttings of ripe wood, under a bell-jar, in greenhouses, and by seeds South. spindsa, Linn. Fig. 785. Spiny shrub, 3 ft. high, often straggling and vine-like: Ivs. roundish or ovate, deciduous: fls. borne singly, alternately, and fading before noon; sepals 4; petals 4, oblong, clawed, wavy, white, \l/i in. long; stamens 40-50; filaments purple above, perhaps the chief beauty of the plant. B.M. 291. — What seems to be the long style with a short un- opened stigma, is really the elongated peduncle or torus topped by the pistil, which has no style and a minute stigma. Var. rupestris (C. rupestris, Sibth. & Smith) is a spineless form. Mitchellii, Lindl. A much-branched shrub, usually very spiny, and more or less densely tomentose: Ivs. ovate-oblong, 1-1^ in. long, narrowed into a short petiole: fls. few, axillary, white or yellowish, followed by a tomentose globular berry 2 in. diam. Sand plains of Austral. — Suitable for dry places outdoors in S. Calif. C. acuminata, Lindl. St. shrubby, with flexuose, smooth branches: Ivs. petiolate ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. large, soli- tary, white, the conspicuous stamens 3-4 times as long as the petals. China. B.R. 1320. WlLHELM MlLLER. N. TAYLOR, f CAPRIF6LIUM: Lonicera. CAPRI6LA: Cynodon. CAPSICUM (name of uncertain origin, perhaps from kapto, to bite, on account of the pungency of the seed or pericarp ; or from capsa, a chest, having reference to the form of fruit). Solanacese. RED PEPPER. CAYENNE PEPPER. Herbs or shrubs, originally from tropical America, but escaped from cultivation in Old World tropics, where it was once supposed to be indigenous. Stem branchy, 1-6 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so: Ivs. ovate or subelliptical, entire, acuminate: fls. white or greenish white, rarely violaceous, solitary or some- times in 2's or 3's; corolla rotate, usually 5-lobed; sta- mens 5, rarely 6 or 7, with bluish anthers dehiscing longitudinally; ovary origi- nally 2-3-loculed : fr. a juice- less berry or pod, extremely variable in form and size, many-seeded, and with more or less pungency about the seeds and pericarp. Fig. 736. Normal 2-loculed fruit of 786. The fr. becomes many- Capsicum, in cross-section. CAPSICUM 659 loculed and monstrous in cult. — -About 90 species have been named, most of which are now considered forms of one or two species. Monogr. by Irish, 9th Ann. Kept. Mo. Bot. Gard. For cult., see Pepper. A. Plant annual or biennial. annuum, Linn. Fig. 787. Herbaceous or suffrutes- cent, grown as annuals in temperate climates, but in warmer latitudes often treated as bien- nials. All of the leading commercial varie- ties in the U. S. readily find classification within the types or botanical varieties. The species has never been found wild. It is the pimento of Trop. Amer. B. Fr. oblong-linear. c. Calyx usually embracing base of fr. Var. conoides, Irish (C. conoides, Mill.). Suff rutescent : Ivs. numerous, rather small, 2-3 in. long, %-2 in. wide: peduncles slender, straight, erect; fls. small; calyx pbconical or cup-shaped, usually embrac- ing base of fr. ; corolla greenish white, spreading, j^g-^-gin. : fr. erect, subconical or oblong-cylindrical, about 1% in. long or less, usually shorter than the peduncles and mostly borne above the Ivs., very acrid. Coral Gem, Tabasco. Gn. 66, p. 381. Var. fasciculatum, Irish (C. fasciculatum, Sturt.). RED CLUSTER PEPPER. Fig. 788. St. herbaceous, round or nearly so: branches few: Ivs. clustered or crowded in bunches about the summit, elliptical- lanceolate, pointed at both ends: fr. also clustered, erect, slender, about 3 in. long by Mm- diam., very acrid. Var. acuminatum, Fingh. (C. chilcnse, Hort.). LONG CAYENNE. Heroaceous, very branchy, about 2^2 ft. high, bearing a dense mass of foliage: fl. medium size, spread l/2~%m.'. fr. larger than the preceding, either erect or pendent. Chile. cc. Calyx not usually embracing base of fr. Var. 16ngum, Sendt. (C. dnnuum, Linn. C. Idngum, DC.). Plant herbaceous, about 2^ ft. high, with com- paratively few branches: Ivs. large, often 4 in. long by 2^ in. wide: fl. large; corolla spreading, J^-l^ in., dingy white; calyx usually pateriform or fun- nelform, rarely embracing base of fr. : fr. often a foot long by 2 in. diam. at base ; flesh thick and in some varie- ties very mild. Garden varieties are: Black Nu- bian, County Fair, Elephant'sTrunk, Ivory Tusk. 787. A form of Capsicum annuum. BB. Fr. of various shapes, but not oblong-linear. Var. grdssum, Sendt. (C. grdssum, Linn.). Herba- ceous, about 2 ft. high, with few branches: Ivs. very large, often 3 by 5 in., sometimes coriaceous, lower ones usually pendent; petioles deeply channeled: pe- duncles stout, about 1 in. long; corolla large, spreading, %-ll/4: m-: fr. large, oblate, oblong, or truncated, 3-4- lobed, usually with basal depression, more or less sul- cate and rugose; flesh thick, firm, and of a mild flavor. Emperor, Monstrous, Bell, Sweet Mountain, Golden Dawn, Ruby King, Golden King, Brazilian Upright, Golden Upright, Squash, and others, are garden varieties. Var. abbreviatum, Fingh. (C. umbilicdtum, Veil. C. luteum, Lam.). Suffrutescent : Ivs. broadly ovate, 2-4 in. long: peduncles slender, straight or curved, as long as or longer than the berry : fr. about 2 in. long or less, vary- ing much in the different horticultural varieties, in gen- eral ovate, quite rugose, ex- cept in one variety, some- times turbinate. While this variety is used to some ex- tent for pickling, it is noted more as an ornamental plant. Some garden forms are : Celes- tial, Etna, Kaleidoscope, Red. Wrinkled, Yellow Wrinkled. Var. cerasiforme, Irish (C. cerasiforme, Mill.). Suffrutes- cent: Ivs. medium size, ovate or oblong-acuminate, about lJi-3}^ in.: calyx seated on base of fr.; corolla large, spreading, Vy-M/i in.: fr. spherical, subcordate, oblate, or occasionally obscurely pointed or slightly elongated, smooth or rarely minutely rugose or sulcate; flesh firm, fa-y^m. thick, extremely pungent. Garden forms are: Cherry, Yellow Cherry, Oxheart. t AA. Plant perennial. frutescens, Linn. Fig. 789. Shrubby perennial, 3-6 ft. high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled st. and branches: branches loosely spreading or trailing: Ivs. broadly ovate-acuminate, 3-6 in. long, 2-3 J^ in. wide: peduncles slender, 1-2 in. long, often in pairs, usu- ally longer than the fr. ; calyx cup-shaped, embracing base of fr. ; corolla often with ocherous markings in the throat: fr. red, obtuse or oblong-acuminate, %-l)4 in- long, J^-^in. diam., very acrid. — Cult, only S., as the seasons in temperate lati- tudes are not long enough to mature fr. Var. baccatum, Irish (C. baccatum, Linn.). Plants not so tall, but more erect than the species: branches slen- der, fastigiate, flexuose: corolla small, spreading, about J^in. : fr. ovate or sub-round, about %in. diam. H. C. IRISH. CARAGANA (Caragan, its Mongolian name). Legu- minbsse. PEA TREE. Ornamental shrubs chiefly grown for their bright yellow flowers; some species are also used for hedges. Leaves abruptly pinnate, often with persistent spiny-pointed rachis; Ifts. small, entire; stipules deciduous or persistent and spiny: fls. papilionaceous; stand- ard upright, like the wings with long claws; keel obtuse and straight; stamens 10, 9 connate, 1 free; ovary scarcely stipitate: pod linear, terete, straight, 2- valved, with several seeds. — More than 50 species from S. Russia to China, most of them in Cent. Asia. Mono-: graph by Komarov in Act. Hort. Petrop. 29:179-388 (1908), with 16 plates. The caraganas are decidu- ous unarmed or spiny shrubs 788. Capsicum annuum var. fasciculatum. 789. Capsicum frutescens. 660 CARAGANA CARALLUMA with yellow, rarely whitish or pinkish flowers axillary and solitary or fascicled, followed by linear pods. The cultivated species are quite hardy, except a few Hima- layan species. They grow in almost any soil, but best in a sandy soil and sunny position, and are well adapted for shrubberies. C. arborescens is the only one which grows into a small tree, and is of upright habit, like C. frutex, which is about half as high and more grace- ful; most of the other species are low shrubs, of usu- ally spreading habit. C. arborescens is one of the best hedge shrubs for the prairies of the Northwest. Propagation is by seeds sown in fall or in spring; if kept dry during the winter, soaking in tepid water for two or three days before sowing will be of advantage; also increased by root-cuttings and layers, or by graft- ing on seedling stock of C. arborescens in spring. A. Lfts. 12-18, y^-y? in. long: rachis deciduous. microphylla, Lam. (C . Altagdna, Poir. C. arborescens var. aren- dna.Hort.). Fig. 790. From 4-6 ft.: Ifts. 12-18, obovate, pu- bescent when young, grayish green, Hm- long or shorter: fls. 1 or 2, yellow, %in. long; pedicel about as long as the fl. Siberia, China. L.B. C. 11 : 1064.— Under this name a dwarf form of C. arborescens is often cult. Var. megalantha, Schneid. Lfts. bright green, % or sometimes Kin. long: fls. \Y± in. long. 790. Caragana microphylla. ( X H) AA. Lfts. 8-14, in. long: rachis deciduous. arborescens, Lam. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Lfts. 8-12, obovate or oblong, sparsely pubescent beneath or glabrous at length: fls. 1-A, pale or bright yellow, %in. long; pedicels usually longer than the fls.: pods about 2 in. long. May, June. Siberia, Manchuria. G.O. H. 67. Var. pendula, Dipp., with pendulous branches, is the most remarkable; it should be grafted high. M.D. G. 1897:425. Var. Lorbergii, Koehne. Lfts. linear to linear-oblanceolate, about 1 in. long. A very peculiar and striking form. fruticdsa, Bess. (C. Reddwskii, Fisch. C. arborescens var. arenaria, Sims). Shrub, to 6 ft., very similar to the preceding: Ifts. 10-14, oblong-elliptic to obovate, cu- neate at the base, rounded at the apex; stipules herba- ceous or somewhat spiny; pedicels and calyx puberu- lous, calyx-teeth very short: pods about 1 in. long; seeds brown. Amurland, Korea. B.M. 1886 (not good). AAA. Lfts. 2-4. B. Rachis of the Ivs. deciduous: pedicels as long as or longer than the fls. friltex, Koch (C. frutescens, DC.). Fig. 791. From 6-10 ft. : Ifts. 4, approximate, nearly digitate, cuneate, obovate or oblong, rounded or emarginate at the apex, glabrous, ^-1 in. long: fls. solitary, %-l in. long, yel- low. May. S. Russia to China. Gt. 10:348. S.B.F.G. 3:227. Var. grandifldra, Koehne. Fls. somewhat longer than 1 in.: Ifts. usually large and broad. Var. latifolia, Schneid. (var. obtusifolia, Hort.). Lfts. more than an inch long and about K in. broad: fls. as in the type. BB. Rachis persistent, spiny: pedicels shorter than the fls. Chamlagu, Lam. Shrub, 2-4 ft.: spines long: Ifts. 4, in 2 somewhat remote pairs, chartaceous, obovate, emarginate or rounded at the apex, glabrous, %-%in. long: fls. solitary, reddish yellow, 1% m- long. May. N.China. G.O.H. 30. pygmaea, DC. (C. grdcilis, Hort.). One to 3 ft.: spines short, J^in. : Ivs. nearly sessile; Ifts. 4, approxi- mate and almost digitate, cuneate, linear-elliptic or linear-lanceolate, glabrous, ^-^in. long: fls. solitary, %in. long, golden yellow. Caucasus to Siberia and Thibet. B.R. 12:1021.— Grafted high on C. arbo- rescens, it forms a graceful standard tree, with pendulous branches. C. Altagana, Ppir.=C. microphylla. — C. arborescens arenaria, Hort.=C. microphylla. — C. arenaria, Dipp.=C. aurantiaca, Koehne. — C. aurantiaca, Koehne. Allied to C. pygmsea. Fls. orange-yellow; calyx as long as broad; ovary glabrous. Siberia. — C. Boisii, Schneid. (C. microphylla var. crasse-aculeata, Bois). Allied to C. arborescens. Shrub, to 6 ft. : Ifts. 10-12, obovate or narrowly obovate, about yivo.. long, silky pubescent beneath at least when young, whitish beneath; stipules spiny: fls. solitary. W. China. V.F. 57. — C. brevispina, Royle (C.triflora.Lindl.). Spines 2-3 in. long: Ifts. 12-16, pubescent: fls. 2-4, on a common peduncle. Himalayas. P.F.G. 2: 184. — C. decorticans, Hemsl. Allied to C. microphylla. Shrub or small tree, spiny: Ifts. 8-12, oval, less than J^in. long: fls. 1-2. Afghanistan. H.I. 18:1725.— C. frutescens, DC. =C. frutex. — C. Gerardiana, Royle. Spines 1 ^2-2 in. long: stipules large, scarious: Ifts. 8-12, densely pubes- cent: fls. 1-2, short - pedicelled. Himalayas. — C. grdcilis, Hort.=C. pygmsea. — C. grandifldra, DC. Allied to C. pygmsea. Lfts. cuneate- oblong, glabrous or pubescent: fls. 1 % in. long; calyx gibbous at the base. Caucasus. — The plant some- times cult, under this name is a variety of C. frutex. — C. jubata, Pall. Sparingly branched shrub with very thick, spiny and villous branches: stipules large, scarious: Ifts. 8-14, linear-objong, villoua beneath: fls. whitish, 1 in. long, short-pedicelled. Siberia. F.S. 19:2013. L. B. C. 6:522. Gt. 10:331. A very distinct and curious- looking species: hardy. — C. sophorsefdlia, Bess. (C. arborescens X C. microphylla. C. cuneifolia, Dipp. ). Lfts. usually 12, oblong to elliptic, cuneate, acute: pods %in. long. Garden origin. — C. spindsa, DC. Spines 1 in. long: Ifts. 4, rarely more, approximate, cuneate-lancec- late, glabrous: fls. solitary, short-pedicelled. Siberia. — C. spinosis- sima, C. Koch=C. spinosa. — C. tragacanthoides, Poir. Spiny: Ifts. 4-8, cuneate, oblong, pubescent: fls. solitary, short-pedicelled; calyx villous-pubescent. Himalayas. — C. trifldra, Lindl.=C. brevispina. — C. vulgdris, Hort.=C. arborescens. ALFRED REHDER. CARAGUATA. By the latest monographer referred to Gut- mania, which see. CARALLUMA (aboriginal name). Asdepiadacese. Low succulents, sometimes seen in collections; about 40 species, from S. Spain and Afr. to Arabia and India. They resemble stapelias, and require similar treatment. The sts. are leafless, somewhat branched, erect, 4-sided and the angles toothed : fls. near the sum- mit of the sts., more or less clustered, purple, brown and yellow, and other colors; corolla rotate and 5-parted: fr. long and slender follicles. The carallumas are probably not in the American trade. Some of the names that may be expected in collections are C. adscendens, R. Br.; C. affinis, Wildem.; C. campanulata, N. E. Br. (Boucerosia campanulata, Wight); C. commutata, Berger (sometimes grown as C. Sprengeri); C. fimbri- ata, Wall.; C. inversa, N. E. Br.; C. Luntii, N. E. Br.; CARALLUMA CARDOON 661 C. Sprengeri, N. E. Br. ; C. Simonis, Berger (Boucerosia Simonis, Hort.); C. torta, N. E. Br. CARAMBOLA: Averrhoa. CARAWAY (Carum Carvi, Linn.). Umbelliferfe. A biennial or annual herb grown for its seeds, which are used in flavoring bread, cakes and cheese; also oc- casionally for the young shoots and leaves, which are eaten. It grows a foot or two high, has finely-cut, pin- nately compound foliage, and small white flowers, in umbels. It is of the easiest culture. The seed is usu- ally sown in spring and the crop of seed taken the fol- lowing year. It thrives in any garden soil. The plant occasionally runs wild. See Carum. loose corymbs surrounded by large sterile fls. : calyx- tube cupulate, adnate to the ovary; petals 5; stamens numerous with filiform filaments and suborbicular anthers; ovary inferior, incompletely 3-celled; styles 3, short; sterile fls. with 3 large sepals: caps, loculicidal. — Three species in Japan and China. Tender plants, thriving in any good garden soil; best in a partly shaded and moist position. Prop, by greenwood cut- tings under glass. alternifdlia, Sieb. & Zucc. One to 3 ft.: Ivs. broadly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole, coarsely serrate, sparsely pilose, membrana- ceous, 3-7 in. long: fls. pink, lilac or white. Summer. S.Z. 66, 67. Gt. 14:486. ALFRED REHDER. CARBENIA : An incorrect or doubtful name for Cnicus, which see. CARDINAL FLOWER: Lobelia cardinalis. CARDAMINE (Greek name of a cress). Cruciferas. Small mostly leafy-stemmed perennials (the annual species apparently not cultivated), growing in low rich land, blooming in spring or early summer. Flowers sometimes large for size of plant, white or purple; petals obovate or spatulate: pods linear and straight, more or less flat- tened, the wingless seeds in 1 row, valves usually separating elastic- ally from the base: Ivs. simple or pinnate or lyrate : root often tuber- ous or rhizomatous. — About 50 species, largely in boreal or alpine regions. Of easy cult. Only C. pratensis is much known among growers. pratensis, Linn. CUCKOO FLOWER. Fig. 792. Plant slender and usually glabrous, 12-20 in., somewhat branched : Ivs. pinnately divided; Ifts. of root-lvs. small and rounded (^iin. or less across), those of the upper st.-lvs. oblong or even linear and entire or somewhat toothed: fls. lA\n. long, in a corymb, white or rose-color, pretty. Eu. and Amer., in the northern parts. — In the gardens it is chiefly known in the double-fld. form, which probably has been derived from European rather than Ameri- can sources. There are other forms of it. It is an excellent little plant to grow in moist places, particularly along creeks and about springs. It is also useful in drier places, as in rockeries. trifdlia, Linn. Attractive spring bloomer, 6 in., creep- ing: Ivs. ternate, the toothed parts or segms. irregularly roundish: fls. snow-white, on a naked scape. S. Eu. B.M. 452. angulata, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-f olio- late, the Ifts. ovate or oblong, and the middle one usually coarsely toothed: fls. rather large, white, in short, few-fld. racemes. Mts. of Ore. and Wash.— Intro. 1881 by Gillett. L. H. B. CARDAMON: Amomum and Elettaria. CARDIANDRA (Greek, heart, and man or stamen: alluding to the shape of the anthers). Saxifragacese. Orna- mental half-shrubby plants, rarely cultivated for their white, lilac or pink flowers. Suffruticose deciduous plants with alternate rather large Ivs. and small pink, lilac or white fls. in terminal 792. Cardamine pra- tensis. Root-leaves not showing. CARDIOSPERMUM (Greek, heart-seed, from the white heart-shaped spot on the round black seed ; hence the plant was thought a cure for heart diseases). Sapinddcese. Tendril-climb- ing tropical herbs. Leaves alternate, biter- nate; Ifts. coarsely serrate: fls. small, white, polyga- mous or dioecious, in axillary racemes or corymbs; sepals and petals 4, in pairs; stamens 8; ovary 3-celled, fol- lowed by a mem- branous caps. — A dozen species wide- ly d i s t r i b- uted. The most popular is the interesting balloon- vine, which is a rapid- growing, woody perennial, behav- ing as an annual, curious for its inflated seed-ves- sels. Fig. 793. Prop, by seeds. Halicacabum, Linn. Fig. 794. BALLOON- VINE. HEART-SEED . HEART-PEA. Height 10 ft. : sfr. and branches grooved: Ivs. glabrous, oblong-acuminate, deeply dentate: balloons an inch or more thick. Trop. India, Afr., and Amer. B.M. 1049. — A general favorite, especially with children. Grown as a garden annual. hirsutum, Willd. Creeping or ascending perennial vine with densely hairy grooved st. and Ivs. as in the preceding, but usually hairy on the under surface: fls. not showy: fr. pointed, hirsute; the globular choco- late-brown seed is borne on the detaching parachute- like dissepiment. Afr. — A useful perennial in S. Calif, for covering arbors; evergreen and blooming continu- ously. N. TAYLOR.f CARDOON (Cynara Cardiincidiis, Linn.). A thistle- like plant of southern Europe, cultivated for the thick leaf -stalk and midrib. It is thought to be of the same species as the arti- choke, and to have been developed from it by long culti- vation and selection. See Cynara. The plant has been 794. Ballooi>Vine — Cardiospermum Halicacabum. 662 CARDOON CAREX introduced into South America, and has run wild exten- sively on the pampas. Darwin writes that "no culti- vated plant has run wild on so enormous a scale as the cardoon." From the artichoke it differs in taller and more prickly growth and smaller heads. The cardoon is perennial, but it is not hardy, and is treated as an annual. Seeds are sown in spring, either in pots under glass or in the open where the plants are to stand. The later sowing is usually preferred. The plants are given 795. Leaf of Canada thistle. — Carduus arvensis or Cirsium arvense. rich soil and should have abundant moisture supply, for they must make continuous and strong growth. When the leaves are nearly full grown, they are tied together near the top, straw is piled around the head, and earth is banked against it. This is to blanch the plant, for it is inedible unless so treated. From two to four weeks is required for the blanching. The procedure is not very unlike that adopted for the blanching of celery or endive. If the plants are late, they may be dug just before frost and blanched in a storage pit. The plants are usually grown 2 to 3 feet apart, in rows which are 4 feet apart. They are sometimes grown in trenches, after the old way of growing celery. Cardoon is very little known as a vegetable in America except among foreigners. L jj 3 CARDUUS (the ancient Latin name of these plants). Composite. THISTLE. Spiny-leaved annual, biennial or perennial herbs, sometimes grown in borders and rock- gardens for the interesting habit and the heads of purple or white flowers. Carduus is sometimes united with Cirsium, but is here kept distinct, being separated chiefly by non-plumose or only indistinctly serrate pappus-bristles (see Cirsium) . The common weedy thistles are referred either to Carduus or Cirsium, depending on the definition of the genus. Fig. 795 shows the spiny leaf of one of these. Under the restricted use of the name, Carduus com- prises about 80 species, from the Canary Isls. to Japan. For C. benedictus, see Cnicus. acanthoides, Linn. A much-branched perennial about 18-24 in. high: Ivs. bright green, pinnately parted, the nerves very prominent beneath, spinose margined: the solitary heads long-peduncled, the fls. purple and showy. S. Eu. — Scarcely known in Amer. C. Mari&nus, Hort., is a Silybum, and C. tauricum, Hort., is a Cirsium. Both are advertised in England, but are unknown in N. TAYLOR.f CAREX (name of obscure origin). Cyperdceas. SEDGE. Grass-like perennials of very 'many kinds, a few of which are grown in bogs or as border plants. Flowers unisexual, in spikes, the staminate naked and subtended by a bract or scale, the pistillate com- prising a single pistil inclosed in a thin sac or perigyn- ium; monoecious or rarely dioecious: sts. or culms solid, not jointed, mostly 3-angled: Ivs. grass-like but 3- ranked. One large group has 2 styles and a lenticular achene, and the spikes are commonly androgynous or contain both sexes (Fig. 796) ; another division has 3 styles and a triangular achene, and the spikes are commonly unisexual, the staminate being above (Figs. 797, 798). Carices are very abundant in cool temperate regions, both in species and in individual plants. There are more than 800 known species. Many of them grow on dry land, but the largest species grow in low grounds and swales, and often form much of the bulk of bog hay. Carices coyer great areas of marsh land in the upper Mississippi region and are employed in the manu- facture of "grass carpets" or Crex fabrics. The species are difficult to distinguish because they are very similar, and the study of them is usually left to specialists. Some of our broad-leaved native species make excellent bor- ders and interesting clumps in corners about build- ings and along walls. Of such are C. platyphylla, C. plantaginea, C. albursina. Many of the low- land species are excellent adjuncts to the pond of hardy aquatics. Others have very graceful forms, with drooping spikes and slender culms (Fig. 798). The following native species, and probably others, have been offered by collectors : C. aure'a, C. eburnea, C. flava, C. Grayi (one of the best), C. hystricina, C. lupulina and its var. pedunculata, C. lurida, C. paupercula, C. penn- sylvanica, C. plantaginea, C. Pseudo-Cyperus, ^' reirorsa> C- Richardsonii, C. riparia, C. Tucker- manii, C. utriculata, C. vulpinoidea. The species present no difficulties in cultivation if the natural habitat is imitated. Propagated readily by seed sown in late fall (germinating in spring) .or by division of the clumps. M6rrpwi, Boott (C. japonica, Hort., not Thunb. C. tenuissima, Hort. C. acutifolia, Hort.). Fig. 799. Lvs. stiff and evergreen, long-pointed, in the common garden form with a white band near either margin: culm 1 ft. with a terminal staminate spike and 2 or 3 slender pistillate spikes (1 in. long) from sheaths: perigynium small and firm, somewhat excurved, 2- toothed, glabrous. Japan. G.C. III. 13:173. .R.B. 20, p. 9. — A very handsome plant, suited for pots or the border. The stiff clean white-edged foliage keeps in condition for months, making the plant useful for decorations in which pot-plants are used. It is per- fectly hardy in Cent. N. Y., holding its foliage all win- ter. A useful florists' plant. 796. Carex (C. scoparia), with androgynous spikes and lenticular achenes. (XI). N. Amer. 797. Carex (C. lurida), with Staminate terminal spikes and trigonous achenes. (XM)- N. Amer. intumescens, Rudge (C. tendria, Hort. C. tenera, Hort.). Slender, but stiff, to 30 in.: Ivs. narrow, rolling more or less when dry: staminate spikes long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1 or 2, short-stalked, short, with few large, turgid, tapering, shining perigynia and awl-like, rough-pointed scales. N. Amer. CAREX CARICA 663 inans, Berger (C. Vilmorinii, Mott. C. V ilmoriniana, Hort.). Densely tufted, with many very narrow Ivs., and filiform culms \l/2 ft. or less high: spikes 5-7, the terminal staminate, linear and short- stalked, the lateral pistillate (or perhaps staminate at base), oblong or cylindrical and dense-fld., about 1 in. long, and with aristate scales: perigynium 3-angled (stigmas 3), lance-ovate, attenuate at base and with a 2-toothed scabrous beak. New Zeal. — A good hardy edging plant when a tufted grassy effect is desired. Buchananii, Berger (C. lucida, Boott, var. Buchdnanii, Kuek.). Allied to the preceding: densely tufted: Ivs. leathery, semi-terete ,very narrow, brown-red : spikes 5-8, the terminal staminate and linear- cylindrical, long-stalked, the lateral pistil- late and cylindrical, \Yi in. long, densely- fld.: perigynium plano-convex (stigmas 2), produced into a long margined scabrous deeply bidentate beak. New Zeal. — Grown for its reddish foliage. Gaudichaudiana, Kunth (C. vulgaris, Fries, var. Gaudichaudiana, Boott). Culms erect, 1-2 ft.: Ivs. long and grass-like: staminate fls. in terminal spikes: pistillate fls. in 2-3 cylindrical, sessile or subsessile spikes: perigynium lenticular, small, very short-beaked, obscurely 2-toothed, finely nerved, longer than the narrow scale. Japan, Austral. New Zeal. — Useful for bog planting. Fraseri, Andr. (Cymophyllus Frdseri, Mack.) Lvs. 1 in. or more broad, stiff, but with no midnerve, flat and thick, ever- green: culm 16 in. or less high- bearing at its summit a single whitish spike which is staminate at top: perigynium ovoid, thin and inflated. Rich mountain woods, Va. B.M. 1391 (as C. Fraseriana). — Rare, and a very remarkable plant. C. bdccans, Nees. Robust, with curving Ivs. to 2 ft. long and }^in. broad: fr. berry-like (whence the name), crimson or vermilion, in clustered spikes standing well above the Ivs. India. G. 1:461. Useful for pots or for planting in a conservatory, for its ornamental fr., but probably not now in cult, commercially. — C. gallica variegata is offered abroad as a "very elegant, showy and charming" carex.-^-C. ripdria, Curt., a rank-growing lowland species of wide distribution, is sometimes grown in a variegated-lvd. form. The name has no botanical standing. — With the exten- sion of wild gardening, and particu- larly of bog- and water-gardening, many other species of Carex may be expected to appear in the trade lists. L. H. B. CARICA (a geographical name) . Papayacese. PAPAYA. Small, rapid - growing, un- fa ranched trees, commonly grown in greenhouses as foli- age plants and often bearing fruit under such conditions. Juice milky. Leaves large, soft, long- stalked, in clusters at the top of the trunk : usually dioecious, the male fls. on long axillary peduncles, funnel-shaped, with 10 anthers in the throat, the pistillate fls. larger and with 5 distinct petals and a single 799. Carex Morrowii. 798. Carex (C. longirostris), with termi- nal staminate spikes and drooping pistil- late spikes. (XJi). N. Amer. pistil with 5-rayed stigma, sessile in the axils of the Ivs. -Perhaps 20 species, all native to the American tropics, but C. Papaya is cult, throughout the tropics for its delicious edible fruits. See Papaya. The soil most suited for caricas is a rich loam, having perfect drainage. As the stem is succulent and tender, great care is necessary to avoid bruising, hence pot- grown plants are much to be preferred to seedlings from the open ground. Seeds should be selected from the best and largest fruits and sown in a well-worked bed under a slight shade. If seeds are quite dry or old, they should be soaked in warm water before sowing. The seedling plants are delicate, and require close watching at first to avoid damping-off. As soon as plants are well up remove the shading, and after the third leaf appears they may be pricked out into a larger bed, or better, potted off in fairly rich soil. After plants are a few weeks old, and have been shifted once into larger pots, they may be set permanently outdoors in the tropics. Caricas seldom branch, but usually grow upright like a palm, hence cuttings are not often avail- able. Sqmetimes small branches form, and these may be cut off and as readily rooted as most tropical deco- rative plants, provided the cutting is not too young and tender. This method has been found in Florida to be too slow, and what is evidently a better method of propagation, by means of graftage, has been devised by Edward Simmonds, of the Plant In- troduction Field Station, Miami, Florida. Numerous shoots are formed by the buds at the leaf-scars when a papaya tree is topped, as many as fifty or more being produced. "One of these shoots is taken when a few inches long and about the diameter of a lead pencil, is sharpened to a wedge point, the leaf surface re- duced, and inserted in a cleft in a young seedling which has been decapitated when 5 to 10 inches high, and split with an unusually sharp, thin grafting-knife. At this age the trunk of the young seed- ling has not yet formed the hollow space in the center. Seeds planted in the greenhouse in February produce young seedlings large enough to graft some time in March; these grafted trees, which can be grown in pots, when set out in the open ground in May or the latter part of April, make an astonishing growth and come into bearing in Novem- ber or December; they continue bear- ing throughout the following spring and summer, and if it is advisable, can be left to bear fruit into the following autumn." Varieties of superior flavor and better size and shape for shipping, as well as hermaphrodite varieties, may now be successfully main- tained. For complete descrip- tion of this method see "The Grafted Papaya as an Annual Fruit Tree," by David Fair- child and Edward Simmonds, Circular No. 119, Bureau of Plant Industry, 1913. In tem- Eerate climates, caricas have een found to be good decora- tive plants for both conserva- tory and summer bedding, the deeply cut, palmate leaves forming a striking contrast to ordinary vegetation. In bed- ding out, select open, sunny exposure, with perfect drainage, and make the soil rich and friable. Constant cultivation with a light hoe will cause a 664 CARICA CARLUDOVICA luxuriant growth under these conditions, and the planter will be amply repaid for his trouble by beauti- ful showy specimens as tropical-appearing as palms. Papaya, Linn. (Papaya Cdrica, Gaertn.). PAPAYA. PAWPAW. The commonest species in cult., sometimes growing to a height of 20 ft., with large palmately 7-lobed Ivs., sometimes 2 ft. across, and fr. shaped like a roughly angled melon up to 12 in. long and half as thick, hanging, especially from the lower axils of the pis- tillate plant. B.M. 2898-9. — From the frs., which vary in size up to 15 Ibs. and in number to the tree from 20-50, is extracted the papaya juice, which furnishes the papain of commerce. This is obtained by slashing the fr., and collecting the milky juice in porcelain-lined receptacles, where it is allowed to evaporate. When evaporated to a granular condition, it is ready for the market and brings from $4-$6 a Ib. in the crude state. The papaya has of recent years become one of the commonest table frs. of the tropics. The flesh, which is usually of a salmon-pink or yellow color, is excellent when one becomes accustomed to its peculiar flavor, and resem- bles somewhat a most luscious muskmelon. From its large content of papain, it may be eaten without injury in considerable quantities and assists in the digestion of other foods. As the tree grows with great rapidity in tropical climates, it may be treated as an annual, the seeds being sown early in protected beds, well cared for and transplanted to their permanent places when well established. They will then bear fr. late in the suc- ceeding autumn. The method of graftage described on p. 663 is preferable, however. The frs. have a consider- able cavity, which, in the smaller rounded frs., is well filled with the small brownish or blackish seeds. The firm skin, the firmness of which may be increased by selection, will permit of shipping to a distance. The plant is sometimes polygamous, and from such plants in Hawaii there have been bred types which appear to have great promise as a shipping fr. The green frs. are frequently used as vegetables, and the Ivs., if cooked with tough meat, are said to make it tender, due to the digestive principle. candamarcensis, Hook. f. (C. cundinamarcensis, Lindl.). This is a more hardy ornamental species with numerous Ivs., dark green above and pale beneath, rounded-heart-shaped, \l/± ft. across, 5-lobed to the center with pinnatifid lobes: fls. green and pubescent: frs. small, pointed, 5-angled, golden yellow. B.M. 6198. — Hardy in S. Calif., but the frs. of no value as such. quercifdlia, Benth. & Hook. (Vasconccllea querci- folia, St. Hil.). Lvs. shaped like those of the English oak, palmately 3-lobed, and containing a greater per- centage of papain than C. Papaya; frs. small. — Hardy in S. Calif. gracilis, Solms. (Papaya grdcilis, Regel). Habit of C. Papaya; trunk simple, 4-6 ft. high, slender, very gla- brous: Ivs. 5-digitate, the lobes sinuate-lobed, the middle one 3-lobed, the whole blade suborbicular in outline, petioled. Brazil. Gt. 1879:986. S. C. STUNTZ. CARISSA (aboriginal name). Apocynacese. Very branchy spinose shrubs of the tropics of the eastern hemisphere, cultivated for ornament or hedges, but here mainly for the edible berry-like fruits. Flowers white, solitary or in cymes; lobes of calyx and corolla 5, the 5 stamens free and included in the throat, the ovary 2-loculed: Ivs. opposite and thick, simple. — About 30 species. Used abroad as greenhouse plants but grown in this country only in S. Fla., and Calif. Prop, by seeds and cuttings of ripe wood. Carandas, Linn. CARATJNDA. CHRIST'S-THORN. Ever- green shrub or small tree, with dark green ovate or elliptic mucronate entire Ivs., strong axillary spines (which are often forked) and fragrant white fls. in clusters of 2-3, the corolla twisted to the left in the bud : fr. the size of a cherry (1 in. diam.), reddish, pleasant-flavored. India. L.B.C. 7:663.— Reaches 20 ft. Half-hardy in Cent. Fla. The frs. are eaten from the hand or made into a jelly much* like currants when ripe, and pickled when green. bispindsa, Desf. (C. ardulna, Lam.). AMATUNGULU. MAKITZGULA. Spines strong, often 2 in. long: Ivs. ovate and subcordate, mucronate, glabrous and entire: fls. white, the corolla twisted to the right in the bud. S. Afr. — A choice evergreen shrub, rather hardy, with thick camellia-like very glossy Ivs. : fls. large, fragrant, white, and borne profusely and continuously: fr. dark red, size of a cherry, good. L.B.C. 4:387. — Closely resembles C. grandiflora, but fls. slightly smaller and frs. in clusters; seeds lanceolate. grandifldra, DC. NATAL PLUM. Spiny shrub: Ivs. ovate-acute, tapering to the base: fls. large, white, fragrant, solitary and terminal, twisted to the right, heterogpnous: fr. red, 1-13/2 in. long, resembling cran- berries in flavor when cooked, and having a papery skin, milky juice and few small almost circular seeds. Sauce made from this fr. is almost indistinguishable in flavor from cranberry sauce, but the frs. ripen so irregularly, although almost continually, as to make the fr. suitable only for home-garden use unless handled on a large scale. Said to be the finest hedge plant in S. Afr. B.M. 6307. acuminata, DC. Spines weak: Ivs. smaller, ovate- acute, subcordate, mucronate; peduncles short, forked, axillary: fls. with lance-acuminate calyx-lobes, the corolla twisted to the right in the bud. S. Afr. — Per- haps not different from C. bispinosa. C. edulis, Vahl. A straggling shrub with small purple edible fr. from Trop. Afr. Intro, from Abyssinia, but has not yet been thoroughly tested. The plant in the American trade under this name is described as much taller than C. Carandas and more vigor- ous: Ivs. persistent, ovate-acuminate: fls. 10-25 in axillary clusters, white and pink, jasmine-scented: berries oval, red but turning black at maturity, 1-seeded. — C. ovdta, R. Br., from Austral., a more open shrub than any of the preceding, the small frs. of which are edible and used for jams, has been intro. by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction as a possible stock for the more ten- der species, in the hope of extending the range of these frs. — C. spinarum, DC., a small edible-fruited evergreen shrub from India is said to be an important element in reforestation since it persists on the poorest and rockiest soils in spite of being greedily eaten by sheep and goats. g> Q SxUNTZ.f CARLINA (said to have cured the army of Charle- magne [Caroh'nus] of the plague). Composite. Low rather coarse annuals, biennials or perennials, with thistle-like foliage, large white or purplish heads, a feathery pappus, and chaffy receptacle: outer involu- cral bracts coriaceous, usually spiny, the inner ones colored or shiny and petal-like: fr. a silky-hairy achene. — Some 15 or 20 species in the Medit. region. An open sunny place and ordinary garden soil are all they require. They are capital for the sunny part of a rockery. Propagated by cuttings or seeds. acaulis, Linn. A very dwarf hardy perennial; height 3-6 in.: Ivs. glossy, pinnatifid, divided, with spiny ends: fl. rising barely above the foliage, solitary, very interesting, the scales surrounding the fl.-head being long and narrow and ray- or petal-like, silky, shiny: head 6 in. across when expanded, white. June, July and late fall. G.C. II. 13:720-1. G.L. 19:178. acanthifclia, Linn. A white-tomentose thick-lvd. biennial, the Ivs. oblong, the upper pinnatifid and spiny: fl.-heads 4 in. wide, yellowish purple. S. Eu. July and later. G.C. III. 47:68.— Little known in U. S. N. TAYLOR, f CARLUDOVICA (Charles IV, and his Queen Louisa, of Spain). Cyclanthacese. Palm-like, sometimes merely herbaceous plants, of tropical America. The plants are stemless, or sometimes with a lax creeping st., and usually have stalked, sometimes ses- sile, flabellate lys. : fls. mono3cious, the two sexes being on the same spadix, which is inclosed in a 4-lvd. spathe; staminate fls. with many stamens and many- CARLUDOVICA CARNATION 665 lobed calyx, 4 of them surrounding a pistillate fl. — the latter have a 4-sided ovary, 4 barren stamens, and 4- lobed calyx: fr. a 4-sided, many-seeded berry. The car- ludovicas are usually regarded and treated as stove palms by gardeners. They are useful for decoration. The family Cyclanthaceae is exclusively tropical Ameri- can, of about 45 species and 6 genera (Stelestylis, Carludovica, Sarcinanthus, Ludovia, Evodianthus, Cyclanthus); it is often united with the Pandanaceae or screw-pine family. The genus is an important economic one, as C. palmata, and perhaps other species, are the source of Panama hats. In making these, the leaves are cut young, the stiff veins removed, after which the leaves are slit into shreds, but not separated at the stalk end. It is said that hats of superior quality are plaited from a single leaf, without any joinings. U. S. Dept. Agric., Fiber Investigations. Kept. 9:112 (1897). 800. Carludovica palmata. Carludovica palmata is the species most frequently met with under cultivation. Under favorable condi- tions it grows to a height of about 8 feet. All of the kinds need stove treatment during the winter months; in summer they may be used for subtropical bedding with good results. They have a certain palm-like ap- pearance, but the leaves are of a softer texture than any of the palms. They may be propagated by division, choosing the early spring for the operation. C. palmata seeds freely. The fruit, when ripe, has an ornamental appearance for a short time after bursting open. The seeds are very small, and should be carefully washed free from the pulp, and sown on the surface of a pan of finely chopped sphagnum moss. Germination takes place in two weeks from sowing if kept in a brisk, moist heat. The species are not particular as to soil but the drainage must be perfect, as the plants require an abundance of water when growing. (G. W. Oliver.) A. Lvs. S-5-lobed. palmata, Ruiz. & Pav. Fig. 800. No trunk: petioles 3-6 ft. long, glabrous, terete and unarmed; blades 4-lobed, the lobes again cut into narrow segms., dark green, gracefully spreading, and drooping at the mar- gin. Peru. R.H. 1861, p. 36. — The common species, and a very useful plant. rotundifolia, Wendl. Much like the last, but more compact under cult., owing to the shorter petioles, but growing much larger: petiole distinctly pubescent; If.-blade large and orbicular, 3- or 4-lobed. Costa Rica. B.M. 7083. elegans, Williams. Blades with 4 or 5 lobes, which are very deeply cut into straight strap-like divisions. Probably of horticultural origin. AA. Lvs. 2-lobed. atrdvirens, Wendl. Blades very deeply 2-lobed and very deep, rich green (whence the name, dark green), glabrous. Colombia. humilis, Poepp. & Endl. Dwarf: blades angular, 2-lobed at the summit, the segms. more or less jagged but not divided, a foot or less broad. Colombia. R.H. 1869, p. 327.— One of the best. Plftmerii, Kunth (C. palmsefolia, Sweet). Caudex erect: blades with 2 lanceolate and plicate divisions, bright green above and pale beneath: spadices pendu- lous. Martinique. imperialis, Lind. & Andre1. Caudex short and pros- trate: blades with 2 ovate-lanceolate entire segms., with very prominent veins, the lobes about 5 in. wide and shining green ; petiole purplish, canaliculate, tumid at the base. Ecuador. I.H. 21 : 166 (by error 165). The following species are in cult, in